Carotid duplex and transcranial color-coded sonography in evaluation of carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas.

We performed carotid duplex and transcranial color-coded sonography in three patients with traumatic and one patient with spontaneous carotid-cavernous fistulas. High flow and low resistance were detected by carotid Doppler imaging in the extracranial internal carotid artery in three cases and in the external carotid artery in one case. The fistula could be demonstrated directly as heterogenous color flashes with turbulent flow by transcranial color-coded sonography through the orbital or temporal window. The transorbital approach showed that the ophthalmic venous flow was normal or to-and-fro bidirectional in patients without proptosis and was retrograde, away from the cavernous sinus with arteriolization in patients with proptosis. Combination of carotid duplex and transcranial color-coded sonography provides a noninvasive method for more accurate hemodynamic study of cerebral circulation and direct imaging of CCF.     

多普勒超声对创伤性动静脉瘘的诊断及鉴别诊断

目的 探讨创伤性动静脉瘘的彩色及频谱多普勒特征及其鉴别诊断。方法 回顾性分析11例动静脉瘘患者，使用彩色超声诊断仪观察瘘口处血流情况，受累血管的内径、形态、血流性质及方向，对瘘口处及受累血管血流频谱进行分析，并与健侧对照。结果 8例可直接显示瘘口，显示受累血管管壁连续性中断，瘘口处五彩镶嵌样血流自动脉流向扩张的静脉腔，脉冲多普勒示瘘口处呈双期单向连续性频谱，血流速度300～390cm／s，受累动脉近心端血流为高速低阻型，受累静脉出现脉动样血流，近心端静脉呈高速低阻型频谱；4例患者远心端静脉内出现逆向离心性血流。结论 瘘口处双期单向分流，静脉出现高速、动脉样血流频谱是动静脉瘘的特征性表现，多普勒超声对创伤性动静脉瘘能够正确诊断及鉴别诊断。     

Cephalic vein and hemodialysis fistula: surgeon's observation versus color Doppler ultrasonographic findings.

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether preoperative color Doppler ultrasonography improves immediate success rates of arteriovenous fistulas for dialysis. One hundred twenty-four patients with chronic renal failure underwent color Doppler ultrasonographic examination of both arms, including the cephalic vein, before arteriovenous fistula construction. Patients were randomly divided into 2 groups: A and B. In group A, there were 52 patients, and the surgeon planned to construct arteriovenous fistulas depending only on physical examination. In group B, which comprised 72 patients, surgeons performed arteriovenous fistula construction on sites labeled by color Doppler ultrasonography. In group A, of 52 patients who had surgery for arteriovenous fistula construction, 13 had fistulas that did not function. Among these 13 patients, 8 were found to have chronic thrombotic changes in the cephalic vein on color Doppler ultrasonography, and 5 had none of these changes. When we checked the color Doppler ultrasonographic findings, we noted that these 5 patients had decreased volume flow in the radial artery. On the whole, the arteriovenous fistulas worked in 39 patients (75%) and did not function in 13 patients (25%). In group B, surgeons followed the color Doppler ultrasonographic results. Of 72 patients who underwent the procedure, 68 patients (94.4%) had functioning fistulas, whereas 4 (5.6%) had fistulas that did not work. These 4 patients were found to have low volume flow in the radial artery. When both groups were compared by chi2 analysis, the difference was statistically significant (P = .002). Group B, in which patients were preoperatively evaluated by color Doppler ultrasonography, had a high success rate. We found that color Doppler ultrasonography is very helpful as a noninvasive procedure for this evaluation. Although many surgical clinics still perform arteriovenous fistula construction without the aid of color Doppler ultrasonographic findings, we think that the use of color Doppler ultrasonography should be emphasized before surgeons proceed with arteriovenous fistula construction.     

