围体外循环中氨甲环酸与抑肽酶对纤溶系统的影响研究

目的研究围体外循环中氨甲环酸与抑肽酶对纤溶系统的影响。方法选取心外科行体外循环心脏直视手术的成年患者60例（限瓣膜置换术）,随机分为抑肽酶（aprotinin,AP）用药组30例,氨甲环酸（tranexamic acid,TA）用药组30例。AP用药组在体外循环管道预充液中加入2×10^6KIU抑肽酶;TA组在同一时间按40mg／kg推注氨甲环酸。两组分别于术前、CPB中（15min）、CPB中（30min）、CPB结束时用鱼精蛋白1：1中和肝素后,ACT值恢复正常（60～130s）时、术后24h五个时间点从中心静脉及桡动脉取血,每个时间点做以下检查：凝血酶原时间（PT）、激活部分凝血活酶时间（APTT）、纤维蛋白原（Fbg）、纤溶酶原（plasminogen,PLG）、组织纤溶酶原激活剂（t—PA）、凝血酶激活纤溶抑制物（thrombin activated fibrinolysis inhibitor,TAFI）;记录术后12、24h纵隔心包引流量及总的全血与成分输血量。结果AP组和TA组常规筛选试验PT及APTT在CPB期间变化基本相似,两组Fbg含量均降至健康者的50％以下。术后很快恢复正常,两组变化基本相似,CPB开始15min,两组PLG（％）减低一直持续到术后24h,在CPB开始15min,t-PA和TAFI水平增高,转流结束时基本恢复正常,两组变化基本相似,术后12、24h纵隔心包引流量TA组较AP组多,输血量也较AP组多。结论抑肽酶在减少体外循环术后出血,减少血液制品的应用上优于氨甲环酸,但鉴于抑肽酶在临床应用上的不足及氨甲环酸的优点,用何种药尚需进一步研究。     

氨甲环酸在婴儿先心手术中的应用

目的：观察和评价在小婴儿先心手术中应用抗纤溶药物氨甲环酸的疗效和安全性。方法：80例1岁以内的先天性房缺或室缺患儿。随机分为两组,氨甲环酸组（组Ⅰ,n=40）,氨甲环酸90mg·kg^-1,分3次给予,每次30mg·kg^-1,依次为术前、预充液中、体外循环后。安慰荆组（组Ⅱ,n=40）给予0．9％氯化钠液9mg·kg^-1,给药方式同组Ⅰ观察项目：手术前后血细胞压积、血小板计数、常规凝血功能、D-二聚体数值;术后24h胸腔引流量、输血量、心血管重症监护室停留时间、肾功能指标、血栓形成和过敏反应。结果：氨甲环酸组术后24h出血量为（9．0±4．8）mL·kg,安慰剂组为（11．9±9．3）mL·kg^-1（P〈0．05）,术后24h出血量减少24％;两组术后输血量无差别;两组术后及24hD-二聚体值均明显增加,氨甲环酸组增加程度明显小于安慰剂组（P〈0．05）;两组术后凝血功能指标治化部分凝血酶时间（APTT）显著延长,凝血酶原活动度（PTA）显著下降,血小板数量明显降低,组内差异显著,组间无显著差异,常规凝血指标术后24h基本恢复。术后无肾功能不全及血栓形成、过敏反应。结论：婴儿先天性房缺或室缺手术中90mg·kg^-1氨甲环酸能使术后出血量减少24％。     

围体外循环中氨甲环酸与抑肽酶对纤溶系统的影响研究

目的 研究围体外循环中氨甲环酸与抑肽酶对纤溶系统的影响.方法 选取心外科行体外循环心脏直视手术的成年患者60例(限瓣膜置换术),随机分为抑肽酶(aprotinin,AP)用药组30例,氨甲环酸(tranexamic acid,TA)用药组30例.AP用药组在体外循环管道预允液中加入2×106KIU抑肽酶;TA组在同一时间按40 mg/kg推注氨甲环酸.两组分别于术前、CPB中(15 min)、CPB中(30 min)、CPB结束时用鱼精蛋白1∶1中和肝素后,ACT值恢复止常(60～130 s)时、术后24 h五个时间点从中心静脉及桡动脉取血,每个时间点做以下检查:凝血酶原时间(PT)、激活部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(Fbg)、纤溶酶原(plasminogen,PLG)、组织纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)、凝血酶激活纤溶抑制物(thrombin activated fibrinolysis inhibitor,TAFI);记录术后12、24 h纵隔心包引流量及总的全血与成分输血量.结果 AP组和TA组常规筛选试验PT及APTT在CPB期间变化基本相似,两组Fbg含量均降至健康者的50%以下.术后很快恢复正常,两组变化基本相似,CPB开始15min,两组PLG(%)减低一直持续到术后24 h,在CPB开始15 min,t-PA和TAFI水平增高,转流结束时基本恢复正常,两组变化基本相似,术后12、24 h纵隔心包引流量TA组较AP组多,输血量也较AP组多.结论 抑肽酶在减少体外循环术后出血,减少血液制品的应用上优于氨甲环酸,但鉴于抑肽酶在临床应用上的不足及氨甲环酸的优点,用何种药尚需进一步研究.     

