冻干精制Vero细胞流行性乙型脑炎灭活疫苗在低流行区的人体反应及免疫效果

为了进一步观察冻干精制猴肾传代细胞(Vero细胞)流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)灭活疫苗(Vero细胞乙脑疫苗)的接种反应及免疫效果,在乙脑的低流行区内蒙古自治区选择6～9岁未接种过乙脑疫苗的健康儿童为观察对象,分别接种Vero细胞乙脑疫苗、原代地鼠肾细胞(PHK)乙脑灭活疫苗和乙脑减毒活疫苗.结果显示接种第1剂Vero细胞乙脑疫苗后体温中、强反应率为5.6%,未见局部及其它全身反应,接种第2剂后只有1人为中反应;用Vero细胞乙脑疫苗基础免疫2针后1个月,血清中和抗体阳转率和几何平均滴度(GMT)分别为100.0%和1∶25.30,显著高于PHK乙脑灭活疫苗的56.8%和1∶8.83,亦显著高于乙脑减毒活疫苗1针免疫后的60.7%和1∶8.35;用Vero细胞乙脑疫苗基础免疫2针1年后中和抗体阳性率及GMT分别为50.0%和1∶7.42,加强免疫后中和抗体阳性率为100.0%,GMT达1∶220.1,≥4倍增长率为95.1%,加强免疫前后差异显著.由此可见,用Vero细胞乙脑疫苗对学龄儿童进行基础免疫或加强免疫,是安全有效的.     

乙脑减毒活疫苗两针法免疫效果观察

目的观察流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)减毒活疫苗现行的2针免疫法免疫效果。方法在广州市海珠区选取未接种过乙脑疫苗且未患过乙脑的8~10月龄儿童176人,进行乙脑减毒活疫苗的初免以及14~18月后加强免疫;于每剂次免疫前后1个月采集静脉血检测乙脑中和抗体。结果初免前抗体阳性率9.6%,抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)为1∶1.27;初免后抗体阳性率86.9%,GMT为1∶19.35,抗体阳转率85.5%。加强免疫前抗体阳性率75.0%,GMT为1∶9.38;加强免疫后抗体阳性率96.0%,GMT为1∶40.92,加强免疫抗体阳转率84.1%,2针次后抗体总体阳转率95.6%。结论现行的乙脑减毒活疫苗的免疫程序能取得很好的免疫效果。     

两种流行性乙型脑炎疫苗的安全性和免疫效果观察

目的观察乙型脑炎(乙脑)减毒活疫苗和Vero细胞乙型脑炎纯化疫苗(Vero细胞乙脑疫苗)的安全性和免疫效果。方法在湖南省沅江市和衡东县筛选8～20月龄无乙脑疫苗免疫史(基础免疫组)和1.5～3岁完成了基础免疫(加强免疫组)的二组健康儿童作为观察对象。沅江市的观察对象接种乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗,衡东县的观察对象接种Vero细胞乙脑疫苗。然后从每个市县的二组观察对象中抽取部分对象检测免疫前和免疫后1个月血清乙脑中和抗体滴度,并观察其接种不良反应。结果乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗接种不良反应总发生率为5.2%;Vero细胞乙脑疫苗接种不良反应总发生率为8.8%。两种疫苗的接种不良反应以全身发热为主,分别占不良反应的95.4%和92.3%,发热72h后恢复正常。乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗基础免疫后抗体阳性率为82.5%,抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)为1:23.1;加强免疫后抗体阳性率为93.2%,GMT为1:28.6。Vero细胞乙脑疫苗基础免疫后抗体阳性率为83.2%,GMT为1:25.1;加强免疫后抗体阳性率为93.7%,GMT为1:32.4。结论乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗和Vero细胞乙脑疫苗安全、有效,可在预防控制乙脑工作中推广使用。     