超声诊断外周血管动静脉瘘的价值

目的探讨超声诊断外周血管动静脉瘘的价值.方法回顾性分析9例经临床证实的动静脉瘘患者二维超声、彩色多普勒超声、灰阶血流成像对动静脉瘘及周围组织显示情况.结果 9例患者超声对瘘口均正确诊断,表现为瘘口处高速湍流、瘘口近端动脉血流为低阻型、远端为高阻型、静脉内血流动脉化;二维超声、彩色多普勒超声结合灰阶血流成像更清晰显示动静脉瘘.结论超声对外周血管动静脉瘘有较高的诊断价值.     

Hemodynamic changes in the early phase of artificially created arteriovenous fistula: color Doppler ultrasonographic findings.

The objective of this study was to evaluate hemodynamic variables in arteriovenous fistulas by color Doppler ultrasonography. This study involved 28 patients with chronic renal failure who were sent to surgery clinic for creation of an arteriovenous fistula of the Brescia-Cimino type. Patients were evaluated preoperatively and on the first and seventh days postoperatively by a color Doppler ultrasound machine with a 7.5 MHz linear probe. The distal radial artery was examined preoperatively and the fistula itself postoperatively. Changes in the fistula size and the velocity, volume, and resistive index of the distal radial artery were recorded. Postoperatively the radial artery diameter, systolic flow rates, and volume flow had increased significantly, especially on the first day, in comparison to preoperative values. Resistive index values has decreased significantly at both the first and the seventh days postoperatively. Color Doppler ultrasonography is a very effective method in the evaluation of hemodynamics of arteriovenous fistulas in hemodialysis patients. It will allow an understanding of the pathology in nonfunctioning fistulas or of the cause of complications that develop secondarily.     

Detachable balloon occlusion of carotid-cavernous sinus fistula

A carotid-cavernous sinus fistula, an abnormal communication between the carotid artery and the cavernous sinus, may develop as a result of trauma or spontaneously. The goal of treatment is to occlude the fistula while preserving blood flow in the carotid artery. Intravascular embolization by means of a detachable balloon achieves both these goals without craniotomy. Clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and a nursing care plan for patients with carotid-cavernous sinus fistula are presented. Two case studies along with nursing interventions are described.     

Preoperative sonographic radial artery evaluation and correlation with subsequent radiocephalic fistula outcome.

OBJECTIVE: Primary failure of forearm radiocephalic dialysis fistulas is common even when preoperative vascular mapping is used. Previous studies have suggested that low peak systolic velocity of the radial artery predicts subsequent fistula failure. The study goal was to evaluate whether preoperative spectral Doppler assessment of radial artery inflow can improve forearm fistula outcome prediction. METHODS: Forearm fistulas were placed in 112 patients after preoperative sonographic mapping. Preoperative spectral Doppler sonography measured radial artery peak systolic velocity during tight fist clenching for 3 minutes and after fist relaxation. Vessel diameters and peak systolic velocity were assessed for predictive value based on subsequent fistula adequacy. Fistula flow rates were determined 6 to 12 weeks postoperatively in a subset of patients. RESULTS: Failed and successful fistulas were similar in their preoperative arterial and vein diameters, resistive index, and peak systolic velocity during fist clenching and after fist relaxation. Specifically, there was no difference in fistula success with radial artery peak systolic velocity lower than 50 cm/s versus peak systolic velocity of 50 cm/s or higher. The change in peak systolic velocity after fist relaxation was highly predictive of subsequent fistula outcome among female patients in ad hoc analysis. Fistula adequacy for dialysis in women was 11% when the change in peak systolic velocity was lower than 0 cm/s and 50% when the change was 0 cm/sec or higher (P = .02). The postoperative fistula flow rates were lower when the preoperative change in peak systolic velocity was lower than 0 cm/s than when it was 0 cm/s or higher (316 +/- 46 versus 781 +/- 150 mL/min; P = .003). CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference in the preoperative peak systolic velocity or the resistive index of successful and failed fistulas. Measurement of the radial artery peak systolic velocity change after release of fist clenching was not useful in predicting outcomes in male patients but identified a subset of female patients with a very low likelihood of success. This criterion may merit further investigation in future trials.     

