颅内多发动脉瘤的治疗

目的探讨颅内多发动脉瘤(MIA)的诊断以及手术时机和手术方法的选择。方法本组41例MIA中,经翼点开颅显微手术夹闭22例,其中一次性夹闭16例;行血管内栓塞19例,一次性栓塞9例。结果一次性手术夹闭的16例(32个)动脉瘤经DSA复查,29个夹闭完全,血管内栓塞的19例经DSA复查,3个动脉瘤栓塞不完全。行夹闭术的22例中,Hunt分级Ⅰ-Ⅲ级18例,Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级各2例,良14例,中残4例,重残2例,植物生存和死亡各1例;行栓塞术的19例中,Hunt分级Ⅰ-Ⅲ级17例,Ⅳ级2例,良13例,中残和重残各2例,植物生存和死亡各1例。结论CT为MIA破裂出血的诊断提供重要信息,DSA仍为MIA诊断的金标准,CTA和MRA是MIA诊断的良好补充。MIA一经诊断明确应尽早手术治疗,根据病人病情和经济状况酌情选择手术方法,但若系Hunt分级Ⅴ级者则只宜手术夹闭。     

显微手术治疗颅内动脉瘤168例疗效分析

目的通过对168例颅内动脉瘤的显微手术治疗,以探讨手术时机、手术技巧对术后疗效的影响.方法对来我科首诊的经CT、DSA确诊为颅内动脉瘤的患者,力争在72 h内(由外院转诊已错过急性期者均在两周后)经翼点入路开颅行显微手术夹闭动脉瘤.结果 168例中,治愈139例(82.7%)、好转11例(6.5%)、植物生存3例(1.8%)、死亡15例(8.9%).结论颅内动脉瘤破裂引起 SAH,经CT、DSA确诊后应争取早期手术.选择最佳手术时机、手术入路、熟练掌握显微操作技术及显微解剖知识是手术成功的关键.     

巨大颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤的显微手术治疗

目的探讨巨大颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤的显微神经外科诊治经验。方法回顾性分析15例采用翼点硬膜内-外入路显微手术夹闭巨大颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤病例资料,共17个动脉瘤。结果术后CTA或DSA复查证实动脉瘤均完全夹闭,术后无死亡,出院时GOS:恢复良好12例,轻残3例,无重残、植物生存状态或死亡。随访6个月~1年,并发症随访时均有好转。结论经翼点硬膜内-外入路显微外科手术夹闭巨大颈内动脉眼动脉段动脉瘤是安全可靠的手术治疗方法。     

颅内动脉瘤破裂伴颅内血肿的诊断与显微手术治疗

目的探讨颅内动脉瘤破裂伴发颅内血肿的诊断和显微手术治疗效果。方法回顾性分析13例颅内动脉瘤破裂伴发颅内血肿患者的临床资料。术前5例患者进行了DSA检查,3例患者进行了CT血管造影检查,5例进行了头部CT检查（4例经术中证实为动脉瘤,1例术后经DSA证实为动脉瘤）。其中大脑中动脉动脉瘤5例,前交通动脉动脉瘤4例,后交通动脉动脉瘤3例,骈周动脉动脉瘤1例。结果 13例患者中有12例行开颅动脉瘤夹闭及血肿清除术;1例仅行血肿清除术,术后行血管内栓塞治疗。所有患者术后随访3个月,根据GOS分级,Ⅰ级3例,Ⅱ级4例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级1例,Ⅴ级2例。结论颅内动脉瘤破裂伴颅内血肿需尽早行DSA或CT血管造影检查明确诊断;治疗方式应首选开颅动脉瘤夹闭＋血肿清除术。     

改良翼点入路夹闭颅内前循环动脉瘤87例体会

目的 探讨改良翼点入路显微手术夹闭颅内前循环动脉瘤的效果。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2018年1月经改良翼点入路显微手术夹闭治疗的87例颅内前循环动脉瘤的临床资料。结果 术后死亡3例。84例存活病人术后随访1~1.5年,按GOS评分:恢复良好39例,中残27例,重残11例,植物生存7例。结论 改良翼点入路手术夹闭颅内前循环动脉动疗效良好。     

前循环颅内动脉瘤破裂出血的显微手术治疗

目的探讨前循环颅内动脉瘤破裂出血的显微手术治疗方法及临床效果。方法回顾性分析清远市人民医院神经外科收治的100例前循环脑动脉瘤破裂出血患者的影像学及手术资料,所有病例均行开颅显微手术夹闭动脉瘤治疗。结果预后按GOS评分分级:良好80例(80%);差13例(13%);死亡7例(7%)。死亡7例中4例为Hunt-HessⅣ级,3例Hunt-HessⅤ级。Ⅴ级存活2例中1例植物生存,1例生活部分自理;Ⅳ级存活23例中2例植物生存,2例生活部分自理,1例完全不能自理。结论采用开颅显微手术夹闭治疗前循环颅内动脉瘤破裂出血可获得满意疗效。对高度怀疑动脉瘤破裂的自发性脑内血肿术前3D-CTA检查可以明确出血原因并指导急诊开颅手术;已有脑疝形成,不具备行3D-CTA或DSA检查条件者,在开颅清除血肿术中对邻近血肿可疑动脉探查,可减少动脉瘤的漏诊率并改善患者的预后。     

