Renal Excretion of Electrolytes in Patients on Long-term Diuretic Therapy for Arterial Hypertension and/or Congestive Heart Failure

ABSTRACT. Renal excretion, skeletal muscle content and plasma concentration of electrolytes were studied in 108 patients on long-term diuretic therapy for congestive heart failure and/or arterial hypertension. As reference populations served a group of 16 healthy volunteers and a group of 22 patients with liver cirrhosis, but not on diuretic therapy. Diuretic therapy was found to deprive the patients of their ability to conserve potassium and magnesium when there was a simultaneous cellular depletion of these ions. Magnesium excretion was found to be correlated to the skeletal muscle magnesium content. An inverted Na/K ratio in urine and a low magnesium excretion were fair indicators of cellular magnesium depletion.     

Decreased 45Calcium Uptake in Red Cells of Patients with Essential Hypertension

Abstract. Decreased ⁴⁵calcium uptake was observed in red cells of 20 patients with essential hypertension. Equilibration of extracellular ⁴⁵calcium with intracellular calcium was not achieved within 60 min in red cells of either hypertensive patients or control subjects. By introducing the ionophore A23187, equilibrium conditions were attained for red cells of both categories of individuals. Still the discrepancy in ⁴⁵calcium uptake was preserved between them. These results support the view that red cells of hypertensive patients have an altered membrane permeability to calcium, possibly reflecting also a greater exchangeable pool of cytosolic free calcium.     

Potassium in Skeletal Muscle in Untreated Primary Hypertension and in Chronic Renal Failure,Studied by X-ray Fluorescence Technique

ABSTRACT Muscle biopsy specimens form 22 patients with pirmary hypertension, 10 patients with chronic renal failure and 21 healthy normotensive controls were analyzed using a Kevex 0600 X-ray spectrometer. Muscle potassium (MK), calcium (MCa), sulphur (MS) and phosphorus (MP) were determined. In the patients wih primary hypertension, MK was decreased compared to the controls (p<0.001), MCa was increased (p<0.05), MS was decreased (p<0.05) and no difference was seen in MP. In the patients with chronic renal failure, MK was decreased compared to the controls (p<0.001), MCa showed no difference compared to the controls, whereas both MP and MS were lower (p<0.05 and p<0.001). It was concluded that intracellular potassium is low both in primary hypertension and chronic renal failure. In chronic renal failure the potassium decrease is probably secondary to loss of cellular potassium capacity, whereas in primary hypertension an inhibition of the sodium, potassium, adenosine triphosphatase is suggested as the cause of the low potassium.     

硝苯地平对高血压胰岛素敏感性的影响

目的探讨硝苯地平对高血压（ＥＨ）患者胰岛素敏感性的影响。方法应用钙拮抗剂硝苯地平治疗老年ＥＨ患者，治疗前后行口服葡萄糖耐量试验测血糖（ＳＧ）及血胰岛素（ＩＳ）浓度，求出两者曲线下面积（ＡＵＣ），并计算ＩＳ敏感性。结果ＥＨ患者无论有无糖耐量异常，均可见ＩＳ敏感性降低和糖负荷高ＩＳ血症，糖耐量减低组表现更明显。用硝苯地平治疗后，随着血压被降至正常，症状消失，糖耐量减低组空腹及糖负荷后的ＳＧ和ＩＳ水平以及两者ＡＵＣ均较治疗前降低，ＩＳ敏感性增加，糖耐量改善。而糖耐量正常组除糖负荷后１ｈ、２ｈ血ＩＳ水平较前降低外，糖耐量及ＩＳ敏感性无显著变化。结论硝苯地平可改善伴糖耐量减低的ＥＨ患者的糖耐量及ＩＳ抵抗，增强其ＩＳ敏感性     

硝苯地平对高血压患者脑循环血流动力学的影响

目的研究硝苯地平对高血压病人脑循环血流动力学的影响。方法利用脑血管功能检测仪对４５例原发性高血压患者含服硝苯地平前后的血流动力学指标进行检测并分析了指标变化与血压下降间的关系。结果硝苯地平可以增加Ⅰ、Ⅱ期病人颈总动脉血流速度，降低脑血管外周阻力、特性阻抗及脉搏波速度；Ⅰ期各项指标的改善与血压变化无关，Ⅱ、Ⅲ期外周阻力的变化与血压变化有相关性。结论硝苯地平可以改善Ⅰ、Ⅱ期原发性高血压患者的脑循环血流动力学指标，其中直接扩张脑血管可能比降低血压起着更为重要的作用。     

