Axl及配体Gas6在甲状腺乳头状癌中的表达及意义

目的 通过检测Axl、Gas6在甲状腺乳头状癌（PTC）中的表达, 分析和探讨两者在甲状腺乳头状癌发生、发展中的作用及相关性。方法 采用免疫组织化学法、Western blotting及Real-time PCR法检测Axl、Gas6在甲状腺乳头状癌中的表达并分析两者的变化与临床病理特征的关系。结果 与结节性甲状腺肿（NG）及瘤旁正常组织相比,甲状腺乳头状癌组织中Axl、Gas6的mRNA及蛋白表达水平明显升高（P＜0.05）,且蛋白表达量与淋巴结转移、临床病理分期有关,与患者年龄、性别、肿瘤大小无关。 结论 Axl和 Gas6两者在PTC中的表达量高于结节性甲状腺肿。在PTC中Axl、Gas6的高表达与肿瘤的淋巴结转移和临床病理分期呈正相关,两者在PTC的发生、发展、转移的过程中起重要的作用。     

肿瘤疫苗Ad-hDCT抑制黑色素瘤B16细胞在C57BL/6小鼠脑内增殖

目的 观察肿瘤疫苗Ad-hDCT预防接种对移植到C57BL/6小鼠脑实质内的黑色素瘤B16细胞增殖的抑制作用.方法 40只C57BL/6小鼠随机分为2组:Ad-BHG对照组(20只)和Ad-hDCT免疫接种组(20只).借助小鼠脑立体定位仪行B16细胞脑内注射;采用大体观察、流式细胞术、石蜡切片HE染色及冷冻切片CD...     

Spontaneous in vivo retrovirus-infected T and B cells, but not dendritic cells, mediate antigen-specific Fas ligand/Fas-dependent apoptosis of anti-retroviral CTL

C57BL/6 (H-2b), but not spontaneous virus-expressing AKR.H-2b congenic, mice generate retrovirus-specific CD8+ CTL responses to the immunodominant Kb-restricted epitope, KSPWFTTL. AKR.H-2b non-responsiveness is mediated by a peripheral tolerance mechanism. When co-cultured with primed B6 antiviral pCTL, AKR.H-2b splenocytes are recognized by the antiviral TcR as "veto" cells, which inhibit by an exquisitely virus-specific, MHC-restricted, veto cell FasL/responder T cell Fas, mediated apoptotic mechanism. Here, AKR.H-2b thymus, lymph node, and bone marrow cells are also shown to inhibit antiviral CTL generation. Purified AKR.H-2b CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and B cells, served effectively as FasL-dependent veto cells. In contrast, AKR.H-2b dendritic cells (DC) did not efficiently veto antiviral CTL responses, despite expressing sufficient MHC class I/viral peptide complexes for TcR recognition. AKR.H-2b DC also expressed FasL mRNA and cell surface protein, albeit at a lower level than AKR.H-2b T and B cells. These findings suggest a fail-safe escape mechanism by virus-infected cells for escape from CTL-mediated immunity.     

Delineating the impact of neuroantigen vs genetic diversity on MP4‐induced EAE of C57BL/6 and B6.129 mice

Kuerten S, Rodi M, Javeri S, Gruppe TL, Tary‐Lehmann M, Lehmann PV, Addicks K. Delineating the impact of neuroantigen vs genetic diversity on MP4‐induced EAE of C57BL/6 and B6.129 mice. APMIS 2009; 117: 923–35. MBP‐PLP fusion protein (MP4)‐induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a model for multiple sclerosis (MS) that encompasses both a time‐dependent attack on central nervous system (CNS) regions and a B cell component, mirroring important features of human multiple sclerosis. Comparing C57BL/6 with B6.129 mice immunized with MP4, we point out similarities regarding these hallmarks and thus propose that they are largely dependent on the nature of the MP4 antigen itself, while differences between the two strains suggest that additional fine‐tuning is brought about by the genetic repertoire of the animal. Overall, our data imply that (i) the interplay between both the antigenic trigger and genetic variables can define the outcome of MP4‐induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 and B6.129 mice and (ii) that MP4 is not only a strong neuroantigen when it comes to reproducing the dynamics in effector mechanisms as is typical of the disease but also a promising agent for studying interindividual heterogeneity derived from genetic diversity in EAE/MS.     