显微手术治疗前循环动脉瘤

目的：探讨颅内前循环动脉瘤的手术时机和技术。方法：本组74例颅内前循环动脉瘤患者（其中急性出血66例）共82枚动脉瘤。使用Hunt ＆ Hess分级法进行术前临床评价，采用翼点、半球间和眶上锁孔入路进行动脉瘤夹闭。早期（急性出血3d内）夹闭动脉瘤41例，其他行延迟手术。结果：良好60例，轻残2例，重残2例，死亡10例。结论：除术前Ⅳ和Ⅴ级病例主张延期手术外，颅内动脉瘤破裂后应积极争取早期手术夹闭。正确的手术方案和熟练的显微操作技术是颅内动脉瘤手术成功的关键。     

颅内动脉瘤治疗十年回顾(附1372例治疗及随访)

目的 总结十年颅内动脉瘤治疗经验,以提高其治疗效果.方法 2000年1月至2009年12月收治颅内动脉瘤1 372例,采用血管内栓塞治疗632例(697枚动脉瘤),显微手术夹闭740例(805枚动脉瘤).结果 按GOS评分,栓塞组Hunt-Hess 0～Ⅲ级564例患者中,良好536例(95.0%),死亡6例(1.1%);手术夹闭组Hunt-Hess 0～Ⅲ级患者566例,良好542例(95.8%),重残18例(3.2%),死亡6例(1.1%).栓塞组Hunt-HessⅣ～Ⅴ级68例患者中,良好32例(47.1%),重残18例(26.5%),死亡18例(26.5%);手术夹闭组Hunt-HessⅣ～Ⅴ级174例患者中,良好84例(48.3%),重残55例(31.6%),植物生存7例(4.0%),死亡28例(16.1%)死亡.两组Hunt-Hess 0～Ⅲ级患者的预后没有显著差别(P>0.05).本组Hunt-HessⅤ级26例,重残4例,植物生存3例,死亡19例.栓塞组DSA复查167例,动脉瘤仍致密填塞138例,不完全栓塞24例,复发5例;夹闭组DSA复查136例,安全夹闭129例,部分瘤颈残留7例.结论 血管内栓塞治疗和显微手术夹闭均是治疗颅内动脉瘤的有效方法,治疗应根据病人动脉瘤的部位、大小及经济状况等进行选择,前循环动脉瘤两种皆可,后循环动脉瘤应首选血管内栓塞.Hunt-Hess 0～Ⅲ级尽早诊断和治疗,Hunt-Hess Ⅳ级在出血3 d以后血管痉挛严重者应待其缓解后再行治疗,Ⅴ级疗效极差.     

显微手术治疗93例颅内动脉瘤的体会

目的探讨显微手术治疗颅内动脉瘤的方法与疗效。方法本组颅内动脉瘤患者93例,个性化选择恰当的手术时机,分别采用动脉瘤所在侧的翼点入路(91例)或颞下入路(2例)行动脉瘤显微夹闭术。结果 93例动脉瘤均成功手术夹闭。术后随访3～6个月,根据GOS评分:5分(恢复良好)64例,4分(轻度残疾)22例,3分(重度残疾)5例,2分(植物生存)1例及1分(死亡)1例。结论选择适当的手术时机,应用显微手术夹闭瘤颈治疗颅内动脉瘤可以获得良好的临床疗效。     

单侧翼点入路显微手术夹闭颅内多发动脉瘤

目的 探讨单侧翼点入路显微手术夹闭颅内多发动脉瘤的效果。方法 自2006年9月至2014 年10月单侧翼点入路显微手术治疗颅内多发动脉瘤患者29例（共62个动脉瘤）,术后随访0.5~9年,采用GOS评分评估预后。结果 29例患者共62个动脉瘤均获一期一侧手术夹闭,其中后交通动脉动脉瘤21个,颈内动脉分叉部动脉瘤6个,大脑中动脉动脉瘤13个,前交通动脉动脉瘤18个,眼动脉动脉瘤4个。术后DSA或CTA复查示动脉瘤完整夹闭,载瘤动脉畅通。据GOS评分判断预后:恢复良好15例,中残5例,重残6例,死亡3例。结论 单侧翼点入路显微手术夹闭颅内多发动脉瘤可行,应根据患者特点,采用个体化手术治疗。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.