小脑后下动脉远端动脉瘤的显微手术治疗

目的探讨小脑后下动脉(PICA)远端动脉瘤的临床特点与手术方式。方法回顾性分析17例PICA远端动脉瘤病例资料;其中12例行后正中入路手术夹闭,5例行改良扩大的乙状窦后入路。结果 17例动脉瘤均成功夹闭。1例因脑积水行脑室-腹腔分流术,1例出现声音嘶哑,1例并发颅内感染死亡,1例再次出血呼吸骤停死亡。15例病人,随访3～5年,无再出血;改良RANKIN量表(mRS) 0分4例,1分5例,2分3例,3分3例,6分2例。结论临床应根据动脉瘤和PICA形态,结合术者经验,个性化采用不同手术入路进行夹闭。     

小脑后下动脉动脉瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨小脑后下动脉(PICA)动脉瘤的临床特点和显微外科治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析12例PICA动脉瘤病人的临床资料,均采用显微外科手术治疗,其中经枕下后正中入路7例,远外侧入路5例.结果 术后CT血管造影(CTA)显示动脉瘤均夹闭良好,术后出现脑积水2例,后组脑神经麻痹3例,共济平衡障碍2例,肢体偏瘫1例.结论 PICA动脉瘤的脑内血肿及脑室内出血发生率高,多并发脑积水,根据动脉瘤部位多选用远外侧入路和枕下后正中入路.危重病人经积极显微外科手术治疗,预后良好.     

小脑后下动脉远端动脉瘤的临床治疗

目的 总结小脑后下动脉( PICA)远端动脉瘤的临床特点,探讨其临床治疗方式的选择.方法 回顾性研究16例PICA远端动脉瘤的临床特点及治疗.6例行后正中入路开颅动脉瘤夹闭术;4例行枕下远外侧入路动脉瘤夹闭术;6例行血管内栓塞术.结果 术后15例恢复良好,1例死亡,1例合并交通性脑积水,行脑室-腹腔分流术.15例出院时均无神经系统阳性体征,随访患者恢复良好.结论 对于PICA远端动脉瘤的治疗,应根据患者的临床情况及动脉瘤和PICA的形态,可以选择开颅夹闭或血管内栓塞.     

开颅动脉瘤夹闭术治疗介入困难的小脑后下动脉动脉瘤

目的探讨开颅动脉瘤夹闭术治疗介入困难的破裂小脑后下动脉动脉瘤(PICA)的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2010年9月至2013年4月应用开颅动脉瘤夹闭术治疗6例曾行血管内介入治疗失败的破裂PICA患者的临床资料。结果所有病例术前常规行骨窗位头颅血管成像(CTA)及全脑数字减影血管造影(DSA),明确动脉瘤大小、形态、瘤顶指向、位置,以及与周围组织结构关系,制定最佳手术入路。2例PICA延髓前段及1例延髓侧段动脉瘤采用枕下远外侧入路,1例延髓侧段PICA动脉瘤采用枕下乙状窦后入路,2例PICA扁桃体段动脉瘤采用枕下后正中入路。随访时间为3~28个月,平均10.5个月。所有患者恢复良好,无任何神经功能缺损,格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)均为5分。CTA或DSA复查示6例PICA动脉瘤夹闭术后均无残留或复发。结论开颅动脉瘤夹闭术是破裂PICA动脉瘤难以实施血管内治疗时的一种安全、可靠的治疗方法,术前骨窗位CTA有助于制定最佳手术入路。     

小脑后下动脉瘤破裂的诊断和治疗(附4例报告)