牛MBP诱导BALB/c和C57BL/6小鼠实验性变态性脑脊髓炎样反应的研究

为了进一步研究实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎(EAE)动物模型,采用从新鲜牛脊髓中提取的MBP免疫诱导非敏感品系BALB/c小鼠和C57BL/6小鼠,通过对实验动物的症状、中枢神经系统的病理改变及细胞因子水平变化的检测,较成功地建立了C57BL/6、BALB/c小鼠的EAE模型,实验方法稳定可靠。     

Variable regions of antibodies to synthetic polypeptides--I. Characterization of an idiotope expressed on antibodies and T-cell factors

Spleen cells from a Lewis rat immunized with affinity-purified B10 anti-(T,G)-A-L antibody were fused with the non-secreting murine hybridoma SP2/0. Cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies specific for mu- and kappa-chains, as well as an idiotope on anti-(T,G)-A-L antibodies, were isolated and characterized. The anti-mu and -kappa antibodies, are true anti-isotypes, reacting with sera from all strains of mice tested. The anti-idiotope antibodies recognize a determinant on antibodies binding a GT-containing epitope. The proportion of anti-GAT antibody bearing the idiotope varies markedly in different murine strains. A 1000-fold higher level of antibody from Igha mice than from Ighb and Ighe mice is required to give an equivalent inhibition of the idiotope-anti-idiotope reaction. Analysis of monoclonal antibodies expressing the idiotope indicates that the affinity of binding between idiotope and anti-idiotope can vary by as much as two orders of magnitude. Immunoadsorbants prepared with anti-idiotope antibody bind suppressor factor secreted by a GAT-specific T-cell hybridoma.     

The contribution of endogenous opioids to food reward is dependent on sex and background strain

Complex behaviors such as those associated with reward to unconditioned positive reinforcers are polygenic processes. In studies using genetically modified mice specific for the endogenous opioid systems an observed phenotype in a complex behavior is likely to be dependent on interacting genes which, in inbred mouse lines, influence that phenotype. To address this issue we examined operant responding for palatable food reinforcers in mice lacking the expression of beta-endorphin, enkephalin or both peptides congenic to two different genetic backgrounds; C57BL/6J and DBA/2J. These two inbred strains were chosen because their endogenous opioid states differ and they respond differently to exogenous opioids in many behavioral assays. We found that wildtype and mutant C57BL/6J mice acquired operant responding for food reinforcers faster than DBA/2J mice, regardless of their opioid genotype. Although wildtype DBA/2J mice had a significant deficit in acquisition of bar-pressing behavior to reach a pre-established performance criterion, no subsequent deficit was observed under two different schedules of reinforcement. Additionally, we found that mice lacking enkephalin had decreased motivation to bar press for palatable food reinforcers under a progressive ratio regardless of sex or background strain. In contrast, the only subset of beta-endorphin-deficient mice that had decreased motivation to bar press under a progressive ratio was males on the C57BL/6J background. Of the two classical endogenous opioid peptides with preferential activation of the mu opioid receptor, the knockout models would suggest that enkephalins play a more consistent role than beta-endorphin in mediating the motivation for food reward when tested under a progressive ratio.     

A simple method for the quantitation of specific cytotoxic precursors to synrgeneic tumors

