Use of a novel colony assay to evaluate the cytotoxicity of an immunotoxin containing pokeweed antiviral protein against blast progenitor cells freshly obtained from patients with common B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia

We report a novel colony assay for B-lineage progenitor cells in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The primary plating efficiency of blast progenitors freshly obtained from common B-lineage ALL patients varied between 0.09 and 2.63%. Morphological, cytochemical, and immunological analyses of cells from day 7 colonies provided the evidence that they are B-lineage lymphoblasts. Immunological marker analyses of cultured blasts using BA-2 (anti-CD9), BA-3 (anti-CD10), BA-1 (anti-CD24), and B43 mAb have allowed us to define two distinct immunological groups. The first group had BA-2+, BA-3+, BA-1+, B43+ marker profiles, consistent with the phenotype of uncultured bone marrow blasts. The second group differed in that the cells in the blast colonies were BA-3 (anti-CD10)-negative, although many of the cells in the bulk population were BA-3+ before culture. Blasts from both groups were able to proliferate and form secondary colonies when recultured. A pan-B immunotoxin was synthesized by linking B43, a human B cell-specific mAb, to pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP). This study showed that B43-PAP can effectively eradicate leukemic progenitor cells freshly obtained from patients with common B-lineage ALL. B43-PAP eliminated greater than 99.96% of blast progenitors under conditions in which only minimal inhibition of normal bone marrow progenitor cells (CFU-GM, CFU-E, CFU-MK, CFU-GEMM) was observed. Our results establish that the surface determinant recognized by B43 is expressed on B-lineage progenitor cells in ALL, and that these cells are sensitive to PAP at the ribosomal level. To our knowledge, B43-PAP is the first IT to prove effective against common B-lineage ALL cells.     

Intrinsic radiation resistance of primary clonogenic blasts from children with newly diagnosed B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

The radiation sensitivity of primary clonogenic blasts from 44 children with newly diagnosed B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) was analyzed using leukemic progenitor cell (LPC) colony assays. The derived values for SF2 (surviving fraction at 200 cGy) and alpha (initial slope of radiation survival curves constructed according to the linear quadratic model) indicated a marked interpatient heterogeneity in intrinsic radiation sensitivity of LPC populations. The SF2 values ranged from 0.01 to 1.00 (median = 0.430; mean +/- SE = 0.47 +/- 0.04), and the alpha values ranged from 0.000 to 3.272 Gy-1 (median = 0.280 Gy-1; mean +/- SE = 0.430 +/- 0.093 Gy-1). When CD19+ CD34+ versus CD19+ CD34- immunophenotypes were compared, a trend toward higher SF2 and lower alpha values were observed in LPC from CD34+ patients, consistent with greater radiation resistance. When patients were divided into three approximately equal groups based on increasing levels of CD34 expression, a clear ordering effect was observed indicating that increased CD34 expression levels are associated with significantly higher radiation resistance at the level of B-lineage LPC. The highest CD34 expression group (> or = 75% positivity) had 1.4-fold higher SF2 (P = 0.05) and twofold lower alpha values (P = 0.06) than the lowest group (< 30% positivity). Furthermore, the CD34 positivity of radiation resistant (alpha < or = 0.2 and SF2 > or = 0.5) B-cell precursor ALL cases was greater than the CD34 positivity of radiation sensitive (alpha > 0.2 and/or SF2 < 0.5) cases (56 +/- 9% versus 34 +/- 9%, P = 0.09). Whereas only 6 of 16 (38%) of radiation sensitive cases were CD34+, 11 of 15 (73%) of radiation resistant cases expressed CD34 (P = 0.04). Our results offer new insights into the inherent and/or acquired radiation resistance of primary clonogenic blasts from B-cell precursor ALL patients.     