目的　探讨小脑后下动脉瘤破裂的诊断和治疗问题。方法　对有急性出血性卒中表现的４ 例病人行 Ｃ Ｔ 检查, 发现３例脑室系统积血,１ 例小脑半球血肿伴急性梗阻性脑积水,后经脑血管造影确诊为小脑后下动脉瘤破裂,位于延髓段和小脑段各２ 例,分别经显微手术切除或夹闭动脉瘤。结果　４ 例术后复查脑血管造影示动脉瘤消失,随访３ 个月至２ 年,恢复良好。结论　小脑后下动脉瘤有其临床及 Ｃ Ｔ 的特征。急性期危重病人应即行 脑室穿刺外引流术, 待病情稳定 后行进一 步检查和治 疗。 不同类型的 动脉瘤,应采取不同的手术入路和方式。目的　探讨小脑后下动脉瘤破裂的诊断和治疗问题。方法　对有急性出血性卒中表现的４ 例病人行 Ｃ Ｔ 检查, 发现３例脑室系统积血,１ 例小脑半球血肿伴急性梗阻性脑积水,后经脑血管造影确诊为小脑后下动脉瘤破裂,位于延髓段和小脑段各２ 例,分别经显微手术切除或夹闭动脉瘤。结果　４ 例术后复查脑血管造影示动脉瘤消失,随访３ 个月至２ 年,恢复良好。结论　小脑后下动脉瘤有其临床及 Ｃ Ｔ 的特征。急性期危重病人应即行 脑室穿刺外引流术, 待病情稳定 后行进一 步检查和治 疗。 不同类型的 动脉瘤,应采取不同的手术入路和方式。     

小脑后下动脉动脉瘤的诊断和治疗

目的探讨小脑后下动脉动脉瘤的临床特征、诊断、鉴别诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析12例小脑后下动脉瘤的临床表现、影像学特征、手术效果及诊治过程中存在的相关问题。结果12例中有11例因动脉瘤破裂出血而发病,单纯第四脑室出血4例,全脑室系统出血2例,小脑半球出血3例,小脑蚓部伴第四脑室出血1例,侧脑室伴第三脑室出血1例,以后颅窝占位病变表现1例。8例术前行DSA检查明确诊断,4例术中明确诊断。12例均行后颅窝开颅显微手术治疗,其中动脉瘤颈夹闭9例,孤立切除2例,动脉瘤加固术1例,术后2例因脑积水加重行脑室-腹腔分流术。12例中除1例术后留有轻偏瘫外,其余11例恢复良好。结论小脑后下动脉瘤多以第四脑室出血发病,少数以小脑半球或蚓部出血发病,及早治疗效果满意。手术方式应尽量夹闭动脉瘤颈,对于小脑后下动脉末端动脉瘤,可以采用孤立切除术。     

小脑后下动脉动脉瘤急诊血管内治疗分析

目的探讨小脑后下动脉（PICA）动脉瘤急诊血管内治疗的效果。方法2011年6月至2013年5月共收治8例PICA动脉瘤,均在入院48h内行血管内治疗,除2例远端PICA动脉瘤因导管超选困难而行载瘤动脉闭塞术外,其余均行血管内动脉瘤栓塞术。术后脑积水严重者行侧脑室置管脑脊液引流术,出血较多者行腰椎穿刺术。结果本组8例PICA动脉瘤患者中,近端动脉瘤5例,远端动脉瘤3例。GOS预后评分：5例为5分,2例为3分,I例死亡（为术后PICA动脉严重痉挛、闭塞）。随访3～12个月,仅复发1例,为瘤颈复发。结论急诊血管内治疗PICA动脉瘤效果及预后良好,但需根据动脉瘤的具体情况,选择不同的血管内治疗策略。     

表现为脑室出血的颅内破裂动脉瘤的诊治

目的 总结表现为脑室出血的颅内破裂动脉瘤的诊治经验。方法 回顾性分析15例表现为脑室出血的颅内破裂动脉瘤的临床资料,3例采用夹闭术+脑室外引流术;11例采用栓塞术+脑室外引流术;1例一期开颅脑室血肿清除术+责任动脉瘤夹闭术,二期栓塞治疗;术后随访6个月至6年。结果 术后死亡1例;并发慢性脑积水5例,分流术后症状缓解;栓塞后1年动脉瘤部分复发1例,再次栓塞治疗;改良Rankin量表评分0分2例,1分3例,2分5例,3分3例,5分1例。结论 疑似动脉瘤破裂的脑室出血应尽早行影像学检查明确诊断, 早期手术或栓塞治疗能取得良好疗效。     