硝苯地平对高血压患者脑循环血流动力学的影响

目的研究硝苯地平对高血压病人脑循环血流动力学的影响。方法利用脑血管功能检测仪对４５例原发性高血压患者含服硝苯地平前后的血流动力学指标进行检测并分析了指标变化与血压下降间的关系。结果硝苯地平可以增加Ⅰ、Ⅱ期病人颈总动脉血流速度，降低脑血管外周阻力、特性阻抗及脉搏波速度；Ⅰ期各项指标的改善与血压变化无关，Ⅱ、Ⅲ期外周阻力的变化与血压变化有相关性。结论硝苯地平可以改善Ⅰ、Ⅱ期原发性高血压患者的脑循环血流动力学指标，其中直接扩张脑血管可能比降低血压起着更为重要的作用。     

高血压与电解质关系的研究新进展

原发性高血压是最常见的心血管疾病之一,是冠心病、脑卒中的主要危险因素。但是原发性高血压的病因和发病机制至今尚未完全阐明,随着研究的进展,发现电解质代谢异常在高血压发病中起一定作用。现对钠、钾、钙、镁等电解质与高血压的关系作一综述。     

Plasma and Skeletal Muscle Electrolytes in Patients on Long-term Diuretic Therapy for Arterial Hypertension and/or Congestive Heart Failure

ABSTRACT Investigations regarding plasma and skeletal muscle electrolytes were carried out in 537 patients on long-term diuretic treatment (>1 year) for arterial hypertension (n=240) and/or congestive heart failure (n=297). In both groups there were significant decreases in both plasma and skeletal muscle K and Mg, while the muscle Na values as well as the total and extracellular water content of skeletal muscle were increased.     

Felodipine in Primary Pulmonary Hypertension

ABSTRACT Two women with primary pulmonary hypertension were treated with felodipine, a vasodilating agent. A marked reduction in pulmonary artery pressure was noted in one, whereas the other showed no reduction in pressure but an increase in blood flow and a decrease in pulmonary vascular resistance.     

Echocardiographic Evaluation of Patients with Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Before and After Atrial Septostomy

Objectives: To characterize the early changes in right ventricular [right ventricle (RV)] geometry and function, as assessed by two-dimensional (2-D) and Doppler echocardiography, after balloon-dilation atrial septostomy (BDAS) in patients with severe primary pulmonary hypertension (PPH). Background. Survival in PPH is to a great extent dependent on the functional status of the RV. BDAS recently has been shown to improve functional class and hemodynamics in patients with PPH nonresponsive to conventional vasodilator treatment. Methods: Ten patients with severe PPH who underwent BDAS were studied with transthoracic and transesophageal 2-D and Doppler echocardiography. RV dimensions were measured in the apical four-chamber view. Continuous-wave Doppler echocardiography was used to obtain peak velocity of tricuspid regurgitation. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) primarily was used for the follow-up of the atrial septal defects (ASDs). Results: In the early post-BDAS studies, right atrial and ventricular dimensions significantly decreased in all patients (P < 0.05). Global right ventricular wall motion (RVWM) also improved. RV percent change in area after septostomy inversely correlated with the changes in RV systolic area (r =–0.75; P < 0.05) and also with the baseline (preprocedure) values of RV percent change in area (r =–0.77; P < 0.05). Neither RV wall thickness nor the degree of tricuspid regurgitation were modified significantly after the procedure. Conclusions: BDAS in the setting of severe PPH results in moderate and salutary changes in geometry and function of the RV as assessed by 2-D echocardiography. These changes mainly appear to be the result of the decompression effect of atrial septostomy.     

