新型隐球菌性脑膜炎一例报告

患儿,男,9岁。于1986年8月无诱因发热,无流涕、咳嗽症状。血沉60mm/h。曾在当地医院按上感、伤寒、结脑、肺门周围炎予以氯霉素、雷米封、卡那霉素治疗,效果不佳。出院后仍间断发热,体温在36～38℃之间。于1987年1月25日出现阵发性头痛、伴喷射性呕吐,且发热加重,体温38°～40℃,颈部抵抗,经某医院腰穿示脑脊液白     

新型隐球菌性脑膜炎1例

患者女性，62岁，因发热、发痛、纳差、记忆力减退50天入院。入院前50天受凉后出现发热，体温以中低度发热为主，无畏寒及寒颤，无明监规律性；头痛，以双颞及头顶部疼痛为主，性质为持续性跳痛，逐渐转为夜间疼痛为主，与发热无明显相关性，热退后仍有头痛；纳差；自诉记忆力有所减退，健忘，判断力、计算力及认知力尚正常；无头昏、视物模糊、抽搐及意识障碍，无外伤史，无恶心、呕吐、腹痛及腹泻，无咳嗽、咳痰、盗汗，无四肢关节疼痛，无明显性格改变。曾就诊于云南省建水县人民医院，查肝功及血生化“未见异常”，头颅CT示“颅内未见异常”，     

新型隐球菌性脑膜炎误诊1例

病人 ,男 ,38岁。无诱因出现轻度咳嗽 ,咳少量白色粘液 ,伴不规则中度发热 (最高不超过 38.5℃ )。发病第 3天出现爆裂样头痛 ,以双颞部为甚 ,呈进行性加剧。伴喷射样呕吐数次 ,并有大小便失禁。去当地医院就医 ,胸部ＣＴ示 :右上肺后段可见一直径为 2ｃｍ的球形结节 ,疑为结核病灶。未作脑脊液检查 ,即按“肺结核合并结核性脑膜炎”处理 ,予异烟肼、利福平、链霉素、乙胺丁醇四联疗法抗结核 ,共用药 10ｄ ,症状渐重。遂转入我院治疗。查体 :体温39℃ ,意识不清 ,呈谵妄状态。双瞳孔等大等圆 ,Ｄ =0 .3ｃｍ ,对光反射迟钝。双眼球同向左侧凝…     

新型隐球菌脑膜炎1例

1 病历简介 患者,女,60岁.2001年4月9日出现右侧上肢不自主震颤,3小时后出现右侧偏瘫,浅昏迷,颈强(++++),克氏征(+),右下肢巴彬斯基(+),腹部扣诊有移动性浊音.腰穿检查:脑脊液压力1.60kPa,脑脊液外观微黄,细胞数108×106,蛋白2.0g/L,糖2.2mmol/L,氯化物90mmol/L.墨汁染色未见新型隐球菌.血氨65mmol/L.腹部超声诊断:肝硬化,腹水.     

隐球菌性脑膜炎2例报告

例1 张××,男,53岁。因持续低热头痛75天,伴恶心呕吐12天,神志朦胧3天,于1977年12月20月入院。患者于1977年10月5日开始有低热(37.5～37.7℃),伴头痛、乏力等。诊断为上呼吸道感染。给青霉素、感冒冲剂及ABC等药治疗,未见好转。于11月16日开始,两侧颞部、枕部剧烈疼痛。经检查奥本海姆氏征及戈登氏征阳性。脑脊液检查:     

新型隐球菌性脑膜脑炎3例MRI征象

<正>1病例简介病例1,男,35岁,主诉：无明显诱因间断发热20 d余,体温最高39.0℃,咳嗽5 d,头痛、乏力、伴右侧肢体麻木。自服药物（具体不详）治疗效果不佳,于社区诊所给予静脉滴注头孢唑啉钠治疗3d后体温正常,几天后再次出现发热。10余年前行阑尾切除术,白细胞减低4年未诊治。     

隐球菌性脑膜炎长期误诊1例

患者男 ,34岁 ,喜养鸽子。 2 0 0 0年 3月因受凉后出现头痛、发热 ,伴轻度盗汗 ,乏力 ,自以为感冒 ,在私人门诊静滴治疗 ,发热稍下降 ,未在意。后头痛、发热反复出现 ,2 0 0 0年 5月行腰穿检查脑脊液 ,诊断“病毒性脑膜炎”治疗半月 ,效果不佳。转至另一医院再行腰穿检查 ,见脑脊液呈黄绿色 ,蛋白质 5 8ｇ/Ｌ ,潘氏试验 ,菌培养为阴性 ,抗酸染色阴性 ,查空腹血糖为 12 .7ｍｍｏｌ/Ｌ。诊断为 (1)结核性脑膜炎 ;(2 )Ⅱ型糖尿病。给予抗结核、降糖等治疗1月 ,效果不佳 ,并出现胸 4平面以下束带感、双下肢无力(肌力仅Ⅱ级 )、排尿、排便困难。…     

