自膨式带膜支架治疗食管恶性狭窄与食管气管瘘的临床观察

目的:评价自膨式带膜支架治疗晚期食管癌并发食管恶性狭窄或食管气管瘘临床应用价值。方法:对29例晚期食管癌患者在X线电视监视下置入自膨式带膜支架,其中食管恶性狭窄24例,食管气管(支气管)瘘5例。结果:均一次置放成功,全部病例术后吞咽功能立即得到改善,并发食管气管瘘呛咳消失。患者术后能进软食或普食,提高了生活质量。结论:自膨式带膜支架治疗食管恶性狭窄安全有效,并发症少,有效提高生存期。     

置放国产记忆合金支架治疗食管重度狭窄

2006年3月至2010年5月,我院内镜室采用胃镜直视下探条扩张器扩张食道狭窄段后置人国产钛镍记忆合金网状支架(以下简称支架)的方法,对21例明显吞咽困难的食管重度狭窄患者进行治疗,取得了较好的近期效果.现报告如下. 1 临床资料 21例食管狭窄患者中,男13例,女8例,年龄49岁～72岁,平均63.5岁.良性狭窄5例,为肺癌晚期纵隔淋巴结转移外压食管造成狭窄.癌性狭窄16例,包括未经治疗的晚期食管及贲门癌及癌术后复发性狭窄,其中1例为食管癌术后复发性狭窄合并食管气管瘘.狭窄长度:最短者4 cm,最长者10 cm.狭窄部位:颈段3例,下段18例.狭窄长度:均为重度狭窄,直径小于5mm,仅能进流质或不能进食.全部病例均经胃镜、病理组织活检证实.     

食管内支架的临床应用

目的:探讨镍钛合金记忆支架在食管狭窄性疾病中的应用价值,分析并发症、疗效及影响因素.方法:33例患者共释放34枚支架,其中食管癌狭窄18例,食管胃吻合口狭窄10例,食管癌狭窄伴穿孔4例,食管胃吻合口下瘘1例.选择镍钛合金记忆支架,全部经口在电视透视下置入.结果:32例食管狭窄(含吻合口及穿孔),置入支架后进食困难缓解;1例食管胃吻合口下瘘,瘘口未能封堵;1例食管胃弓上吻合者,支架置入2月后,并发食管大出血死亡.结论:内支架治疗食管狭窄性病变,作为一种姑息性疗法,方便、简单、安全,近期疗效好.     

被膜食管支架在40例食管贲门良性狭窄中的应用分析

目的 评价被膜食管支架治疗食管贲门良性狭窄的疗效和安全性及与支架取出时间的关系.方法 选择食管贲门良性狭窄患者40例,根据不同患者选择合适的被膜食管支架置入狭窄段.并按随机数字表法将患者分成两组,每组20例,A组术后6个月取出支架,B组术后3个月取出支架,观察操作成功率、吞咽困难改善情况、术中和术后并发症的发生情况及其处理等.结果 40例均一次性成功置入支架,支架置入后吞咽困难症状均得到持续改善.所有患者未出现食管穿孔、出血等严重并发症,但均出现不同程度的胸骨后闷胀隐痛不适,其中4例患者胸痛较明显,肌肉注射止痛剂后缓解;3例出现支架脱落;A组2例出现支架近端肉芽组织增生.支架置入后可有效封闭食管气管瘘、食管纵隔瘘等.术后两组均经内镜成功取出支架,B组出现1例再狭窄.结论 内镜下置入被膜食管支架是治疗食管贲门良性狭窄的一种安全、有效的方法.     

金属覆膜支架在食管癌术后食管-气管瘘的临床应用

目的总结金属覆膜支架在食管癌术后食管-气管瘘的临床应用经验。方法 2012年1月—2013年12月收治的8例食管癌术后食管-气管瘘患者,在DSA引导下行金属覆膜支架置入治疗。结果 8例置入金属覆膜支架均成功,术后患者进食困难均有所改善,肺部感染症状得到明显控制。术后1周、1个月复查上消化道造影或胸部CT,均提示瘘口已愈合,支架在位,通畅,其中有一例支架压迫左侧气管,术后6个月食管气管瘘复发,再次行食管支架置入术。所有患者术后除了有食管异物感、支架植入处不适、胃食管反流外,均未发生如食管穿孔、大出血等严重并发症。结论金属覆膜支架治疗食管癌术后食管-气管瘘是一种简便、安全、有效的方法,能有效改善症状,提高患者的生存质量,延长生存时间。     