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) to EL4, a syngeneic lymphocytic leukemia of C57BL/6 (B6) (H-2^b) mice, were obtained by culturing normal B6 spleen cells with irradiated EL4 tumor cells for 4 days in conical bottom mitrotiter trays. A much lower, though significant, amount of cytotoxicity towards EL4 was observed in B6 spleen cell cultures not stimulated with EL4. The cytotoxic effector cells were shown to be Thy-1⁺ and their cytolytic activity to EL4 tumor cells was inhibited by an anti-H-2^b serum. Cold target competition studies suggest that the B6 anti-EL4 CTLs could discriminate between EL4 tumor cells and a second H-2^b lymphoma, C1498. The converse experiment yielded similar results. Culture conditions limiting for CTL precursors (CLPs) to EL4 were attained by including interleukin 2 (IL2), a lymphokine obtained by stimulating murine or rat spleen cells with concanavalin A, in the culture medium. In the presence of IL2, the CLP frequencies in B6 spleen cells to EL4 and C1498 in antigen-stimulated cultures were 113 and 231 per 10⁶ responder cells, respectively. In non-antigen stimulated B6 spleen cell cultures, the apparent CLP frequencies to EL4 and C1498 were 6 and 33 per 10⁶ responder cells, respectively. In agreement with the cold target competition studies using CTLs generated in the absence of IL2, we found that the CTL clones produced in cultures stimulated with EL4 and C1498 in the presence of IL2 were specific for the stimulating antigen. The specificity of the CTL clones obtained from cultures stimulated with IL2 in the absence of antigen appears to be different from those derived from antigen-stimulated cultures. The potential applications and limitations of this culture system are discussed.     

NF-E2相关因子2对糖尿病模型小鼠视网膜内细胞及血管的保护作用

目的 探讨NF-E2相关因子2（Nrf2）对糖尿病视网膜细胞及血管的保护作用。方法 8周龄雄性Nrf2^+/+（野生型）和Nrf2^-/- C57BL/6小鼠60只随机分为模型组和对照组,共4组,每组各15只。模型组小鼠腹腔注射链脲佐菌素（STZ,45mg/kg）,连续注射5 d;对照组小鼠注射同体积的枸橼酸缓冲液。模型组和对照组小鼠初次注射后每周测空腹血糖及体重,至第10周取视网膜。采用免疫印迹法检测视网膜内Nrf2激活的下游蛋白血红素加氧酶-1（HO-1）的表达情况;免疫荧光染色检测具有多种剪接形式的RNA结合蛋白（RBPMS）阳性的视网膜节细胞（RGCs）及胆碱乙酰转移酶（ChAT）阳性的无长突细胞（ACs）并计数;采用过碘酸-希夫和苏木素染色,观察视网膜内无细胞毛细血管并进行定量分析。 结果 STZ诱导1周后,野生型和Nrf2^-/-模型组小鼠血糖急剧升高,体重开始显著下降,随着周龄的增长体重无明显增加;对照组小鼠血糖值无明显升高,体重呈正常缓慢增长趋势。STZ诱导糖尿病10周后,RBPMS和ChAT染色发现,Nrf2^-/-糖尿病小鼠视网膜内RGCs和ACs数量显著降低（P<0.05）;过碘酸 希夫和苏木素染色显示,Nrf2^-/-糖尿病小鼠视网膜内出现无细胞毛细血管;免疫印迹法显示,野生型小鼠模型组中Nrf2激活的下游蛋白HO-1表达升高。 结论 Nrf2对糖尿病视网膜细胞及血管具有保护作用,其可能是通过诱导HO-1上调发挥作用。     

CTLA-4Ig对B6.MRL-Faslpr/J狼疮小鼠脾脏Th17和Treg细胞表达的影响与其对小鼠狼疮样病征干预作用的相关性研究

目的:初步探讨B7阻断剂CD28与细胞毒T淋巴细胞相关抗原4免疫球蛋白(CTLA-4Ig)对B6.MRL-Faslpr/J狼疮小鼠脾脏Th17和调节性T细胞(Treg细胞)表达的影响与其对小鼠狼疮样病征干预作用之间的相关性。方法:将4个月龄大小雌性B6.MRL-Faslpr/J狼疮小鼠16只,随机分为观察组(Ⅰ组)和对照组(Ⅱ组),分别静脉注射CTLA-4Ig及等量PBS,检测小鼠干预前后24 h尿蛋白、ANA抗体、ds-DNA抗体及干预结束2周后血清IL-17A、脾脏中Th17细胞和Treg细胞百分比。结果:末次干预2周后Ⅰ组的24 h尿蛋白、血清ANA及ds-DNA较Ⅱ组下降均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。末次干预2周后Ⅰ组血清中IL-17A、脾脏Th17细胞比例均较Ⅱ组低,而脾脏的Treg细胞占CD4+T淋巴细胞的比例高于Ⅱ组,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:CTLA4-Ig具有减轻B6.MRL-Faslpr/J狼疮鼠狼疮样病征的作用;上调Treg细胞、下调Th17细胞可能是CTLA-4Ig减轻B6.MRL-Faslpr/J狼疮鼠狼疮样病征的重要机制之一。     