流行性乙型脑炎灭活疫苗与减毒活疫苗不同免疫策略效果研究

目的:为合理利用流行性乙型脑炎灭活疫苗和减毒活疫苗各自的优点,降低预防接种副反应的发生率,提高免疫效果。方法:初免疫2针均接种乙脑灭活疫苗,初免1年后实验组使用乙脑减毒活疫苗,对照组使用乙脑灭活疫苗。观察比较两种疫苗单一使用与联合使用的免疫效果和安全性。结果:接种乙脑减毒活疫苗24 h内副反应发生率为6.06%,未发生中重度反应;接种灭活疫苗副反应发生率为25.53%,中反应以上发生率为4.12%。加强免疫后1年中和抗体的GMT从1∶20.42降至1∶7.37。第3针免疫后,联合免疫组中和抗体阳性率为99.24%,单纯使用灭活疫苗组阳性率为95.86%,差异无显著性。结论:对儿童使用乙脑灭活疫苗进行基础免疫,用减毒活疫苗进行加强免疫有很好的免疫效果和安全性,是理想的免疫策略。     

两种流行性乙型脑炎疫苗基础免疫的血清抗体观察

为考察流行性乙型脑炎 (乙脑 )减毒活疫苗和灭活疫苗的免疫效果和安全性 ,在新沂市和邳州市分别对 14 1名和 99名无乙脑疫苗接种史的 12～ 2 4月龄儿童 ,分别用乙脑减毒活疫苗和灭活疫苗进行基础免疫 ,在免疫前和免疫后 1个月采血用反向被动凝集抑制试验检测血清抗体。结果 :14 1名经减毒活疫苗免疫的儿童 ,抗体阳性率由免疫前的 2 2 70 %上升至免疫后的 87 2 3 % ,GMT由 1∶12 60上升为 1∶46 13 ;99名用灭活疫苗初免 2针的儿童 ,抗体阳性率由 13 13 %上升至 67 68% ,GMT由 1∶11 83上升至 1∶2 2 5 3。对免疫前抗体阴性的儿童 ,分别注射乙脑减毒活疫苗和灭活疫苗后 ,抗体阳转率分别为 83 49%和 62 79%。两种疫苗的安全性均好 ,接种后仅 17人 ( 0 0 7% )有轻度发热 ,11人 ( 0 0 4% )出现局部红肿。而减毒活疫苗出现反应的人数又少于灭活疫苗。本次观察表明 ,乙脑减毒活疫苗的免疫效果明显高于灭活疫苗 ,安全性好 ,接种次数少 ,适宜于推广使用。     

流行性乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗与灭活疫苗免疫效果及人体接种反应观察

为比较流行性乙型脑炎 (乙脑 )减毒活疫苗和灭活疫苗的免疫效果和安全性 ,选择北京市 1～ 2周岁应初免儿童 2 6 4名 ,分组接种乙脑减毒活疫苗和乙脑灭活疫苗 ,观察人体接种反应 ,采用细胞蚀斑减少中和试验检测免疫前及免疫后血清乙脑中和抗体。结果显示 :减毒活疫苗组抗体阳转率和阳性抗体几何平均滴度 (GMT)分别为91 30 %和 1∶2 0 2 2 ;灭活疫苗组为 6 4 38%和 1∶16 5 1。经统计学分析 ,减毒活疫苗组抗体阳转率和阳性抗体GMT均高于灭活疫苗组。经观察 ,减毒活疫苗组和灭活疫苗组人体反应均为发热和接种部位轻度红肿 ,发热率分别为 8 5 1%和 8 13% ,中、强反应率为 2 13%和 0 81% ,红肿率为 1 4 2 %和 0 81%。所有发热及轻度红肿者均于2 4h恢复正常。提示 :乙脑减毒活疫苗免疫效果好 ,免疫针次少 ,安全性好 ,是现阶段预防乙脑比较理想的疫苗 ,适宜推广使用     

流行性乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗两针免疫法免疫效果研究

目的了解流行性乙型脑炎(乙脑)减毒活疫苗当前使用的两针免疫法的免疫效果。方法在广州市海珠区选取未接种过乙脑疫苗且未患过乙脑的8月龄~10月龄儿童,按当前8月龄始初免、24月龄始加强的程序先后进行两针次免疫,并于免疫前和免疫后1个月各采集静脉血(共4次)进行乙脑中和抗体检测。结果 176名儿童的初免前抗体阳性率为9.6%,抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)为1:1.27;初免后抗体阳性率为86.9%,GMT为1:19.35;至加强免疫前抗体阳性率降至75.0%,GMT降至1:9.38;加强免疫后抗体阳性率为96.0%,GMT为1:40.92;免疫后抗体应答强弱与免疫前抗体滴度高低呈负相关关系。结论我国当前使用的乙脑减毒活疫苗两针免疫法的免疫效果良好。     