覆膜食道支架治疗食管癌性狭窄的临床应用与护理

目的探讨覆膜食道支架治疗食管癌性狭窄的临床应用与护理。方法本组12例晚期食管癌患者,其中食管癌重度食管狭窄梗阻11例,食管癌并发食管气管瘘1例,在胃镜引导下行覆膜食道支架置入术,术前加强患者的心理护理,使其消除顾虑,积极配合;术中注意与手术医师的配合,随时清除患者口腔内分泌物,保持呼吸道通畅;术后加强饮食护理,并注意术后并发症的观察与护理。结果本组患者均能配合,支架置入一次成功,术后梗阻症状解除,经饮食指导可以正常经口进食,无支架移位、食管穿孔、大出血等并发症发生,无手术死亡。结论加强围手术期的观察护理是保证此项治疗成功的关键。     

DSA定位下不同原因食管气管瘘内支架置入的临床应用

目的:分析DSA定位下不同原因食管气管瘘内支架置入的临床应用效果.方法:选择2012年1月~2017年1月进入我院的食管气管瘘患者21例作为研究对象,采用DSA定位下进行支架置入,分析置入效果.结果:21例研究对象其中20例一次性置入成功,支架膨开良好,对比通过顺畅,术中无大出血、食管穿孔等并发症发生.所有患者均在术后出现不同程度胸骨后疼痛,经临床对症处理后2~5天后续缓解.1例未成功置入患者瘘口仍存在,术后2个月死于肺部感染.另外20例其中2例在支架置入后32天出现大出血,经过积极抢救仍死亡.其余18例随访发现进食梗阻等临床症状得到明显改善,但5例因多器官功能衰竭死亡.结论:在DSA定位下对不同原因食管气管瘘内采用支架置入可获得良好临床效果,但是仍然需要根据患者个体情况选择合适类型和直径的支架.     

食管恶性穿孔性病变的介入姑息性治疗

目的:总结食管癌穿孔的介入姑息性治疗经验,分析食管支架的选择设计与疗效的关系.方法:5例食管癌穿孔的病人,放置5枚覆膜金属支架;其中3例食管胸膜瘘,1例食管纵隔瘘,1例食管胃吻合口瘘,均在电视透视下经定位经口置入支架.结果:5例支架全部释放成功,4例术后均能经口进食,其中3例食管胸膜瘘通过胸腔闭式引流,积液吸收、消散,体温恢复正常;1例食管纵隔瘘未经引流自行吸收.另1例食管胃吻合口瘘未能完全封堵,3周后患者死于衰竭.结论:覆膜内支架姑息性介入治疗食管恶性穿孔,安全有效,简便,能提高病人生存质量.     

可回收覆膜支架在中晚期食管癌性狭窄中的应用体会

目的探讨可回收覆膜支架治疗食管癌性狭窄的临床价值。方法采用内镜下置入可回收覆膜支架治疗中晚期食管癌性狭窄26例,包括食管气管瘘1例。结果26例患者均一次性置入成功,未发生严重并发症,吞咽困难均得到解决,食管气管瘘口完全封闭,生活质量及生存时间提高。结论全覆膜可回收记忆金属支架置人为失去手术机会的中晚期食管癌性狭窄和食管瘘的治疗提供了一种有效、安全的途径。     

被覆食管内支架治疗食管气管瘘和重度食管狭窄的护理

食管气管瘘、重度食管狭窄梗阻是食管癌的严重并发症 ,患者反复发生吸入性肺炎 ,长期不能进食 ,又得不到有效治疗而死于胸部感染或恶液质。随着介入技术发展 ,1995～1996年采用 Cook- Gianturco- Rosch Z型被覆金属食管内支架治疗了 2例食管气管瘘、3例恶性食管狭窄 ,疗效满意 ,现将护理工作介绍如下。1　资料与方法1.1　临床资料　 5例患者中男性 4例 ,女性 1例。年龄 5 0～79岁 ,平均年龄 5 8岁。其中食管癌并发气管瘘 2例 ,食管癌重度食管狭窄梗阻 3例。 5例均有不同程度进食梗阻 ,严重者滴水不进 ;食管气管瘘者进食呛咳、高热、胸痛…     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.