肺隐球菌病合并隐球菌性脑膜炎误诊为粟粒型肺结核一例

患儿,女,6岁,4个月前无明显诱因反复出现高热,偶咳,痰少,无头痛,头晕,呕吐,抽搐等症状,曾在当地多家医院抗炎治疗无效。12天前渐出现头晕,头痛,伴喷射性呕吐,遂转至我院。体检：T38℃,神智清,听诊双肺有水泡音。神经系统检查：颈稍抵抗,膝腱反射活跃,     

新型隐球菌性脑脓肿CT误诊一例

病例资料　患者 ,男 ,30岁。头痛、呕吐 2 0d ,加重伴左侧肢体活动障碍 1 0d。头颅CT平扫 :右颞、顶、枕叶见大片状低密度区 ,内有结节状软组织密度影 ,CT值48HU ,右侧脑室受压 ,中线结构左移 ,提示占位性病变 ,转移瘤可能 (图 1a)。CT增强 :右颞、顶、枕叶见小环状、结节状强化病灶 ,CT值 61HU ,周围水肿明显 ,右侧脑室受压闭塞 ,中线结构左移 1 .0cm ,提示脑肿瘤 (胶质瘤 )伴大脑镰疝形成 (图 1b)。 1周后CT平扫 :右颞、顶、枕叶大片状低密度区内多个环形囊样病灶 (图 1c)。复习系列CT片 ,多为肺吸虫脑病。手术所见 :右枕叶 5cm× …     

隐球菌性脑膜炎的CT分析

２０例隐球菌性脑膜炎的ＣＴ扫描进行了回顾性温习，４例ＣＴ扫描正常，其余病例均有阳性ＣＴ扫描发现，包括脑积水、脑内低密度灶、假性囊肿、隐球菌瘤、颅内钙化、弥漫性脑水肿和弥漫性脑膜强化，对ＣＴ表现与病理类型的相关性进行了讨论。     

Central nervous system cryptococcosis: parenchymal calcification and large gelatinous pseudocysts.

In an 11-year-old immunocompetent girl with protracted cryptococcal infection of the central nervous system, CT showed multiple areas of parenchymal calcification. MR imaging showed large gelatinous pseudocysts around the brain stem. These imaging features and the child''s age are unusual for intracranial cryptococcosis.     

Central nervous system tuberculosis: MRI

The MRI findings of 18 proven cases of central nervous system (CNS) tuberculosis were reviewed; 10 patients were seropositive for HIV. All had medical, laboratory, or surgical proof of CNS tuberculosis. Eleven patients had meningitis, of whom two also had arachnoiditis. Five patients had focal intra-axial tuberculomas: four brain masses and one an intramedullary spinal lesion. Two patients had focal extra-axial tuberculomas: one in the pontine cistern, and one in the spine. In all 11 patients with meningitis MRI showed diffuse, thick, meningeal enhancement. All intraparenchymal tuberculomas showed low signal intensity on T2-weighted images and ring or nodular enhancement. The extra-axial tuberculomas had areas isointense or hypoitense relative to normal brain and spinal cord on T2-weighted images. Although tuberculous meningitis cannot be differentiated from other meningitides on the basis of MR findings, intraparenchymal tuberculomas show characteristic T2 shortening, not found in most other space-occupying lesions. In the appropriate clinical setting, tuberculoma should be considered.     

Neuroblastoma presenting as central nervous system disease

Neuroblastoma may be extremely difficult to recognize, particularly when the tumor presents as a primary central nervous system disease. Central nervous system involvement may be considered as primary intracerebral neuroblastoma, metastases to the cranium from an occult primary, primary intraorbital neuroblastoma originating in the ciliary ganglion, metastatic intraorbital neuroblastoma from an occult primary, primary intraspinal neuroblastoma originating in dorsal root ganglia, intraspinal metastatic disease, and distant effects such as myoclonic encephalopathy. Primary neuroblastoma within the ciliary ganglion and primary intraspinal neuroblastoma are extremely rare entities. Illustrative cases the demonstrate the broad spectrum of neurologic presentations are offered. The second known report of neuroblastoma in association with primary pulmonary hypoventilation (Ondine curse) is included.     

Atrophy of the basal ganglia as the initial diagnostic sign of germinoma in the basal ganglia

Germ-cell tumors of the central nervous system generally develop in the midline, but the tumors can also occur in the basal ganglia and/or thalamus. However, MR images have rarely been documented in the early stage of the tumor in these regions. We retrospectively reviewed MR images obtained on admission and approximately 3 years earlier in two patients with germinoma in the basal ganglia, and compared them with CT. In addition to hyperdensity on CT, both hyperintensity on T1-weighted images and a small hyperintense lesion on T2-weighted images were commonly seen in the basal ganglia. These findings may be early MRI signs of germinoma in this region, and the earliest and most characteristic diagnostic feature on MRI was atrophy of the basal ganglia, which was recognizable before development of hemiparesis.     