新建腕部桡动脉-头静脉内瘘窃血现象与流量分布分析

目的通过多普勒超声观察新建腕部桡动脉-头静脉内瘘,记录窃血现象和血流量,分析血流分布及流量与窃血现象的相关性。方法纳入44例腕部桡动脉-头静脉端侧吻合患者。患者均为术后2~6周。多普勒超声评估吻合口近端桡动脉血流量、吻合口远端桡动脉血流量和头静脉血流量。彩色多普勒超声评估吻合口两侧桡动脉血流方向,判断患者有无窃血现象。根据有无窃血,将患者分为正向血流组和反流组,比较2组各血管血流量。结果反流组35例患者,窃血现象发生率79.5%,正向血流组9例患者。2组患者血流量比较,吻合口近端桡动脉血流比较差异有统计学意义,正向血流组明显高于反流组(t=-2.899,P=0.006)。吻合口远端桡动脉血流比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.040,P=0.048),正向血流组低于反流组。反流组头静脉平均流量为(500.31±191.49)ml/min,正向血流组头静脉平均流量为(452.22±170.50)ml/min,2组流量比较差异无统计学意义(t=0.680,P=0.500)。反流组35例患者中,仅1例出现通路相关性缺血综合征,流量显示,吻合口远端桡动脉流量>吻合口近端桡动脉流量。结论窃血现象是动静脉内瘘术后普遍存在的现象,而吻合口远端桡动脉反向血流(窃血)对内瘘成熟有重要意义。     

Endovascular treatment of a direct post-traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula with electrolytically detachable coils

Carotid-cavernous fistulae are abnormal communications between the internal carotid artery and venous compartments of the cavernous sinus. Fistulae are uncommon but well-documented sequelae of craniofacial trauma. The characteristic clinical presentation includes ocular pain, chemosis, exophthalmus and visual disturbances. We report on a 28-year-old man with a history of severe craniocerebral injury, including multiple craniofacial fractures resulting from a fall from a height of approximately 6 meters, who was surgically treated one year ago. Two months before presentation, the patient began to exhibit progressive chemosis, proptosis, eyelid swelling, diplopia and exophthalmus. Computerized tomography and computerized tomographic angiography revealed findings consistent with a carotid-cavernous fistula of the right side of the cavernous sinus with dilatation of the right ocular vein. Digital subtractional angiography of the right internal carotid artery revealed a fistula between the cavernous part of the artery and the right cavernous sinus. There was only minimal blood flow in the supraclinoid part of the internal carotid artery because of the high pressure within the fistula. Our decision was to try to occlude the fistula by means of endovascular embolization. The origin of the fistula in the internal carotid artery was successfully obliterated with seven electolytically detachable coils. Control digital subtractional angiography at the end of the procedure demonstrated minimal residual flow through the fistula. Two months after the treatment, angiographic control revealed complete obliteration of the fistula. Clinical examination showed total resolution of signs and symptoms of a carotid-cavernous fistula. Endovascular transarterial embolization of carotid cavernous fistulae is a widely accepted, safe and successful treatment option. In the case that we describe we occluded the fistula and right cavernous sinus with electrolytically detachable coils that we could place into the sinus. Other endovascular treatment options include the use of detachable balloons, stent placement, transvenous embolization or surgical ligation of the fistula.     

Visualization of bilateral carotid cavernous sinus fistulas with duplex sonography

Duplex sonography used as a primary diagnostic tool in the case of a 17-year-old boy with a traumatic head injury revealed bilateral carotid cavernous sinus fistulas, with bilateral dilated venous convolutions next to the carotid siphon and dilated superior ophthalmic veins. A bilateral craniectomy allowed visualization of the entire circle of Willis together with the dilated cavernous sinuses. Doppler spectral analysis of blood flow in the arterialized superior ophthalmic veins revealed an arterialized venous pattern with retrograde and increased blood flow. The same blood flow profile was found in the venous cavernous sinuses. These findings were confirmed by digital subtraction angiography. We planned to perform embolization of the patient's fistulas, but intracranial and subarachnoid hemorrhaging developed, and the patient died the day before the procedure was to have been performed. The entire pathologic state of carotid cavernous sinus fistulas, from their origin beside the carotid siphon to the superior ophthalmic veins, can be visualized with duplex sonography, particularly when patients have undergone craniectomy. We believe that patients with frontal or basilar skull fracture should undergo duplex sonographic examination to detect carotid cavernous sinus fistulas.     