50例成人急性淋巴细胞白血病免疫表型分析

目的研究成人急性淋巴细胞白血病(ALL)的免疫表型特征,并分析免疫表型与细胞形态学及细胞遗传学的关系。方法应用一组系列相关单克隆抗体和CD45／SSC设门的三色流式细胞术对50例初治成人ALL进行免疫表型研究。结果 50 例ALL中42例B系来源,5例T系ALL,3例T／B混合型ALL。27例伴有髓系抗原表达(54％),髓系抗原主要表达CD13、CD33。大部分病例(90％)幼稚细胞均出现CD45的缺失及弱表达。细胞学形态学分析发现所分析病例中FAB-L1占多数(67％)、L2 27 ％。2例L3其免疫表型为B-祖细胞及成熟B细胞表型。20例存在染色体异常,其中6例染色体数目异常,涉及的异常为 8、-X、-7、-11、-4、、6和、13。染色体结构异常最多见为t(9;22),且均伴有髓系抗原的表达。结论 ALL免疫表型不是单独的诊断标准,其与细胞形态学及遗传学密切相关。     

Bi-phenotypic leukemia and hybrid leukemia]

Phenotypes of leukemic cells can be determined through dual staining with pairs of FITC-labeled and PE-labeled monoclonal antibodies using a laser flow cytometer. Hybrid acute leukemia (HAL) was diagnosed when leukemic cells expressed 2 or more lymphoid markers and at least one myeloid maker simultaneously. Based on this criteria, forty out of 111 cases with untreated acute leukemia were diagnosed as HAL, 16 of 41 (39%) patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 15 of 70 (21%) patients with acute non-lymphocytic leukemia were diagnosed as having HAL. We classified these HAL cells into 4 types by the following items. Type I; leukemic cells expressed only CD33 and 2 or more B-cell antigens, type II; only CD33 and 2 or more T-cell antigens, type III; CD13 and/or CD33 and 2 or more B-cell antigens, and type IV; CD13 and/or CD33 and 2 or more T-cell antigens. There were 7 type I cases and 16 type III cases. The leukemic cells of these two types were thought to be ALL cells expressing one or several myeloid lineage-associated antigens. There were 4 type II cases and 10 type IV cases. Type II and IV were regarded as lymphoid-lineage associated antigens positive AMLs. At least in adults, the expression of myeloid-associated antigens of ALL cells seems to identify a high risk group of ALL patients with a poorer response to standard ALL therapy.     

急性髓系白血病M1的免疫学特征和预后分析

本研究探讨急性髓系细胞白血病M1（AMLM1）免疫学特征及其预后,同时探讨其与AMLM2以及急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）免疫学鉴别的要点。采用CD45/SSC双参数散点图设门,应用三色流式细胞术对47例M1的初诊患者骨髓标本进行免疫分型,并对其中17例进行核型分析;另外,选择同期51例M2的初诊患者及58例ALL初诊患者作为对照。结果表明：M1患者的CD33阳性率达到100%,且灵敏度高,但特异性低;M1患者的CD11b、CD15、MPO、CD117的阳性率均显著低于M2患者（p〈0.05）;Ly＋AML的M1患者的T系抗原阳性率高于Ly＋AMLM2患者（p〈0.05）;与ALLPro-B相比,AMLM1患者高表达HLA-DR,髓系抗原CD13、CD15、CD33、CD117、MPO,T系抗原CD4、CD7均显著高表达（p〈0.05）;与ALLPre-B相比,M1患者高表达HLA-DR、CD34;髓系抗原CD13、CD15、CD33、CD117、MPO,T系抗原CD4、CD5均显著高表达（p〈0.05）;与T-ALL相比,M1患者早期抗原HLA-DR、CD34,髓系抗原CD13、CD15、CD33、CD117、MPO均显著高表达（p〈0.05）;M1患者中CD7＋患者CR率和CD7-患者CR率之间没有统计学差异（p〉0.05）,CD34＋患者CR率和CD34-患者CR率之间没有统计学差异（p〉0.05）,M1患者CR率低于M2患者（p〈0.05）,其达到CR的时间长,高白细胞白血病的发生率高（p〈0.05）,高白细胞白血病的CR率低（p〈0.05）。结论：M1患者的髓系抗原CD33、CD13均高表达,早期抗原HLA-DR也高表达,但髓系抗原CD11b、CD15、MPO、CD117表达不高,T系抗原CD4、CD7高表达;M1和M2免疫学方面没有明确的、特征性的标志可用来鉴别,但M1患者的CD11b、CD15、MPO、CD117的阳性率均显著低于M2患者,在鉴别M1与M2时可作为参考指标之一;形态学上不易分辨的AMLM1和ALLPro-B,ALLPre-B,T-ALL可以通过免疫学特征的分析得到鉴别;CD117主要表达于AML,对于AML和ALL的鉴别诊断有意义;M1患者的预后比M2患者差。     

