1997-2011年中国丙型肝炎流行特征分析

目的描述中国丙型肝炎流行特征及其变化趋势.方法收集1997-2011年中国丙型肝炎报告病例资料,资料整理和数据分析采用SPSS 19.0软件.结果自1997年中国丙型肝炎报告病例数及发病率逐年增加,特别是在2004年网络直报以来,每年报告病例数快速上升,报告发病率从2004年的3.03/10万上升至2011年的12.97/10万.15～49岁年龄组每年报告例数所占比例均>50%,≥50岁年龄组报告例数和所占比例同样逐年上升,随年龄增加发病率呈上升趋势.2005-2011年全国报告城乡病例数均逐年增加,病例数比从2005年的1.47下降至2011年的0.99.1997-2011年全国31省(自治区、直辖市)报告发病率均呈增长趋势,发病率较高的地区多分布在北方省份.74.8%的HCV/HIV双重感染者报告有注射毒品史或献血浆史或输血史或手术史.结论中国丙型肝炎病例报告发病数及发病率均逐年上升,应加强重点人群和地区疫情监测.     

甘肃省2004-2018年丙型肝炎流行特征

  目的  分析甘肃省丙型病毒性肝炎流行特征及其变化趋势,为制定防制措施提供科学依据。  方法  收集2004-2018年甘肃省丙型肝炎报告病例资料,采用Excel 2010、SPSS 19.0及ArcGIS 10.5软件进行资料整理与统计分析。  结果  2004-2018年甘肃省累计报告丙型肝炎病例数为102 802例,其中死亡42例,报告发病率从2004年的12.39/10万上升到2018年的33.92/10万（χ2=9 849.90,P < 0.001）。报告发病率随着年龄的增长呈上升趋势（χ2=26 784.53,P < 0.001）,≥ 80岁年龄组报告发病率最高（94.09/10万）,≥ 50岁年龄组报告发病率均超过50.00/10万。报告病例中农民所占比例逐年上升,2018年农民所占的构成比达67.31%。14个市（自治州）报告发病率均呈增长趋势,累计报告发病率排在前三位的市（自治州）是武威市（1 098.42/10万）,张掖市（1 077.69/10万）和兰州市（692.55/10万）。  结论  甘肃省丙肝报告疫情仍呈上升趋势,应加强重点人群和地区疫情监测,加强健康教育,提高公众对丙肝的认识。     

2005-2009年商丘市丙型病毒性肝炎疫情分析

目的了解商丘市丙型肝炎的流行趋势。方法整理分析2005-2009年商丘市传染病疫情监测资料。结果商丘市急性丙型肝炎年平均发病率为6.64/10万。2005-2009年发病率逐年上升,报告病例数占病毒性肝炎发病总报告数的百分比亦呈上升趋势。丙型肝炎发病无明显的季节性,发病有随年龄增加而上升的趋势,男性发病率高于女性,男女发病率差异有统计学意义,实验室诊断率逐步提高,报告丙肝医疗机构数量逐年增加。结论目前,商丘市丙型肝炎发病处于快速上升阶段,应注重采取综合措施,预防控制丙型肝炎。     

2005-2016年商丘市丙型肝炎流行特征分析

目的描述分析商丘市丙型肝炎流行特征及变化趋势,为丙型肝炎防治提供依据。方法通过"中国疾病预防控制信息系统"收集2005-2016年商丘市丙型肝炎疫情数据,并进行统计分析。结果 2005-2016年商丘市丙型肝炎报告病例数及发病率逐年增加,至2012年后稍有下降,报告病例数从185例增至2 788例,后降至1 186例,报告发病率从2.33/10万增至37.86/10万,增幅为16.22倍后,降至19.38/10万。2005-2016年全市各县(区)发病率均呈增长趋势,发病率较高的地区集中在市区与永城市。35-64岁组是病例报告较为集中的年龄段,构成比从2005年的63.41%增至2013年的73.88%。结论商丘市丙型肝炎病例报告发病数及发病率均逐年上升,加强重点地区和重点人群的监测与宣传教育是今后工作的重点。     

2005—2019年中山市丙型肝炎流行特征分析

目的掌握2005—2019年中山市丙肝报告病例的流行特征和趋势。方法采用描述流行病学方法对2005—2019年中山市丙型肝炎报告病例资料和2009—2019年监测人群丙肝抗体数据进行分析。结果 2005—2019年中山市丙型肝炎年均报告发病率为27.40/10万。2005—2009年、2010—2014年、2015—2019年平均报告发病率分别为14.52/10万、32.91/10万、33.05/10万,报告发病率呈上升趋势,但上升速度明显减缓,在2017年以后逐年下降。报告病例以临床诊断病例为主(29.42%,3631/12 344)。报告发病数自3月份起上升,无明显的季节性发病高峰。男性报告病例大于女性,30～39年龄组报告发病率最高,40岁以上年龄组发病占比逐渐增大。报告病例职业构成主要以家务及待业为主且其构成比逐年上升。中心城区的报告发病率均高于乡镇地区。吸毒人群HCV抗体阳性率较高但呈下降趋势,其余6类人群抗体水平较低。暗娼、男男性行为者、性病门诊男就诊者、流动人群4类高危人群的HCV阳性率大于青年学生、孕产妇等一般人群。结论 2005—2019年中山市丙型肝炎报告发病呈先升后降趋势。应提高医疗机构的确诊检测率;扩大对40岁以上年龄组人群筛查,及早发现和治疗;强化监测,加强对青壮年待业男性的教育干预,最大可能降低传播风险。     

