上海市浦东新区手足口病与气象因素相关性研究

目的利用2010年1月—2012年12月上海市浦东新区手足口病发病资料和气象环境资料,进行Pearson相关分析和逐步回归分析,探讨了上海市浦东新区手足口病发病和气象环境因素之间的关系,为手足口病的防治提供科学依据。方法整理上海市浦东新区2010—2012年手足口病发病数据进行描述性分析,对可能影响手足口病的气温、气压、相对湿度、风速、周日照时数、降水量和环境因素PM_(2.5)等气象环境因子,运用Pearson相关分析和多元线性回归分析进行相关性分析。结果手足口病周发病例数和周平均气温(r=0.334,P<0.001)、最高气温(r=0.367,P<0.001)、最低气温(r=0.327,P<0.001)、平均相对湿度(r=0.313,P<0.001)及累计降水量(r=0.159,P=0.048)呈正相关,与平均气压(r=-0.444,P<0.001)呈负相关,而与最小相对湿度,平均风速,日照时数以及PM_(2.5)相关性不显著。与气压和最低气温之间的线性依存关系具有统计学意义,且呈负相关(r<0,P<0.05),与周平均气温,最高气温,平均相对湿度以及累计降水量的线性依存关系无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论气象因素与手足口病的发生有较密切的关系,要做好手足口病的防治工作要采取综合性措施,结合社会、个人和气象环境等因素防治手足口病。     

上海市浦东新区手足口病与气象因素相关性研究

目的利用2010年1月—2012年12月上海市浦东新区手足口病发病资料和气象环境资料,进行Pearson相关分析和逐步回归分析,探讨了上海市浦东新区手足口病发病和气象环境因素之间的关系,为手足口病的防治提供科学依据。方法整理上海市浦东新区2010—2012年手足口病发病数据进行描述性分析,对可能影响手足口病的气温、气压、相对湿度、风速、周日照时数、降水量和环境因素PM_(2.5)等气象环境因子,运用Pearson相关分析和多元线性回归分析进行相关性分析。结果手足口病周发病例数和周平均气温(r=0.334,P0.001)、最高气温(r=0.367,P0.001)、最低气温(r=0.327,P0.001)、平均相对湿度(r=0.313,P0.001)及累计降水量(r=0.159,P=0.048)呈正相关,与平均气压(r=-0.444,P0.001)呈负相关,而与最小相对湿度,平均风速,日照时数以及PM_(2.5)相关性不显著。与气压和最低气温之间的线性依存关系具有统计学意义,且呈负相关(r0,P0.05),与周平均气温,最高气温,平均相对湿度以及累计降水量的线性依存关系无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论气象因素与手足口病的发生有较密切的关系,要做好手足口病的防治工作要采取综合性措施,结合社会、个人和气象环境等因素防治手足口病。     

成都市手足口病不同发病水平的气象因素特征分析

目的了解成都市手足口病与气象因素的关系和不同发病水平的气象特征。方法从气象部门收集成都市2011-2013年的气象资料,分析气象因素与手足口病周发病数相关性,以2011-2013年手足口病周发病数P75和P25将手足口病周发病数划分为3个等级,比较在不同发病水平下的气象因素特征差异,并做手足口病发病水平影响因素的logistic回归。结果手足口病发病数与平均气温、平均降水量呈显著性正相关,相关系数分别为0.33、0.21(P0.05);与平均气压呈显著性负相关,相关系数为-0.26(P0.01),高发病数的周次较其他发病水平周次具有气压较低、气温较高、降水量适中的特点,以手足口病发病水平为因变量,气象因素为自变量建立logistic回归模型,结果显示气象因素中仅有气温在模型中具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论成都市气象因素与手足口病发病有一定的相关性,气象因素中气温对手足口病发病影响更明显。     