髓系抗原阳性儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病的临床及实验室分析

采用一系列相关单克隆抗体和流式细胞术间接免疫我法分析８５例初治儿童急性淋巴细胞白血病（ＡＬＬ）患者的免疫表型,观察儿童ＡＬＬ髓系抗原表达及其与临床和生物学特性的关系。研究结果表明,儿童ＡＬＬ髓系抗是性率达２１．２％,以ＣＤ１３和ＣＤ３３阳性常见,Ｔ系ＡＬＬ系与Ｂ系ＡＬＬ髓系抗原表达无差异（Ｐ〉０．７５）。Ｔ／Ｂ混合ＡＬＬ中髓系抗原表达率较高（７例中３例阳性）。ＡＬＬ－Ｌ２与ＡＬＬ－Ｌ１髓系抗原表达无差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）,髓系抗原阳性ＡＬＬ与髓系抗是性ＡＬＬ临床生物学特征,染色体数量及其结构变化均无差异（Ｐ〉０．２５）,髓系统抗原性病例完全缓解（ＣＲ）率低于阴性病上内复发率高于阴性病例,但均无差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）,结论提示,儿童ＡＬＬ髓系统抗原表达与缓解率无关,Ｔ／Ｂ混合ＡＬＬ的髓系统抗原的表达较高,且预后不良。     

Effects of in vitro treatment with 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide and hyperthermia on leukemic progenitor cells

A key point of autologous bone marrow transplantation for leukemic patients is how to remove leukemic cells from their own bone marrow grafts. In this study a leukemic progenitor cell assay was used to evaluate the antileukemic efficacy of marrow-purging protocols that employed hyperthermia or 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4HC) against leukemic blasts obtained from patients. After the treatment of 2 x 10(7) nucleated bone marrow cells/ml with 100 micrograms/ml of 4HC in the presence of 7% suspension of packed autologous erythrocytes, leukemic colonies were eradicated in 10 of 13 cases and reduced to less than 0.3% as compared with the colony count in untreated cultures in two cases. More than 10% of leukemic progenitor cells survived after hyperthermia treatment (42 degrees C 60 min) in 7 of 9 cases. It is suggested that treatment of leukemic cells and 7% autologous erythrocytes with 100 micrograms/ml of 4HC is effective to eliminate leukemic progenitor cells. Treatment with hyperthermia may not be effective enough to eliminate leukemic progenitor cells from autologous bone marrow.     

The common acute lymphoid leukemia antigen on b cells of chronic lymphoid leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Fourteen out of 21 non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and 3/11 chronic lymphoid leukemia cells (CLL) had the common acute lymphoid leukemia antigen (CALLA) All 32 patients had monoclonal B-cell proliferation. The CLL patients had 90% CALLA positive cells while the proportion of their leukemic elements was superior. Lymph-nodes or bone marrow invaded by a B monoclonal tumor cell population of NHL had significantly more CALLA positive cells (42.1 +/- 32.5%) than non-invaded tissues (11.4 +/- 10.3%). In NHL tissues with monoclonal B-cells, lymph-nodes had significantly more CALLA positive cells (56.0 +/- 29.9%) than marrow (23.5 +/- 27.7%). It is well known that the (CALLA) is not specific for ALL. It has been believed to be a differentiation antigen on pre B-cells. The present study confirms that it also occurs on B-cells (2,4,6,7,8,9,10,11).     