夜间高血压对原发性高血压患者早期肾脏损害的影响

目的 :探讨夜间高血压对原发性高血压患者早期肾脏损害的影响。方法:入选原发性高血压患者182例,根据夜间平均血压是否120/70 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 k Pa)分为两组,即夜间出现高血压者(120/70 mm Hg)为观察组89例,夜间未出现高血压者(120/70 mm Hg)为对照组93例。测定常规血生化指标及尿微量白蛋白(m ALB)、尿足细胞标志蛋白podocalyxin及血清胱抑素C水平。结果:(1)血压比较:观察组患者的夜间平均收缩压、夜间平均舒张压均高于对照组[分别为夜间平均收缩压(138.05±6.33)mm Hg vs(102.51±8.76)mm Hg、夜间平均舒张压(84.11±6.32)mm Hg vs(70.03±4.56)mm Hg,差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05)]。(2)肾功能损伤标记物水平比较:观察组患者尿m ALB水平、尿足细胞标志蛋白podocalyxin水平、血清胱抑素C水平均高于对照组[分别为m ALB水平(13.60±0.69)mg vs(10.04±0.73)mg、尿足细胞标志蛋白podocalyxin水平(5.35±1.69)ng/ml vs(2.05±0.88)ng/ml、血清胱抑素C水平(1.35±0.69)mg/L vs(1.02±0.44)mg/L,差异均统计学意义(P均0.05)]。(3)相关性分析:观察组患者尿足细胞标志蛋白podocalyxin水平与尿m ALB水平(r=0.675,P0.05)、血清胱抑素C水平(r=0.734,P0.05)、夜间血压水平(r=0.830,P0.05)、患者患病年限(r=0.688,P0.05)均呈正相关。结论:夜间高血压患者较昼间血压升高患者更易发生肾损害,联合检测尿m ALB、尿足细胞标志蛋白podocalyxin及血清胱抑素C有利于对高血压肾损害的早期诊断。     

Elevated Levels of MMP-9 in Untreated Patients with Stage I Essential Hypertension

Increased expression and activity of metalloproteinases have been implicated in the pathophysiology of vascular remodeling and in the growth of atherosclerotic lesions. We aimed at determining the levels of MMP-2, MMP-9, their specific inhibitors TIMP-2 and TIMP-1, and the inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α, which are related to the stimulation of MMPs, in patients with untreated mild essential hypertension (UH) and normotensive (NT) volunteers. Serum MMP-9 and TIMP-1 levels were significantly different in UH volunteers when compared to NT volunteers. Thus, MMP-9 is elevated in the early stages of essential hypertension and may be used as a marker of cardiovascular risk and vascular dysfunction.     

Acute and Chronic Effect of Nifedipine in Primary Aldosteronism

Since calcium entry blocker drugs can interfere with aldosterone secretion in vitro, a similar effect in vivo, in man, has been suggested and partially confirmed. The data available in primary aldosteronism are more controversial. Therefore, we have studied the acute and chronic effect of nifedipine in 7 patients with idiopathic hyperaldosteronism (IHA) and 8 with aldosterone producing adenoma (APA). On 2 different days, 10 mg of nifedipine or placebo were given sublingually to the patients and blood pressure and heart rate were recorded every 5 min. for 60 min. Plasma aldosterone, cortisol, PRA and serum K were measured at 0, 30 and 60 min. 5 patients with IHA and 6 with APA received nifedipine 20 mg per os bid for 3 months; the same parameters were evaluated on days 0, 30, 60 and 90; urinary aldosterone was measured on days 0, 30, 60 and 90. BP decreased in both groups both after acute and chronic administration of nifedipine. Plasma aldosterone showed a similar trend either after acute nifedipine or placebo; however, during chronic treatment it was slightly decreased in IHA patients. Cortisol, PRA, urinary aldosterone and K⁺ remained unchanged. In conclusion, nifedipine is an effective antihypertensive agent also in primary aldosteronism; its aldosterone inhibiting properties are minimal and seem to be present only during long-term therapy in IHA.     

原发性醛固酮增多症患病之谜

原发性醛固酮增多症是一种继发性高血压的常见病因.研究发现原发性醛固酮增多症在高血压患者中的检出率可达10％,而且原发性醛固酮增多症患者心脏、脑、肾脏等靶器官的损伤更为严重.但目前原发性醛固酮增多症的患病、诊断仍然不明确,现试图揭示原发性醛固酮增多症患病之谜以及临床意义.     

Muscle Biopsy Studies in Patients with Moderate Liver Cirrhosis with Special Reference to Energy-Rich Phosphagens and Electrolytes

Energy-rich phosphagens, water, and electrolytes were determined in skeletal muscle biopsy specimens from five elderly women and five elderly men with moderate liver cirrhosis. At the time of the study the patients were in their usual condition without evidence of deterioration of the disease. When compared with findings in apparently healthy subjects of similar age, the distribution and level of electrolytes and water were within normal limits in the female patients. The male patients showed increased contents of muscle water, and Mg²⁺ was reduced. The values calculated for the intracellular concentration of K⁺ and Mg²⁺ were also below normal. The pattern and levels of energy-rich phosphagens were abnormal in all but one female patient. As a general finding, ATP and the total level of adenine nucleotides were markedly reduced, as were phosphocreatine, the ATP/ADP ratio, and the energy charge potential.     