基于气象因素的上海市金山区手足口病多元线性回归预测模型

目的应用多元线性回归构建基于气象因素的上海市金山区手足口病预测模型。方法收集上海市金山区2010年至2013年手足口病逐日发病人数与包括日最高气温、日最低气温、日平均气温、日最低相对湿度、日平均相对湿度、日平均气压、日降水量、日平均日照时数、日平均风速在内的9种同期气象资料进行相关分析,并选择相关系数有显著性的气象因素进行手足口病的逐步回归模型构建。结果手足口病发病人数与日最高气温、日最低气温、日平均气温、日平均相对湿度、日最低相对湿度呈正相关性（P<0.05）,与日平均气压、日平均风速呈负相关性（P<0.05）。最终有日平均气压、日平均风速和日最高气温进入模型,回归系数分别为-0.129、-0.299和-0.039,且容忍度与方差膨胀因子均显示模型不存在严重的多重共线性。结论基于气象因素的上海市金山区手足口病预测模型解释性拟合程度较好,可用于短期预测。     

舟山海岛地区手足口病的气象影响因素

目的 探讨影响舟山市手足口病发病的主要气象因素.方法 收集2009-2013年舟山市手足口病周发病资料和气象资料,利用Spearman相关进行单因素相关分析,用岭回归进行多因素分析舟山市手足口病与气象因素之间的关系.结果 舟山市手足口病周发病人数与周平均气温、周平均相对湿度、周平均水汽压、周日照时数呈正相关(r=0.467～0.827,P均＜0.01),周平均气压与发病人数呈负相关(r=-0.756～-0.772,P＜0.01),而周平均降水量、周平均风速与周发病数无线性相关关系(P＞0.05).岭回归模型分析显示,周平均相对湿度、周平均水汽压、周平均气温和周日照时数是手足口病发病的主要气象影响因素(P＜0.05),均呈正相关关系.标准回归系数比较表明,作用大小为周平均相对湿度(0.273)＞周平均水汽压(0.220)＞周平均气温(0.156)＞周日照时数(0.141).结论 舟山海岛地区手足口病与气象因素明显相关,其中相对湿度、水汽压、气温和日照时数是影响舟山海岛地区手足口病发病的主要气象因素.     

北京海淀区儿童手足口病的发病与气象因素相关性研究

目的对北京海淀区儿童手足口病的发病情况与当地气象因素相关性进行统计分析。方法回顾性分析2014-01/2017-12北京海淀区儿童手足口病的发病情况,利用SPSS13.0统计学软件通过Poisson回归单因素分析和多因素的广义相加模型拟合分析法探究发病情况与气温、气压、降水量、相对湿度等气象因素间的关系。结果日平均气温、日最低气温与手足口病发病呈线性相关,日最高气温、日最低气湿、日照时数与手足口病发病呈曲线相关。Poisson回归分析显示气压和风速与手足口病发病呈负相关。结论北京海淀区儿童手足口病发病与气温等气象因素具有密切相关性,是手足口病预测模型中的重要考虑因素。     

干旱地区呼吸道传染病气象因素及发病预测

目的探讨干旱地区影响呼吸道传染病流行的关键气象因子，建立干旱地区呼吸道传染病的反馈（BP）神经网络预测模型，为政府部门预防和控制干旱地区的呼吸道传染病提供科学依据。方法选择辽宁省朝阳市作为研究对象；在朝阳市气象局获得该地区1981～1994年气象资料；在朝阳市疾病预防控制中心获得同期该市传染病发病资料。应用SPSS 10．0统计软件进行气象因素与传染病发病率的相关关系分析。应用Matlab6．5软件构建BP人工神经网络模型，建立干旱地区呼吸道传染病的BP人工神经网络预测模型，并对模型进行评价。结果相关分析结果显示，流行性脑膜炎的发病率与平均气压、平均降水量呈负相关，与平均蒸发量呈正相关；百日咳的发病率与平均气压呈负相关，与平均蒸发量呈正相关。BP神经网络模型拟合结果显示，流脑和百日咳模型拟合值的平均误差率（MER）和决定系数（R0）分别为1．73％和1．0000，7．74％和0．9900；流脑模型拟合效果最好；流脑和百日咳BP神经网络模型的预测精度分别为5．88％和59．46％。结论平均气压、平均蒸发量、平均降水量对呼吸道传染病发病率影响较大。BP神经网络模型对干旱地区呼吸道传染病具有较高的拟合和预测能力，预测效果较好。     