多参数流式细胞术分析505例急性淋巴细胞白血病跨系列表达方式

跨系列抗原表达是白血病免疫表型的一个重要特征。对于急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）的跨系表达方式,目前国内尚缺乏大样本多参数的研究报道。本研究利用三色流式细胞术探讨505例ALL（431例B—ALL,74例T—ALL）患者23种系相关抗原的跨系表达方式。结果显示：全部ALL病例中,髓系抗原的表达率为56．4％,其中以CD13（32．7％）的表达最常见,其次为CD33（29．5％）、CD15（19．2％）和CD11b（7．7％）。CD13／CD33在CD34^＋病例中的表达高于CD34^＋病例。在B—ALL中,T系抗原CD4、CD5、CD7和CD2的表达率依次为6．3％、2．8％、1．9％和1．4％,并且CD7^＋、CD2^＋和CD4^＋病例通常共表达CDl3和（或）CD33。在T—ALL,B系抗原cCD79a、CD19和CD22的表达率分别为8．1％、6．8％、和2．8％,而全部CD19和CD22表达者均伴CD13／CD33表达。结论：ALL的跨系袁达多存在未成熟的阶段,以跨髓系抗原的表达最常见（B^＋M^＋,T^＋M^＋）,偶有B系、T系和髓系抗原的共表达（B^＋T^＋M^＋）,仅有B系和T系跨系表达的极少（B^＋T^＋M^-）。     

P-24: a human leukemia-associated and lymphohemopoietic progenitor cell surface structure identified with monoclonal antibody

This study was directed at surface structures that are found on human lymphohemopoietic progenitor cells in normal and leukemic bone marrow. A monoclonal antibody was produced against an acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell line of the pre-B phenotype; this antibody (BA-2) was used to demonstrate a cell surface polypeptide of approximately 24,000 mol wt that migrates similarly in both reduced and nonreduced form. This polypeptide, p24/BA-2, was shown by immune precipitation and gel electrophoresis and cell distribution studies to be different from HLA-DR and gp 100/cALLa. p24/BA-2 was present on the surface of 77% (54/70) of cases of non-T, non-B ALL; BA-2 staining was less bright or nondetectable in surface Ig+ (SIg+) chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and T ALL and nondetectable on peripheral T and B lymphocytes. Approximately 3% of bone marrow mononuclear cells were p24/BA-2+, and these cells were E rosette-, surface (SIg-), and nonphagocytic. Marrow TdT+ progenitor cells were frequently p 24/BA-2+. Results suggest that p24/BA-2 represents a surface structure present on lymphohemopoietic bone marrow progenitor cells and that most common types of ALL bear the p25/BA-2 structure.     

急性白血病患者p16及p15基因纯合子缺失及甲基化研究

目的　探讨血液系统恶性肿瘤患者ｐ１６ 及ｐ１５ 基因失活的发生率及其临床意义。方法　用聚合酶链反应（ Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ） 方法扩增ｐ１６ 及ｐ１５ 基因外显子１ 及外显子２ ,检测等位基因纯合子缺失;再用限制性内切酶 Ｐ Ｃ Ｒ 方法检测ｐ１６ 及ｐ１５ 基因甲基化; 然后用 Ｔ Ｕ Ｎ Ｅ Ｌ 法（ Ｔｄ Ｔｍｅｄｉａｔｅｄ ｄ Ｕ Ｔ Ｐｄｉｇｏｘｙｇｅｎｉｎ ｅｎｄｌａｂｅｌｉｎｇ） 检测细胞凋亡。结果　５６ 例患者中有ｐ１６ 和（ 或）ｐ１５ 基因失活者共３３ 例,其中急性淋巴细胞白血病（ Ａ Ｌ Ｌ）３８ 例中２３ 例（ 占６０ ．５ ％ , Ｔ Ａ Ｌ Ｌ１２ 例, Ｂ Ａ Ｌ Ｌ１１ 例） , Ａ Ｎ Ｌ Ｌ１８ 例中１０ 例（ 占５５５ ％ ） 。 Ａ Ｌ Ｌ 患者ｐ１６ 及ｐ１５ 基因均以甲基化失活为主。 Ｔ Ａ Ｌ Ｌ 失活的频率比 Ｂ Ａ Ｌ Ｌ 高。有ｐ１６ 和（ 或）ｐ１５ 基因失活者, 细胞的凋亡比例明显减少,病情进展迅速,治疗效果差,缓解率低, 缓解期明显缩短。结论　ｐ１６ 及ｐ１５ 基因失活的检测对于探讨急性白血病的发病机制,判断疾病进程有重要意义。     