小脑后下动脉动脉瘤的显微手术治疗

目的探讨小脑后下动脉动脉瘤显微手术的方法及其效果。方法回顾性分析我院从2008年1月至2013年8月显微手术夹闭的31例小脑后下动脉动脉瘤患者的临床资料,动脉瘤位于延髓前段9例、延髓侧段6例、扁桃体延髓段5例、终末扁桃体段7例、扁桃体上端区域4例;术前Hunt-Hess分级Ⅰ级10例,Ⅱ级14例,Ⅲ级7例;采用远外侧入路15例、乳突后枕骨下入路7例、枕骨后正中入路9例。结果术后6个月,运用改良Rankin量表（mRS）评分评估患者预后,mRS评分0分20例,1分5例,2分3例,4分1例（Hunt-Hess分级Ⅱ级）,6分2例（1例死于肿瘤感染,1例死于）。结论小脑后下动脉动脉瘤破裂常表现脑干周围蛛网膜下腔出血,或仅表现为第四脑室出血;小脑后下动脉常有变异,CT血管造影不易发现动脉瘤;受小脑后下动脉动脉瘤的位置和解剖变异的影响,手术入路应给予个性化考虑。     

经Dolenc入路手术治疗基底动脉顶端动脉瘤

目的 探讨经Dolenc入路手术夹闭基底动脉顶端动脉瘤的手术方法及治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析2014年6月至2022年6月经Dolenc入路手术治疗的26例基底动脉顶端动脉瘤的临床资料。结果 术后2周CTA检查显示26例基底动脉顶端动脉瘤均完全夹闭。术后出现动眼神经麻痹5例、脑积水1例（脑室-腹腔分流术）、偏瘫1例，无脑脊液漏，无手术死亡病例。26例术后随访6～48个月；动眼神经麻痹5例中，术后3个月内完全恢复4例，部分恢复1例；1例脑积水行脑室-腹腔分流术后恢复良好，1例偏瘫恢复生活自理。术后6个月改良Rankin量表评分0分16例，1分3例，2分4例，3分3例；CTA复查未见基底动脉顶端动脉瘤复发，载瘤动脉通畅。结论 显微手术是治疗基底动脉顶端动脉瘤的重要方式，经Dolenc入路手术可获得良好的效果。     

小脑后下动脉瘤的手术治疗

目的 探讨小脑后下动脉瘤的临床特点及手术方法 .方法 回顾性分析21例小脑后下动脉瘤的临床特点、影像学特征及手术方法 .其中男9例,女12例,平均40.6岁.1例表现为后颅窝占位;20例为动脉瘤破裂出血.入院时患者Hunt-Hess分级:Ⅰ级1例,Ⅱ级14例,Ⅲ级5例,Ⅳ级1例.头颅CT表现为幕下为主的蛛网膜下腔出血,或第四脑室出血或二者兼有.脑血管造影提示小脑后下动脉近端动脉瘤13例,远端动脉瘤8例,分别采用枕下旁正中及枕下正中入路进行手术.结果 19例行动脉瘤蒂夹闭术,1例行孤立术,1例行载瘤动脉近端切断术.3例术后出现切口一过性脑脊液漏;1例术后偏瘫、后组脑神经麻痹和长期昏迷,2例轻度后组脑神经受损,3个月后完全恢复;其余患者术后无神经功能损伤或并发症,恢复良好.结论 小脑后下动脉瘤的治疗首选动脉瘤夹闭术,术中保护后组脑神经和后下动脉是手术的关键.     