Carotid-cavernous sinus fistula: a case study.

Carotid-cavernous sinus fistulae are rare, but serious, vascular anomalies which may develop following traumatic injury to the skull base. Fractures or the shearing forces of severe head trauma may cause the internal carotid artery to be torn from its points of dural attachment and rupture, with resultant direct flow into the cavernous sinus. Current treatment options for carotid-cavernous sinus fistulae are surgery and coil embolization, with embolization being the most common. Clinicians and nurses treating patients with these injuries should have an understanding of this vascular entity, because prompt intervention helps to prevent permanent disability and improve patient outcomes. This case study reports the diagnosis and treatment of a carotid-cavernous sinus fistula that developed several months after a traumatic head injury.     

Diagnosis and follow-up study of carotid cavernous fistulas with color Doppler ultrasonography: analysis of 33 cases.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to observe image characteristics and hemodynamic changes of carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas (CCFs) and to evaluate the efficacy of interventional treatment for CCFs by color Doppler ultrasonography (CDUS). METHODS: Thirty-three patients with suspected CCFs were studied with CDUS. Forty-six volunteers took part in this study as controls. Scanning was performed through temporal, orbital, and occipital windows to measure the blood flow parameters of the internal carotid artery (ICA) and related vessels. All results were confirmed by cerebral angiography. Nineteen patients were followed after interventional treatment. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients (97%) were found to have CCFs by CDUS. Irregular mosaic flashes were observed in the cavernous sinus region, the cross-section areas of which were significantly larger than those of the normal intracranial ICA (1.7-5.2 versus 0.2-0.5 cm(2); P < .01). A lower resistive index of the ICA in the affected side was revealed with spectral analysis of relevant vessels. The peak velocity of vessels distal to the fistula was significantly lower than that of the healthy side and control group (P < .05). Superior ophthalmic veins had a reversed arterialized flow pattern with a mean velocity of 34.5 cm/s and an average resistive index +/- SD of 0.31 +/- 0.08. In follow-up study, the mosaic flashes and turbulence flow disappeared in 14 patients and remained in 5 after the interventional operation. CONCLUSIONS: Combined with the direct sign of an irregular mosaic flash in the cavernous sinus region, hemodynamic changes in relevant branch vessels, and a reversed arterialized flow pattern in superior ophthalmic veins, CDUS has great value in confirming diagnosis and follow-up study of CCFs.     

Volume flow measurement in hemodialysis shunts using time-domain correlation.

Volume flow was measured in 58 hemodialysis shunts (32 grafts and 26 radial fistulas) using the color velocity imaging-quantification method. This method is based on time-domain correlation for velocity calculation and integration of time-varying velocity profiles generated by M-mode sampling. Measurements were made in the brachial artery to estimate radial fistula flow or directly in the grafts. Intraoperator reproducibility was 14.9% for fistulas and 11.6% for grafts. Flow rate was significantly lower in abnormal shunts associated with a functional disorder or a morphologic complication (808 ml/min +/- 484) than in shunts associated with no abnormalities (1401 ml/min +/- 562). Receiver operating characteristic curves showed that a flow rate of 900 ml/min for fistulas and 1300 ml/min for grafts provided 81% and 79% sensitivity and 79% and 67% specificity, respectively. A functional disorder or a morphologic complication was associated with all fistulas and grafts in which flow rates were lower than 500 ml/min and 800 ml/min, respectively.     