Effects of portal-systemic shunt embolization on the basal ganglia: MRI

We report MRI in a patient with portal-systemic encephalopathy, in which the high signal in the basal ganglia on T1-weighted images showed marked resolution after successful embolization of the intrahepatic portal-systemic venous shunt. Received: 21 June 1996 Accepted: 26 July 1996     

MRI of germinomas arising from the basal ganglia and thalamus

We reviewed the MRI findings of germinomas originating from the basal ganglia, thalamus or deep white matter in 13 patients with 14 germinomas, excluding those in the suprasellar or pineal regions. Ten cases were confirmed as germinomas by stereotaxic biopsy, three by partial and one by total removal of the tumour. Analysis was focussed on the location and the signal characteristic of the tumour, haemorrhage, cysts within the tumour and any other associated findings. Thirteen of the tumours were in the basal ganglia and one in the thalamus. Haemorrhage was observed in seven patients, while twelve showed multiple cysts. Associated ipsilateral cerebral hemiatrophy was seen in three patients. The signal intensity of the parenchymal germinomas was heterogeneous on T1- and T2-weighted images due to haemorrhage, cysts and solid portions. We also report the MRI findings of germinomas in an early stage in two patients. Received: 31 July 1997 Accepted: 6 January 1998     

MRI assessment of basal ganglia iron deposition in Parkinson's disease

Purpose

To estimate the levels of basal ganglia iron levels in Parkinson's disease (PD) using the PRIME MR sequence at 3.0 Tesla, in relation to patients' motor symptom severity.

Materials and Methods

Seventy patients with PD and 10 healthy controls underwent assessment of movement and MR imaging. Mean R₂′ relaxation rates were recorded in the substantia nigra, frontal white matter and in the rostral, mid, and caudal putamen.

Results

R₂′ relaxation rates were significantly higher in patients with PD than in healthy controls. R₂′ in the most affected substantia nigra correlated with PD patients' motor symptom severity, but not with disease duration. Neuroradiological observation revealed a rostral to caudal “gradient” of putaminal hypointensity. This was substantiated by the finding that the mid and caudal putamen showed significantly higher R₂′ relaxation rates, consistent with higher iron levels in PD relative to the healthy controls.

Conclusion

MRI at 3.0 Tesla suggests that substantia nigra iron levels are increased and linked to the severity of motor symptoms experienced in PD. Findings consistent with increased iron levels in the PD putamen are shown, in a region‐specific rostral to caudal gradient. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2008;28:1061–1067. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Central nervous system lesions in adult T-cell leukaemia: MRI and pathology

Adult T-cell leukaemia (ATL) is a T-cell lymphoid neoplasm caused by human T-cell leukaemia virus type I (HTLV-I). Radiological findings in central nervous system (CNS) involvement have not been well characterised. We reviewed the MRI of 18 patients with ATL who developed new neurological symptoms or signs, and pathology specimens from a 53-year-old woman who died of ATL. MRI findings were divided into three categories: definite, probable, and other abnormal. Definite and probable findings were defined as ATL-related. The characteristic findings were multiple parenchymal masses with or without contrast enhancement adjacent to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaced and the deep grey matter of both cerebral hemispheres, plus leptomeningeal lesion. One patient had both cerebral and spinal cord lesions. Other abnormal findings in eight patients included one case of leukoencephalopathy caused by methotrexate. The histology findings consisted of clusters of tumour cells along perivascular spaces, and scattered infiltration of the parenchyma, with nests of tumour cells. Leptomeningeal infiltration by tumour spread into the parenchyma and secondary degeneration of the neuronal tracts was observed. MRI was useful for detecting CNS invasion by ATL and differentiating it from other abnormalities. The MRI findings seemed to correlate well with the histological changes.     

Acute bilateral basal ganglia lesions in diabetic uraemia: diffusion-weighted MRI

Methods We studied four patients with diabetes mellitus and chronic renal failure who developed sudden choreic movement disorders. The clinical manifestations, laboratory findings, MR imaging findings, and clinical outcome in each patient were evaluated. Results All four patients had long-term diabetes mellitus and severe azotaemia. Brain MR findings consisted of bilateral symmetric basal ganglia lesions, with decreased signal intensity on T1-weighted images and increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images. All three patients who underwent diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI) showed signal intensities similar to those of the surroundings in regions corresponding to increased signal intensity on T2-weighted images, with slightly increased apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values. Two of the patients showed small focal areas of restricted diffusion within the basal ganglia lesions. After haemodialysis, follow-up MR imaging in all patients demonstrated that the basal ganglia lesions had regressed markedly, with some residual changes. The movement disorders also improved in all patients. Conclusion A syndrome associated with acute bilateral basal ganglia lesions in diabetic uraemic patients is rare, with reversible changes demonstrated by clinical and imaging findings. DWI showed that the bilateral basal ganglia lesions in this syndrome were primarily vasogenic in origin, although there were small foci of cytotoxic oedema within the lesions.     

Central nervous system involvement in incontinentia pigmenti: cranial MRI of two siblings

Incontinentia pigmenti is an uncommon neurocutaneous syndrome characterised by skin lesions, dental and ocular abnormalities and central nervous system involvement. We report the cranial MRI findings in two sisters with this condition. These include hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, enlargement of the lateral ventricles and periventricular white-matter lesions. One girl also had unilateral microphthalmia and rostral agenesis of the corpus callosum, a feature not previously described. Received: 24 September 1996 Accepted: 24 June 1997