纯化乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗的免疫效果和不良反应观察

目的观察纯化乙型脑炎(乙脑)减毒活疫苗的免疫效果和不良反应。方法筛选405名8～20月龄无乙脑疫苗免疫史和419名18～36月龄并仅接种一次纯化乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗的二组健康婴幼儿为观察对象,接种纯化乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗后观察其接种不良反应,并在两组观察对象中抽取193名用细胞蚀斑减少中和试验检测免疫前和免疫后1个月血清乙脑中和抗体。结果纯化乙脑疫苗不良反应总发生率为5.22%;免疫成功率为78.9%;基础免疫后抗体阳性率为82.47%,GMT达1:23.1,1年后抗体阳性率为60.91%,GMT为1:10.9,加强免疫后1月抗体阳性率高达93.24%,GMT为1:28.6,基础、加强免疫前后抗体滴度分布、阳性率差异均有统计学意义。结论纯化乙型脑炎减毒活疫苗是一种安全、有效的乙脑疫苗,值得在控制乙脑工作中大力推广使用。     

两种流行性乙型脑炎疫苗基础免疫的近期免疫学效果和安全性观察

目的观察流行性乙型脑炎(下称乙脑)减毒活疫苗和灭活疫苗免疫学效果和安全性。方法对208名和176名12月—24月龄的儿童,分别用两种疫苗进行基础免疫,免疫前和免疫后一个月检测血清抗体,并观察其接种反应。结果208名经乙脑减毒活疫苗免疫的儿童,抗体阳性率由8.17%上升至89.42%,GMT由1:10.80上升至1:47.41;176名经乙脑灭活疫苗免疫的儿童,抗体阳性率由8.52%上升至67.61%,GMT由1:10.12上升至1:22.87。经乙脑减毒活疫苗免疫后抗体阳转率为88.48%,阳转儿童GMT为1:45.42;经乙脑灭活疫苗免疫后抗体阳转率为64.60%,阳转儿童GMT为1:21.89。安全性观察显示:两种疫苗均未发现异常反应发生。一般反应率减毒活疫苗为5.29%,其中轻、中、重的构成比分别为81.82%、9.09%、9.09%;灭活疫苗一般反应率为11.93%,其中轻、中、重的构成比分别为47.62%、38.10%、14.28%。结论乙脑减毒活疫苗的近期免疫学效果和安全性优于灭活疫苗,适宜推广使用。     

乙脑灭活与减毒活疫苗联合免疫的前瞻性研究

目的　为合理利用乙脑灭活疫苗和减毒活疫苗各自的优点 ,降低预防接种反应的发生率 ,提高免疫学效果 ,开展了乙脑灭活疫苗与减毒活疫苗联合免疫的前瞻性研究。　方法　对 6～ 11月龄初次免疫且免疫前抗体测定阴性的婴儿用灭活疫苗基础免疫 2针、次年用减毒活疫苗加强免疫 1针 ,追踪观察两年。另设立单一使用灭活疫苗组和减毒活疫苗组作为对照组 ,比较两种疫苗联合免疫与单一使用的免疫学效果。　结果　联合免疫组、灭活疫苗组和减毒活疫苗组基础免疫后的阳转率分别为 82 .3%、89.9%和 83.1% ,经统计学检验 ,差异不显著 (χ2 =3.2 2 ,n=2 ,P>0 .0 5 )。加强免疫后 ,联合免疫组中和抗体阳性率可升至 10 0 % ,与单一使用灭活疫苗组的阳性率 (95 .3% )和减毒活疫苗组的阳性率 (97.4 % )相比 ,差异不显著。　结论　对婴幼儿用灭活疫苗基础免疫 2针与减毒活疫苗加强免疫 1针的联合免疫法有很好的免疫学效果 ,且安全性也较高     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.