建德市手足口病发病与气象因素的相关性分析

目的分析建德市手足口病发病与气象因素的关系,为手足口病防制和预测提供依据。方法收集建德市2012—2016年手足口病发病例数和同期气象资料,采用多重线性回归模型分析手足口病周发病数与平均气温、相对湿度、平均气压、风速、日照时间和降水量的相关性。结果 2012—2016年建德市共报告手足口病3 595例,年均发病率为34.02/10万。全年每周均有病例报告,周平均发病14例,第15—29周(4—7月)为建德市手足口病发病高峰。手足口病周发病例数与平均气温(r=0.473, P0.001)、相对湿度(r=0.350, P=0.011)和降水量呈正相关(r=0.444,P=0.001),与平均气压(r=-0.516, P0.001)、风速呈负相关(r=-0.315, P=0.023),与日照未见统计学关联(r=0.040, P=0.778)。多重线性回归分析结果显示,平均气温(β=0.572)、相对湿度(β=0.801)与手足口病发病均呈正相关(P0.05)。结论手足口病发病数随平均气温和相对湿度的升高而增加,可考虑作为手足口病疫情预测的因素。     

气象因素与两种虫媒传染病关系的探讨

目的探讨虫媒传染病斑疹伤寒和流行性乙型脑炎（乙脑）的发病率与气象因素的关系,建立反馈（BP）神经网络预测模型,并评价模型的效果.方法利用SPSS10.0统计软件进行气象因素与斑疹伤寒和乙脑发病率的相关分析;利用Matlab 6.5软件构建乙脑和斑疹伤寒发病率的BP人工神经网络预测模型.结果相关分析结果显示乙脑的发病率与平均气压呈负相关（P＜0.01）,与平均蒸发量和最高温度呈正相关（P＜0.05）.斑疹伤寒的发病率与平均气温和平均地面温度呈负相关（P＜0.05）.斑疹伤寒的发病率还与最低温度呈负相关（P=0.062）.BP神经网络模型的回代结果显示,乙脑和斑疹伤寒发病率拟合模型平均误差率（MER）和决定系数（R2）分别为27.44%和98.09%及29.00%和65.35%,模型拟合效果较好.应用BP神经网络模型对1994年乙脑和斑疹伤寒发病率进行预测,其相对误差分别为80.00%和120.86%,模型的预测效果一般.结论平均气压、平均蒸发量、温度对虫媒传染病的发病率影响较大.应用BP神经网络模型对虫媒传染病的发病率具有一定的拟合和预测能力,值得进一步研究.     

随州市手足口病流行特征与气象因素的关系研究

探讨随州市气象因素与手足口病发病情况之间的关系,为预测随州市手足口病发病情况提供依据。收集2010-2014年随州市手足口病发病资料和气象资料(气温、气压、相对湿度、降水量、日照时数),使用SPSS 17.0对手足口病发病率和气象因素资料进行相关和回归分析。结果显示:2010-2014年随州市手足口病月发病率与平均气温、降水量及日照时数呈正相关(r=0.497、0.405、0.312,P0.05),与月平均气压呈负相关(r=-0.620,P0.01),与相对湿度呈正相关,但差异无统计学意义(r=0.246,P0.05)。多元逐步回归分析结果显示月平均气温和气压为手足口病主要气象影响因子。随州市手足口病发病与高气温和低气压有关。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.