2005-2012年驻马店市丙型病毒性肝炎流行病学分析

目的了解2005-2012年驻马店市丙型肝炎的流行特征,为制定防控措施提供依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法对2005-2012年驻马店市14 411例丙肝报告卡进行分析。结果驻马店市丙型肝炎年平均发病率为24.22/10万。2005-2012年发病率逐年上升,报告病例数占病毒性肝炎发病总报告数的百分比亦同步上升。丙型肝炎发病无明显的季节性,年龄分布主要集中在30~64岁发病,职业构成以农民为主。结论驻马店市丙型肝炎发病处于快速上升阶段,应采取综合措施,预防控制丙型肝炎的流行。     

内蒙古赤峰市2009-2015年丙型肝炎流行特征分析

目的 描述内蒙古赤峰市丙型肝炎流行特征及变化趋势.方法 使用法定传染病监测系统资料,采用描述流行病学方法对2009-2015年内蒙古赤峰市丙型肝炎发病情况进行分析.结果 2009-2015年内蒙古赤峰市丙型肝炎报告病例数及发病率逐年增加,报告病例数从941例增加到2 571例,报告发病率从20.44/10万上升到59.41/10万.年均发病率最高的是宁城县(40.18/10万),最低的是克什克腾旗(5.58/10万),男女性别比为1.40∶1,＞40岁病例占总病例数的81.7％,病例中农民占比最高,为28.74％.结论 内蒙古赤峰市丙型肝炎报告病例数及发病率均逐年上升,丙肝尚无疫苗预防,加强健康教育,提高全人群丙肝认知率,早发现,早诊断,早治疗是目前针对丙肝最有效的干预措施.     

深圳市福田区2005-2010年其他感染性腹泻流行病学分析

分析深圳市福田区2005-2010年其他感染性腹泻疫情资料,了解其流行特征和变化趋势,为制定预防与控制策略提供科学依据。结果显示,2005-2010年福田区共报告其他感染性腹泻病例8 692例,年发病率的范围为64.68/10万～169.92/10万。发病高峰时间为每年的冬季。3岁以下年龄组发病例数占所有发病的73.77%以上。轮状病毒为主要的致病原。研究表明,福田区其他感染性腹泻发病率处于逐年上升趋势,应采取有效的措施进行防制。     

延安市2005—2010年梅毒流行病学特征分析

目的了解延安市梅毒流行病学特征,探讨流行规律,为预防控制梅毒提供科学依据。方法采用描述性流行病学方法对延安市2005—2010年梅毒疫情资料进行分析。结果2005—2010年延安市报告梅毒病例3 250例,年均发病率为25.24/10万,发病率呈逐年上升趋势。病例以隐性梅毒为主(2 331例),占总病例数的71.72%,其次是一期梅毒(533例)占16.40%,二期梅毒(267例)占8.22%,胎传梅毒和隐性梅毒报告病例数逐年增多;各年龄组均有病例报告,以20～59岁年龄组发病为主(2 394例),占总病例数的73.66%;男性1 805例、女性1 445例,男女性别比为1.25∶1;病例职业以农民为主(1 480例),占病例总数的45.54%,其次为家务及待业(占16.06%)、工人(占12.31%)。结论延安市梅毒报告发病率呈逐年上升趋势,防控形势严峻,要加强对高危和重点人群的宣传教育,广泛开展行为干预,以控制梅毒的流行和蔓延。     

2005-2007年上蔡县麻疹流行病学分析

目的分析上蔡县的麻疹流行特征,为制定麻疹的防控策略提供依据。方法采用描述性流行病学方法分析上蔡县2005-2007年麻疹疫情及监测资料。结果 2005-2007年上蔡县麻疹发病率在0～7.15/10万之间,年平均发病率为5.78/10万。发病高峰集中在每年的1～7月份,5月最多病例数为34例,占14.2%。男女性别比为1.8∶1,5岁以下病例共162例,占67.5%,10岁以下病例共222例,占92.5%,≥10岁病例18例,占7.5%。结论上蔡县的麻疹近年发病率呈现逐年上升趋势,应认真落实全国消除麻疹行动计划的各项措施。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.