Aberrant signaling in the TNFalpha/TNF receptor 1 pathway of the NZM2410 lupus-prone mouse

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability to induce TNFalpha-dependent apoptosis in vivo in predisease lupus-prone NZM2410 and derived B6.NZM congenic mouse strains. An endotoxicosis model that utilizes LPS and d-galactosamine to induce mortality by TNFalpha/TNFR1-dependent hepatocyte apoptosis was used to assess TNFalpha production, apoptotic signaling, and effects on the production of IL-6 and IL-10. NZM2410 was found to be resistant to endotoxicosis and to produce significantly less TNFalpha-induced IL-6 and IL-10. At low doses of LPS, partial resistance was associated with the Tnfa(w) allele. At higher doses of LPS, partial resistance cosegregated with lupus-susceptibility loci and functionally mapped downstream of caspase 3. Additional partial resistance in NZM2410 was also found upstream of FADD. These results demonstrate the existence of multiple defects in the TNFalpha/TNFR1 signaling pathway in the NZM2410 mouse and their relevance to lupus pathogenesis is discussed.     

Early axonal damage and progressive myelin pathology define the kinetics of CNS histopathology in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis

Studies of MS histopathology are largely dependent on suitable animal models. While light microscopic analysis gives an overview of tissue pathology, it falls short in evaluating detailed changes in nerve fiber morphology. The ultrastructural data presented here and obtained from studies of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG):35–55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in C57BL/6 mice delineate that axonal damage and myelin pathology follow different kinetics in the disease course. While myelin pathology accumulated with disease progression, axonal damage coincided with the initial clinical disease symptoms and remained stable over time. This pattern applied both to irreversible axolysis and early axonal pathology. Notably, these histopathological patterns were reflected by the normal-appearing white matter (NAWM), suggesting that the NAWM is also in an active neurodegenerative state. The data underline the need for neuroprotection in MS and suggest the MOG model as a highly valuable tool for the assessment of different therapeutic strategies.     

Involvement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in MP4-induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis

The role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is still unclear. Here we investigate the clinical course, CNS histopathology and peripheral antigen-specific immunity in MP4-induced EAE of BDNF (−/+) mice. We demonstrate that these mice displayed less severe disease compared to BDNF (+/+) mice, reflected by decreased inflammation and demyelination. In correspondence to diminished frequencies of T and B cells in CNS infiltrates, the peripheral MP4-specific T_H1/T_H17 response was attenuated in BDNF (−/+), but not in wild-type animals. In contrast, immunization with ovalbumin triggered similar frequencies of IFN-γ- and IL-17-secreting T cells in both groups. The cytokine secretion and proliferative activity upon mitogen stimulation did not reveal any global defect of T cell function in BDNF (−/+) mice. By influencing the antigen-specific immune response in autoimmune encephalomyelitis, BDNF may support and maintain the disease in ways that go beyond its alleged neuroprotective role.     

A simple micromethod for MLC and CML with low numbers of murine lymph node and peripheral blood lymphocytes

A series of 6 hybrid clones are described which produced antibodies directed to murine IgM. These were derived by immunizing rats with W279 B-lymphoma cells and then fusing the immune spleen cells to enzyme-deficient murine plasmacytoma cell lines. Immunoenzymatic techniques were used to select clones producing desirable antibodies to cell surface or soluble antigens. Antibodies from 3 of the clones (293.14, 414.18 and 307.5) preferentially bound to idiotypic determinants of W279 immunoglobulin whereas the remaining 3 clones made antibodies which bound to various myeloma and normal cell surface IgM molecules. One IgM-specific clone (287.2) produced antibody of relatively low avidity. The two other clones (81.20 and 331.12) which secreted anti-mu antibodies appeared to be directed to determinants which differed in glutaraldehyde lability and expression in F(ab')2 preparations.