72例老年急性白血病免疫表型分析

目的探讨老年急性白血病流式细胞术免疫分型的特点及临床意义。方法回顾性分析2010年1月～2015年3月,利用三色法流式分析法检测76例老年性白血病的免疫表型及其特点。结果①AML中最主要表达的抗原是MPO,CD13和CD33,表达率分别为98.2％,98.2％和7.2％。47.3％有淋系抗原表达,其中CD7(19.3％),CD56(26.3％)最为常见。②老年B-ALL中,CD19的表达阳性率最高为100％,其次是cCD79a,CD10和CD20,表达阳性率分别为88.9％,46.2％和66.7%。纯B系抗原表达者77.8%,伴T系抗原表达者22.3%,髓系相关抗原CD13,CD33的表达阳性率分别为33.4%和22.3%。③所有老年T-ALL中均表达CD3与CD7,CD5(+)细胞占66.7%,干祖细胞CD34,HLA-DR阳性率分别为33.3％和0％。结论流式细胞术免疫表型分析是一种简便、快速 、准确的检测技术手段,结合传统的检测手段,有助于老年白血病的精确诊断。     

Non-T, non-B acute lymphocytic leukemias: cellular origin based on molecular analyses of immunoglobulin and T-cell alpha- and beta-chain receptor gene rearrangements

Fifteen non-T, non-B acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) cases were investigated for determining cellular origin based on molecular (immunoglobulin and T-cell alpha-receptor (TcR alpha) and T-cell beta-receptor (TcR beta) genes) and immunophenotypical analyses. As defined by monoclonal antibodies, they were classified into 2 groups; 12 cases as common ALL antigen (CALLA)-positive ALL and 3 cases as CALLA-negative ALL. Southern blot analysis revealed that 11 CALLA-positive ALL cases contained rearranged JH gene and 2 of them contained rearranged Jx genes, similar to recent views that most CALLA-positive leukemic cells are neoplastic B-cell precursors. One CALLA-positive ALL case, whose leukemic cells were also Leu-1 positive, showed no rearrangement of JH and TcR beta genes. On the other hand, non-T, non-B CALLA-negative ALL, so called null ALL, consisted of heterogenous groups with regard to lymphocyte differentiation and lineage; one out of 3 null ALL cases may be truely undifferentiated as shown neither JH nor TcR beta gene rearrangement, but other 2 cases showed either JH or TcR beta gene rearrangement. Dual rearrangements of Ig and TcR beta genes occur frequently in 3 out of 15 non-T, non-B ALL cases, but all cases of bigenotype showed no doubly marked profile and retained a completely fidelous immunophenotypic pattern. We further investigated the possibility that analysis of TcR alpha gene may be useful for determining cellular origin of non-T, non-B ALL leukemic cells.     

Immunoglobulin mu-chain gene rearrangement in a patient with T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia

A 6-yr-old girl with T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is described. She had a mediastinal mass and her leukemic cells expressed T cell-associated antigens (Leu 1+, OKT3+, OKT9+, and OKT10+). When we examined genomic DNA from the leukemic cells, we detected Ig mu-chain gene rearrangement with germ-line configuration of light chain genes. As reported recently, detecting Ig gene rearrangement has become an important procedure for further classifying B cell precursor cells. This case, however, suggests that there is also heterogeneity among patients with T cell ALL, not only at the level of cell surface phenotypes, but also at the level of the Ig gene. These findings have major implications when we consider both the ontogenesis of these leukemic cells and the normal differentiation of human lymphocytes.     

A unique cell surface antigen identifying lymphoid malignancies of B cell origin.

A monoclonal antibody (anti-B1) specific for a unique B cell surface differentiation antigen was used to characterize the malignant cells from patients with leukemias or lymphomas. All tumor cells from patients with lymphomas or chronic lymphocytic leukemias, bearing either monoclonal kappa lambda light chain, expressed the B1 antigen. In contrast, tumor cells from T cell leukemias and lymphomas or acute myeloblastic leukemia were unreactive. Approximately 50% of acute lymphoblastic leukemias (ALL) of non-T origin and 50% of chronic myelocytic leukemia in blast crisis were also anti-B1 reactive. moreover, 21 of 28 patients with the common ALL antigen (CALLA) positive form of ALL were anti-B1 positive, whereas 0 of 13 patients with CALLA negative ALL were reactive. These observations demonstrate that an antigen present on normal B cells is expressed on the vast majority of B cell lymphomas and on approximately 75% of CALLA positive ALL, suggesting that these tumors may share a common B cell lineage.     