数字减影血管造影及栓塞术在耳鼻咽喉-头颈外科血管性疾病中的应用

目的探讨数字减影血管造影(DSA)及栓塞术在耳鼻咽喉-头颈外科血管性疾病诊断及治疗中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析35例患者的临床资料,其中,鼻咽纤维血管瘤27例,上颌窦血管瘤4例,难治性鼻出血4例(其中自发性颈内动脉海绵窦瘘1例,鼻咽癌放疗后难治性鼻出血1例)。均采用Seldinger技术动脉插管行DSA、栓塞进行诊断和治疗,分析DSA及栓塞术在该类疾病中的应用价值。结果 35例均成功进行DSA及栓塞治疗。单纯栓塞治疗的5例中,颈内动脉海绵窦瘘1例及其他难治性鼻出血3例均一次栓塞治愈,1例鼻咽纤维血管瘤Ⅳ期因颅底广泛破坏和颈内动脉供血仅行姑息性栓塞后影像学检查证实瘤体明显缩小。余26例鼻咽纤维血管瘤及4例上颌窦血管瘤栓塞后再予手术治疗,28例术中出血量明显减少,平均出血量仅470 ml,2例Ⅳ期鼻咽纤维血管瘤因由颈内、外动脉同时供血单纯行颈外供瘤动脉栓塞,术中出血量较多。结论 DSA能清晰显示头颈部血管性病变的供血动脉、异常交通支、动静脉瘘等动态图像,指导临床治疗方法的选择;血管内栓塞治疗对颈外动脉系统的难治性鼻出血、颈内动脉海绵窦瘘有良好的治疗效果;对血运丰富需手术治疗的肿瘤,术前栓塞可显著减少术中出血,大大提高手术的安全性。     

Hemodynamic changes in the cephalic vein of patients with hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula

PURPOSE: To assess via Doppler sonography the hemodynamic changes in the cephalic vein after creation of an arteriovenous fistula, and to compare radiocephalic and brachiocephalic fistulas. METHODS: Thirty-three hemodialysis patients and 54 controls were enrolled in the study. The cephalic vein was examined with a 7.5-MHz linear-array transducer. Doppler waveform parameters (resistance index, pulsatility index), time-averaged maximum flow velocity (TAV), peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), and the cross-sectional area of the vessel (A) were measured. Cephalic vein flow volume (CVFV) was calculated as TAV x A. RESULTS: CVFV, PSV, EDV, A, RI, and PI were 45.5, 7.2, 6.7, 7.7, 1.2, and 1.32 times higher, respectively, in the cephalic vein of hemodialysis patients compared with controls. Both CVFV and A were higher in brachiocephalic patients compared with radiocephalic patients (1,983 +/- 1,199 versus 870 +/- 322 ml/min [p < 0.05] and 50.3 +/- 38.9 versus 21.0 +/- 7.8 mm(2) [p < 0.05], respectively). CONCLUSION: The increase in cross-sectional area and flow volume of the cephalic vein is larger in patients with brachiocephalic fistulas than in those with radiocephalic fistulas; however, flow velocities and waveform parameters are not different.     

颈内动脉海绵窦瘘的经血管内栓塞治疗

目的:评价颈内动脉海绵窦瘘(CCF)经血管内栓塞治疗的方法及价值。材料和方法:分析14例经血管内介入治疗的颈内动脉海绵窦瘘病例,以带毛弹簧栓、可脱球囊或电解可脱弹簧栓(Guglielmi Detachable Coil,GDC)经动脉或静脉途径栓塞瘘口。6例采用带毛弹簧栓,共54个,其中1例同时经眼静脉穿刺逆行栓塞海绵窦。7例采用球囊栓塞,1例因为瘘口小无法放置弹簧栓和球囊而采用GDC栓塞。结果:本组中13例CCF瘘口完全堵塞,其中4例同时堵塞颈内动脉,患者症状消失。1例已有6年病史的CCF颈内动脉参与大脑供血无法栓塞,经栓塞与海绵窦相通的颈外动脉后,又经眼静脉栓塞海绵窦致瘘口明显缩小。结论:经动脉内以球囊、弹簧栓或GDC栓塞是治疗CCF的有效方法,其中以球囊栓塞操作安全简便为首选材料。引流静脉粗大者逆行栓塞可以起补充作用。     

