经纤支镜支气管肺泡灌洗方法治疗严重肺部感染

目的:观察对严重肺部感染患者经纤支镜支气管肺泡灌洗治疗的临床疗效。方法:将52例严重肺部感染患者随机分为灌洗组及对照组,灌洗组26例,对照组26例,均在全身应用抗菌药物及祛痰药的基础上,灌洗组在实时心电、血压、血氧饱和度监测下进行床旁经纤支镜吸痰及支气管肺泡灌洗术治疗,对照组常规吸痰。分析比较两组血气分析的变化、体温、白细胞数量及肺部X线表现变化以评价肺部感染控制情况。结果:纤维支气管镜肺泡灌洗治疗后较治疗前PaO2明显提高,治疗后相同时间点PaO2灌洗组较对照组明显增高,灌洗组有效率明显高于对照组。灌洗组显效13例,好转10例,有效率为88%;对照组显效8例,好转9例,有效率为65%,两组有效率比较,P<0.05。无气胸及严重气道内出血等并发症。结论:经纤支镜支气管肺泡灌洗是治疗严重肺部感染的有效方法。     

探讨纤维支气管镜下肺泡灌洗对难治性肺部感染的临床价值

目的:探讨纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)下肺泡灌洗治疗难治性肺部感染的临床效果.方法:对30例经临床治疗效果不佳或无效的难治性肺部感染行纤支镜下支气管肺泡灌洗,井分析临床效果.结果:本组原发疾病为重症肺炎并肺不张、支气管扩张并感染各3例,肺脓肿、中毒后吸入性肺炎、慢性支气管炎反复感染、尘肺并感染各2例;其他科疾病并发肺部感染16例,其中胸外科疾病6例(胸部外伤4例,气胸闭式引流术后、肺癌术后各l例).脑外科疾病5例(脑出血术后3例.脑外伤2例),脑血管意外3例,烧伤2例.经1次或2次肺泡灌洗后显效24例(80.0%),有效5例(16.7%),无效l例(3.3%),总有效率96.7%.结论:纤支镜下支气管肺泡灌洗治疗难治性肺部感染效果确切,是一种安全、简便、实用、有效的方法.     

支气管肺泡灌洗治疗肺部重症感染44例临床观察

目的 研究纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)下支气管肺泡灌洗术对肺部重症感染的治疗方法 及临床效果.方法 将各种肺部重症感染患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组在常规抗感染基础上通过纤支镜向病变部位注入0.9%氯化钠灌洗液;对照组采用常规抗感染、止咳化痰、体位引流或机械辅助排痰等方法 综合治疗,观察其临床治疗效果.结果 治疗2周后,治疗组总有效率为90.9%,对照组为68.8%.结论 经纤维支气管镜下支气管肺泡灌洗术对肺部重症感染患者能有效去除肺部痰液阻塞,促进气道痰液引流,感染控制快,即时改善患者通气功能,提高疗效,缩短疗程,减少医疗费用.支气管肺泡灌洗术治疗肺部重症感染疗效显著,安全可靠,简便易行,值得临床推广.     

肺部感染应用纤支镜支气管灌洗术护理分析

重症患者，因长期卧床，易出现肺部感染，综合分析我科2006年1月-2006年12月收治的肺部感染病例59例，发现应用纤支镜行支气管灌洗对肺部感染治疗有良好效果。但重症患者行纤支镜支气管灌洗有风险，需对患者采取一定的护理措施，现将病例报告如下：     

现代电痉挛治疗精神障碍184例疗效观察

[目的]探讨早期、定期纤支镜支气管肺泡灌洗术预防亚低温治疗患者并发肺部感染或肺不张的价值及安全性.[方法]选取重型颅脑损伤接受亚低温治疗患者108例,随机分为对照组和治疗组,治疗组在对照组常规处理基础上, 行纤维支气管镜下支气管肺泡灌洗,比较两组患者出现肺部感染或肺不张影像学改变的发生情况.[结果]对照组并发肺部感染或肺不张的发生率均高于实验组,且两组相比有显著差异（ P 〈0.01）.[结论]应用纤支镜早期、定期进行支气管肺泡灌洗术,能够显著降低重型颅脑损伤患者亚低温治疗过程中并发肺部感染及肺不张的发生率.     