交叉表达淋系和髓系抗原的急性白血病免疫表型及预后分析

本研究探讨交叉表达淋系和髓系抗原的急性白血病患者的免疫表型及其与预后的关系。用流式细胞术检测白血病细胞的免疫表型,根据免疫标记和FAB亚型将交叉表达髓系和淋系相关抗原的急性白血病进行分组,对于急性髓系白血病（AML）所分析的淋系抗原标志物包括CD2、CD7、CD19、CD56以及其他多个同时表达的淋系抗原,对于急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）所分析的髓系抗原标志物包括CD13及同时表达的CD13/CD33。以同期无交叉抗原表达的AML和ALL作为对照,比较各组白血病的完全缓解（CR）率和无复发生存期（RFS）有无差别。结果表明：161例确诊并接受治疗的患者中,91例交叉表达淋系和髓系抗原的急性白血病分为仅伴CD7表达的AML即CD7（＋）AML24例,仅伴CD19表达的AML即CD19（＋）AML14例,伴CD2表达的AML即CD2（＋）AML（包括CD2与CD19共表达病例）8例,伴CD56表达的AML即CD56（＋）AML（包括CD56与CD2或CD19共表达病例）10例,表达2个及2个以上淋系相关抗原的AML即Ly≥2（＋）AML16例,仅伴CD13表达的ALL即CD13（＋）ALL9例,伴CD13、CD33同时表达的ALL即CD13/CD33（＋）ALL10例。无淋系抗原表达的AML即Ly（-）AML和无髓系抗原表达的ALL即My（-）ALL分别为41例、29例。与Ly（-）AML相比,Ly≥2（＋）AMLCR率、RFS均明显偏低;CD56（＋）AML的RFS较低,但CR率无明显差别;其余各组与Ly（-）AML相比CR率、RFS均无明显差别。CD13（＋）ALL组、CD13/CD33（＋）ALL组与My（-）ALL组相比CR率、RFS亦无明显差别。结论：急性白血病中各抗原标志物的交叉表达对预后的意义应区别对待。AML伴CD56表达或多个抗原交叉表达时预后较差,而其他交叉表达的髓系或淋系抗原标志物对预后无明显影响。     

Ph染色体阳性急性白血病细胞遗传学及临床研究

为分析79例成人Ph染色体阳性急性白血病(Philadelphiachromosomepositiveacuteleukemia,Ph AL)的细胞遗传学和相关临床表现及预后,联合应用细胞形态学、免疫分型,骨髓细胞染色体G显带技术(morphology,immunology,cytogenetics,MIC),对1991年10月-2003年12月住本院的79例Ph染色体阳性急性白血病进行了随访。结果表明:Ph AL总的检出率为6.9%,其中Ph染色体阳性急性淋巴细胞性白血病(Philadelphiachromosomepositiveacutelymphoblasticleukemia,Ph ALL)56例,检出率18%,Ph染色体阳性急性髓细胞性白血病(Philadelphiachromosomepositiveacutemyeloidleukemia,Ph AML)10例,检出率1.2%。Ph染色体阳性急性混合细胞性白血病(Philadelphiachromosomepositivemixedacuteleukemia,Ph MAL)13例。56例Ph ALL中52例免疫表型为B细胞型。10例AML中,包括M14例,M2、M4和M7各2例。13例Ph MAL中12例混合表达髓系和B淋巴细胞系表型,另1例为髓系、T淋巴细胞系混合型。总的染色体附加异常检出率为54.4%,附加异常较多涉及到的染色体包括:7号、双Ph染色体、 8等。Ph ALL组和Ph MAL组缓解率为57.0%,Ph AML组无1例达到缓解。Ph ALL完全缓解率明显低于同期正常核型ALL对照组(P<0.05)。Ph ALL、Ph MAL组总的中位生存期均为10个月,Ph AML     