经枕下旁正中入路手术治疗小脑后下动脉近端动脉瘤16例

目的探讨小脑后下动脉近端动脉瘤的临床特点及手术方法。方法回顾性分析16例小脑后下动脉近端动脉瘤的临床特点、影像学特征、手术治疗方法及预后。14例为破裂动脉瘤;2例为未破裂动脉瘤,表现为后颅窝占位。入院时患者Hunt—Hess分级：0级2例,Ⅱ级10例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级1例。头颅CT表现为天幕下为主的蛛网膜下腔出血和／或第四脑室出血,脑血管造影提示小脑后下动脉近端动脉瘤,均采用枕下旁正中入路进行手术。14例行动脉瘤颈夹闭术,2例行孤立术。结果3例术后出现切口一过性脑脊液漏;2例轻度后组颅神经受损,3个月后完全恢复。随访3个月至2年,2例孤立术患者术后偏瘫、后组颅神经麻痹和长期昏迷;其余患者术后恢复良好。结论熟悉小脑后下动脉瘤区域的解剖关系,术中对后组颅神经和小脑后下动脉的有效保护,可明显提高小脑后下动脉近端动脉瘤的手术治疗效果。     

Dissecting aneurysm of distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery--case report and review of the literature

A rare case of dissecting aneurysm of distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) is reported. A 51-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital complaining of severe headache and nausea. CT scan revealed subarachnoid hemorrhage which was thicker in the posterior fossa. The vertebral angiography demonstrated an aneurysm on the telovelotonsillar segment (Lister's classification) of the left PICA. On the third day, the left suboccipital craniotomy was performed and the fusiform aneurysm was resected. The postoperative course was uneventful. Histological examination of the resected aneurysm showed a dissection between the ruptured elastic lamina and the tunica media. Dissecting aneurysm of distal PICA is still belong to a rare entity. In all three cases found in the literature, the dissecting aneurysms are sited in the anterior medullary segment of PICA. Probably, this is the first report described a dissecting aneurysm on the more distal part-telovelotonsillar segment of PICA. The clinical features, pathogenesis and treatment of intracranial dissecting aneurysms are briefly discussed with reviewing the literature.     

Aneurysms of Distal Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery

Objective

Aneurysms are very rarely encountered in the distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). The authors experienced 5 cases with a distal PICA aneurysm among 368 cases of intracranial aneurysms during the period from January 2003 to January 2008. Here, the authors describe their clinical and surgical experiences and include a review of the relevant literature.

Methods

Using radiologic findings and charts, we retrospectively reviewed the surgical results of 5 cases with a distal PICA aneurysm treated from January 2003 to January 2008.

Results

The current five cases were composed of four cases of ''Good'' and one case of ''Fair''. No postoperative complications occurred other than a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt due to hydrocephalus in Case 2. In all five cases, treatment was successful without neurological deficit.

Conclusion

Surgical outcome of PICA aneurysms have been reported to be excellent because the amount of intraparenchymal injury is limited. More clinical experience, microsurgical technique developments, and endovascular surgery advancements are certain to improve treatment outcomes.     

Extracranial aneurysms of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery

OBJECTIVE: Extracranial aneurysms of the distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) are extremely rare and sometimes difficult to diagnose without an adequate angiogram. We present the first series of 3 patients who were evaluated by the senior author and treated surgically. METHODS AND RESULTS: All 3 patients presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Clincial symptoms, included occipital headache, nuchal rigidity, abducens nerve palsy and rapid neurologic deterioration. A unilateral injection of the vertebral artery failed to show the distal contralateral PICA and the aneurysm in 1 patient. All patients underwent aneurysm clipping through a posterior fossa craniectomy and C-1 laminectomy. The aneurysms were located on the tonsillomedullary segment of the PICA, 10-12 mm below the level of the foramen magnum. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to adequately visualize the distal extent of both PICAs or these aneurysms may not be seen. Patients who present with SAH must have the entirety of both vertebral arteries evaluated to avoid missing these aneurysms. The aneurysms were located adjacent to the atlas necessitating an upper cervical laminectomy for adequate surgical exposure. In general, the patients did well postoperatively and none of the patients developed cerebral vasospasm.