纤支镜肺泡灌洗治疗脑出血术后肺部重症感染疗效观察

目的探讨纤支镜肺泡灌洗治疗脑出血术后肺部重症感染的临床疗效。方法选取2014年1月~2017年3月我院收治的脑出血术后肺部重症感染患者62例,随机分为治疗组和对照组各31例。对照组应用常规治疗,治疗组在对照组基础上应用纤支镜肺泡灌洗治疗,比较两组患者临床疗效。结果治疗组咳嗽咳痰症状消失时间、肺部炎症吸收时间、抗生素使用时间及住院时间均明显少于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗组总有效率为93.5%,显著高于对照组的74.2%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论纤支镜肺泡灌洗治疗脑出血术后肺部重症感染能够获得显著疗效,可显著促进患者术后恢复,值得推广。     

经纤维支气管镜床边灌注治疗开颅术后严重肺部感染76例

目的 评价纤维支气管镜(纤支镜)吸痰及支气管肺泡灌洗对开颅术后严重肺部感染的治疗价值。方法 对76例开颅术后并重症肺部感染患者床边应用便携式纤支镜行吸痰和灌洗术，同时取痰培养根据药敏结果选择抗生素治疗。结果 61例显效，15例有效，有效率达100％。痰菌培养76例，68例阳性，阳性率89．5％，无明显并发症发生。结论 对开颅术后重症肺部感染患者尽早经纤支镜灌洗吸痰，明确病原菌及指导抗生素选用，可明显改善肺通气功能，促进脑损害的康复，提高治愈率。     

重症肺部感染床旁纤支镜肺泡灌洗治疗的护理配合

目的 总结床旁纤支镜肺泡灌洗治疗重症肺部感染的配合及护理方法.方法 将78例重症肺部感染患者按随机数字表法分为A组37例、B组41例,A组行床旁纤支镜肺泡灌洗术,B组用负压经口鼻常规吸痰.观察两组治疗前后氧合指数的变化、治疗7天后肺部感染评分的变化及不良反应,总结护理经验.结果 两组的氧合指数及肺部感染评分在治疗后均改善,A组改善程度优于B组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组均未见重大不良反应.结论 床旁纤支镜肺泡灌洗是控制重症肺部感染的一项安全有效的手段,护理配合具有重要意义.     

支气管局部灌洗治疗难治性肺炎32例疗效观察

目的 通过对难治性肺炎治疗的研究,评价支气管局部灌洗治疗的临床效果.方法 对32例难治性肺炎患者经纤支镜支气管局部灌洗治疗,并与同期不愿接受支气管灌洗局部治疗的难治性肺炎患者33例进行对照观察.结果 治疗组32例中显效10例,有效17例,总有效率84.4%;对照组33例中显效3例,有效7例,总有效率30.3%.两组经统计学分析,治疗组疗效明显优于对照组(P<0.01).结论 支气管局部灌洗是治疗难治性肺炎的较好方法.     

纤支镜灌洗吸痰术在人工气道中的应用与护理

目的 探讨机械通气时纤维支气管镜灌洗吸痰术在建立人工气道中的应用价值.方法 将建立人工气道的62例患者随机分为对照组和实验组,每组31例.对照组患者未使用纤支镜灌洗吸痰术,实验组使用灌洗吸痰术,同时给两组相同的基础护理,翻身拍背2h/次,雾化吸入6 h/次,观察痰液情况,必要时给予吸痰.观察两组患者的气道湿化效果、肺部感染率及病死率以及ICU住院天数.结果气道阻塞发生率对照组6.45％,实验组0:肺部感染率实验组22.6％,对照组占48.4％,病死率对照组25.8％,实验组19.35％.结论 纤支镜支气管肺泡灌洗吸痰治疗清除气道分泌物彻底干净、创伤小、重复性及可控性强,同时可获取深部疲液培养,可提高准确性和敏感性,有助于选择敏感抗生素,及时控制感染.纤支镜灌洗吸痰术能有效将低肺部感染发生率,减少气道阻塞发生率,能有效的降低病死率.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.