二例伴有dic(9;20)(p11-13;q11)急性淋巴细胞白血病患者的临床和实验研究

目的探讨伴有dic（9;20）（p11-13;q11）的急性淋巴细胞白血病（ALL）的细胞形态学、免疫学、细胞遗传学特征和临床特点.方法骨髓细胞经直接法和24h短期培养后按常规方法制备染色体,采用R显带技术进行细胞遗传学分析.分别以9号和20号染色体着丝粒探针进行双色荧光原位杂交（FISH）检测.结果2例患者的临床和血液学改变符合ALL诊断,免疫表型分析B淋系标志阳性（CD10＋、HLA-DR＋）;染色体核型分析显示2例患者均为dic（9;20）：例1为45,XY,der（9）t（9;20）（p11;q11）,-20[20],例2为45,XX,der（9）t（9;20）（p13;q11）,t（9;22）（q34;q11）,-20[10]/46,idem,＋8[16]/47,idem,＋8,＋21[14];其中1例经双色FISH检测证实9号和20号染色体之间发生了相互易位,且形成双着丝粒染色体.结论dic（9;20）（p11-13;q11）是一种少见的重现性核型异常,可能和ALL有特殊的联系.FISH技术是检测该易位的可靠手段.     

Induction of human B cell antigens in non-T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Leukemic cells from 70% of patients with Ia+CALLA+ non-T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) express an antigen (B1) found on all normal B lymphocytes. In this study, ALL cells that do not express the B1 antigen were studied in an attempt to further elucidate the cellular lineage of these tumors. Non-T cell ALL lines and tumor cells isolated from patients with non-T cell ALL that are Ia + CALLA + B1- were studied in vitro with a variety of agents known to promote cellular differentiation. Phorbol diester (TPA) or phytohemagglutinin conditioned leukocyte culture media were capable of inducing the expression of B1 on all four non-T cell ALL lines tested. In contrast, B1 could not be induced under the identical conditions on a promyelocytic leukemia line or a T cell lymphoblastic leukemia line. With the induction of B1 on non-T cell ALL lines, cytoplasmic mu-heavy chain (c mu) became undetectable, whereas the expression of CALLA and Ia were unchanged. The expression of B1 was accompanied by a decrease of cellular proliferation and DNA synthesis, but not significant morphologic changes were noted. In addition, no other B or T cell antigens were detected. The cellular origin of non-T cell ALL was further investigated using tumor cells isolated from leukemic patients. Tumor cells from eight patients with Ia + CALLA + B1-c mu- ALL could be induced in vitro with TPA to express both B1 and c mu. In contrast, cells from five patients with Ia + CALLA-B1-c mu- non-T cell ALL could not be induced with TPA to express CALLA, B1 or c mu. These studies suggest that the non-T cell ALL are heterogeneous and represent a spectrum of early B cell differentiation including the pre- pre-B cell (Ia + CALLA + B1-c mu-), the intermediate pre-B cell (Ia + CALLA +B1 + c mu-), and finally the "true" pre-B cell (Ia + CALLA + B1 + c mu+). The cellular origin of the remaining Ia + CALLA-B1-c mu- form of non-T cell ALL (20%) is still unknown.     

Flow Cytometry Immunophenotyping Evaluation in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Correlation to Factors Affecting Clinic Outcome

The authors conducted a flow cytometry immunophenotyping study in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) from Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The patients (n = 126) were newly diagnosed using a panel of monoclonal antibodies: CD1a, CD2, CD3, CD4, CD7, CD8, CD10, CD13, CD33, CD14, CD19, CD22, CD79a, CD117, CD34, anti‐IgM, anti‐TdT, anti‐HLA‐Dr, and anti‐human kappa and lambda light chains. Additional data, such as patients' age and gender, clinical and laboratory findings such as presence of tumor masses, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, leukemic infiltration in the central nervous system (CNS) were also investigated. Results showed that 56.7% of the cases were B‐lineage ALL and 55% were T‐cell ALL. Also, we found that males were more affected by the disease, regardless of immunological classification. The correlation between age and immunological subtypes showed that the B‐lineage ALL occurred more frequently in patients aged under 15while the T‐cell ALL subtype was more frequent in adults. Immunophenotypic profiles and morphological subtypes showed a direct correlation between L3 subtype and B‐lineage ALL, while L1 and L2 subtypes correlated more often with B‐cell lineage and T‐cell ALL, respectively. Correlation analysis between immunophenotypic and clinical profiles showed that T‐cell ALL was more associated with a higher incidence of lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and CNS leukemic infiltration, also showing a greater blast cell count in peripheral blood than the other subgroups. The presented data suggest that immunophenotyping is an important method in the diagnosis, monitoring and prognostic assessment in determining the pathological mechanisms of evolution of ALL.