降压治疗对高血压患者血小板参数的影响

目的探讨降压治疗对高血压患者血小板4项参数的影响。方法采用全血细胞自动分析仪检测32位正常对照者与37名原发性1级高血压患者治疗3周前后血小板4项参数指标:血小板计数(PLT)、平均血小板体积(MPV)、血小板分布宽度(PDW)、血小板压积(PCT),统计分析其数据变化。结果高血压时,血小板4项参数均有不同程度增高,而降压治疗能使上述4项指标降低[PLT:(治疗前201·8±72·9vs治疗后187·1±68·6)109L-1(P<0·05);MPV:(治疗前10·3±1·9vs治疗后10·0±1·9)fL,PDW:(治疗前15·5±1·1vs治疗后15·2±1·0)fL;PCT:(治疗前0·20±0·05vs治疗后0·19±0·04)%](P<0·05)。结论降压治疗能降低PLT、PCT,改善血压升高所致的前血栓状态。     

比索洛尔与美托洛尔治疗高血压病疗效的对比研究

目的　对比观察比索洛尔和美托洛尔治疗轻、中度高血压患者的临床疗效与安全性。方法　采用随机、开放、平行对照方法 ,观察比索洛尔 (n =1 1 5)每日 2 5～ 7 5mg或加双氢克尿噻 1 2 5mg,美托洛尔 (n =1 0 5)每日 50～ 1 50mg或加双氢克尿噻 1 2 5mg治疗 6周和 8周的有效率。 结果　两组治疗第 2周开始平均收缩压 (SBP)、舒张压(DBP)和心率 (HR)较治疗前均明显降低 (P <0 0 1 ) ;在整个治疗期间血压和HR持续平稳下降 ,治疗后 2～ 8周血压下降值比索洛尔组为 1 1 0 / 8 6～ 2 1 6/ 1 6 2mmHg ,美托洛尔组为 1 1 0 / 8 8～ 1 6 7/ 1 4 9mmHg ;HR下降值前组为5 1～ 8 9次 /分 ,后组为 4 8～ 7 3次 /分 ;服药第 8周比索洛尔组降低SBP优于美托洛尔组 (P <0 0 1 ) ,其它两组间比较无明显差异 (P均 >0 0 5)。比索洛尔和美托洛尔治疗 6周降低血压的总有效率分别为 84 3 %和 79 0 % (P >0 0 5) ;8周加双氢克尿噻总有效率分别为 91 3 %和 81 0 % (P <0 0 5) ,比索洛尔加利尿剂可组提高降压疗效 7%。动态血压监测 (ABPM)显示比索洛尔降低夜间SBP优于美托洛尔 (P <0 0 1 ) ;比索洛尔T/P比值 >50 %。结论　比索洛尔是一种有效、高选择性 β1 受体阻滞的长效降压药 ,副作用轻微 ,耐受性好。联合应用小     

Systemic and Regional Hemodynamic Effects of Gallopamil in Patients with Essential Hypertension

Systemic and regional hemodynamics were assessed in 10 patients with uncomplicated mild to moderate essential hypertension before and during gallopamil therapy. Cardiac output was measured in triplicate with indocyanine dye. Plasma volume and renal blood flow were measured radioisotopically. Immediately following the initial dose of a slow-release (SR) formulation of gallopamil, a significant fall in arterial pressure associated with a decreased total peripheral resistance and a reflex increase in heart rate and cardiac output were seen. Then, after 8–12 weeks of treatment, arterial pressure and total peripheral resistance remained reduced, but heart rate and cardiac output returned to pretreatment levels. Gallopamil also produced significant reductions in renal and splanchnic vascular resistance. Plasma volume and total blood volume did not change. Thus, gallopamil reduced arterial pressure and vascular resistances without fluid retention or prolonged reflexive changes.     

硝苯地平对原发性高血压患者胰岛素和血糖的影响

采用放射免疫法测定１０２例初诊治疗的原发性高血压（ＥＨ）患者血清胰岛素水平，并与４５例同期入院的非ＥＨ患者相对照，ＥＨ组血清胰岛素水平显著高于对照组（ｔ＝５．０４３，Ｐ＜０．０１），血糖无显著差异（ｔ＝０．３７５，Ｐ＞０．０５）。其中５６例经硝苯啶平均治疗４．４个月后，血清胰岛素显著下降（ｔ＝３．２８６，Ｐ＜０．０５），血糖无明显变化（ｔ＝０．４０７，Ｐ＞０．０５），且胰岛素下降与血糖的变化也无相关性。血清胰岛素可能为ＥＨ患者的一个独立促发因素，硝苯啶短期应用，虽可降低ＥＨ患者血清胰岛素水平，但对血糖无影响。