后天性动静脉瘘瘘口定位的彩色多普勒判断标准的探讨

目的 :根据后天性动静脉瘘血流动力学变化的特点 ,探讨瘘口定位的彩超判断标准。方法 :通过 10例后天性动静脉瘘患者的彩超观察 ,对有助于瘘口定位的受累血管的形态和血流动力学改变进行研究。结果 :二维超声和彩色血流显像瘘口的显示率分别为 40 %和 80 %。所有 10例患者均可见瘘口处的高速湍流、瘘口近端动脉血流为低阻型以及静脉内探及动脉样血流。结论 :彩超对后天性动静脉瘘瘘口定位准确 ,主要根据血流动力学改变来进行定位     

彩色多普勒超声诊断冠状动脉-心腔瘘的图像特征分析

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声诊断冠状动脉－心腔瘘的图像特征。方法 应用彩色多普勒超声的二维图像,多普勒频谱和彩色显像对10例冠状动脉心腔瘘的多种解剖异常进行观察。结果 彩色多普勒诊断的共同特征是：冠状动脉局部扩张,其中7例为右冠状动脉增宽,1例为左冠状动脉主干增宽,2例为左冠状动脉回旋支增宽;心腔内出现异常相对高速度血流,为瘘管血流入心腔所造成,其中漏入左室6例,入右 2例,入右室流出道1例,入冠状静脉1例;右安然无恙太动脉瘘管常沿右房室交界纡曲走行,左冠状动脉瘘管常沿左房室交界走行,局部可见瘘管的断面,介绍2例合并较大动脉瘤的超声图像。结论 彩色多普勒超声诊断冠状动脉－心腔瘘具有很好的直观性和实用性。     

颈动脉血流的三维彩色多普勒成像研究

目的 探讨三维彩色多普勒超声进行颈动脉血流立体成像及在颈动脉粥样硬化血流显像方面的特征。方法 健康志愿者30例；颈动脉粥样硬化患者30例。选用仪器为Acuson X／P 128彩色多普勒超声诊断仪，L5／7MHz线阵探头；TomTec三维彩色多普勒成像系统(Ecohscan 4．2)。三维图像采集方法选用自由臂方式。脱机进行血流的三维重建与显示。结果 颈动脉血流的三维彩色多普勒图像能够连续、完整地显示出颈总动脉、颈内动脉、颈外动脉内的血流空间走行。粥样斑块形成的颈动脉三维图像可以直观立体地显示出管腔内血流束的立体变化特征。结论 三维彩色多普勒超声成像是一项新的无创性的血流立体成像技术，对于颈动脉血流观察及病变的影像学诊断具有重要的临床价值和应用潜力。     

外周血管动静脉瘘的超声特点分析

目的探讨外周血管动静脉瘘的超声特征及其鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析2003年1月-2010年3月间收治的36例先天性及后天性动静脉瘘患者的临床资料,使用彩色超声诊断仪观察受累血管的内径、血管壁的连续性,根据血流动力学变化寻找瘘口;对受累血管血流频谱进行分析,并与健侧对照。结果 18例先天性动静脉瘘查见纡曲扩张的血管网,无法辨认瘘口;18例后天性动静脉瘘全部可显示瘘口,2例合并静脉破裂的为囊瘤型,其余后天性动静脉瘘均为洞口型。受累动脉近心端血流为高速低阻型,全部患者受累静脉出现动脉样血流,近心端静脉呈高速低阻型频谱;10例患者远心端静脉内出现逆向离心血流。结论引流静脉出现高速、动脉样血流频谱是动静脉瘘的特征性表现;先天性动静脉瘘可见异常血管网,不能辨认瘘口;后天性动静脉瘘均可显示瘘口。彩色超声多普勒检查对动静脉瘘能够正确诊断及鉴别诊断。