围体外循环中氨甲环酸与抑肽酶对纤溶系统的影响研究

目的 研究围体外循环中氨甲环酸与抑肽酶对纤溶系统的影响.方法 选取心外科行体外循环心脏直视手术的成年患者60例(限瓣膜置换术),随机分为抑肽酶(aprotinin,AP)用药组30例,氨甲环酸(tranexamic acid,TA)用药组30例.AP用药组在体外循环管道预允液中加入2×106KIU抑肽酶;TA组在同一时间按40 mg/kg推注氨甲环酸.两组分别于术前、CPB中(15 min)、CPB中(30 min)、CPB结束时用鱼精蛋白1∶1中和肝素后,ACT值恢复止常(60～130 s)时、术后24 h五个时间点从中心静脉及桡动脉取血,每个时间点做以下检查:凝血酶原时间(PT)、激活部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(Fbg)、纤溶酶原(plasminogen,PLG)、组织纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)、凝血酶激活纤溶抑制物(thrombin activated fibrinolysis inhibitor,TAFI);记录术后12、24 h纵隔心包引流量及总的全血与成分输血量.结果 AP组和TA组常规筛选试验PT及APTT在CPB期间变化基本相似,两组Fbg含量均降至健康者的50%以下.术后很快恢复正常,两组变化基本相似,CPB开始15min,两组PLG(%)减低一直持续到术后24 h,在CPB开始15 min,t-PA和TAFI水平增高,转流结束时基本恢复正常,两组变化基本相似,术后12、24 h纵隔心包引流量TA组较AP组多,输血量也较AP组多.结论 抑肽酶在减少体外循环术后出血,减少血液制品的应用上优于氨甲环酸,但鉴于抑肽酶在临床应用上的不足及氨甲环酸的优点,用何种药尚需进一步研究.     

围体外循环中氨甲环酸与抑肽酶对纤溶系统的影响研究

目的 研究围体外循环中氨甲环酸与抑肽酶对纤溶系统的影响.方法 选取心外科行体外循环心脏直视手术的成年患者60例(限瓣膜置换术),随机分为抑肽酶(aprotinin,AP)用药组30例,氨甲环酸(tranexamic acid,TA)用药组30例.AP用药组在体外循环管道预允液中加入2×106KIU抑肽酶;TA组在同一时间按40 mg/kg推注氨甲环酸.两组分别于术前、CPB中(15 min)、CPB中(30 min)、CPB结束时用鱼精蛋白1∶1中和肝素后,ACT值恢复止常(60～130 s)时、术后24 h五个时间点从中心静脉及桡动脉取血,每个时间点做以下检查:凝血酶原时间(PT)、激活部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(Fbg)、纤溶酶原(plasminogen,PLG)、组织纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)、凝血酶激活纤溶抑制物(thrombin activated fibrinolysis inhibitor,TAFI);记录术后12、24 h纵隔心包引流量及总的全血与成分输血量.结果 AP组和TA组常规筛选试验PT及APTT在CPB期间变化基本相似,两组Fbg含量均降至健康者的50%以下.术后很快恢复正常,两组变化基本相似,CPB开始15min,两组PLG(%)减低一直持续到术后24 h,在CPB开始15 min,t-PA和TAFI水平增高,转流结束时基本恢复正常,两组变化基本相似,术后12、24 h纵隔心包引流量TA组较AP组多,输血量也较AP组多.结论 抑肽酶在减少体外循环术后出血,减少血液制品的应用上优于氨甲环酸,但鉴于抑肽酶在临床应用上的不足及氨甲环酸的优点,用何种药尚需进一步研究.     

围体外循环中氨甲环酸与抑肽酶对纤溶系统的影响研究

目的 研究围体外循环中氨甲环酸与抑肽酶对纤溶系统的影响.方法 选取心外科行体外循环心脏直视手术的成年患者60例(限瓣膜置换术),随机分为抑肽酶(aprotinin,AP)用药组30例,氨甲环酸(tranexamic acid,TA)用药组30例.AP用药组在体外循环管道预允液中加入2×106KIU抑肽酶;TA组在同一时间按40 mg/kg推注氨甲环酸.两组分别于术前、CPB中(15 min)、CPB中(30 min)、CPB结束时用鱼精蛋白1∶1中和肝素后,ACT值恢复止常(60～130 s)时、术后24 h五个时间点从中心静脉及桡动脉取血,每个时间点做以下检查:凝血酶原时间(PT)、激活部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(Fbg)、纤溶酶原(plasminogen,PLG)、组织纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)、凝血酶激活纤溶抑制物(thrombin activated fibrinolysis inhibitor,TAFI);记录术后12、24 h纵隔心包引流量及总的全血与成分输血量.结果 AP组和TA组常规筛选试验PT及APTT在CPB期间变化基本相似,两组Fbg含量均降至健康者的50%以下.术后很快恢复正常,两组变化基本相似,CPB开始15min,两组PLG(%)减低一直持续到术后24 h,在CPB开始15 min,t-PA和TAFI水平增高,转流结束时基本恢复正常,两组变化基本相似,术后12、24 h纵隔心包引流量TA组较AP组多,输血量也较AP组多.结论 抑肽酶在减少体外循环术后出血,减少血液制品的应用上优于氨甲环酸,但鉴于抑肽酶在临床应用上的不足及氨甲环酸的优点,用何种药尚需进一步研究.     

围体外循环中氨甲环酸与抑肽酶对纤溶系统的影响研究

目的 研究围体外循环中氨甲环酸与抑肽酶对纤溶系统的影响.方法 选取心外科行体外循环心脏直视手术的成年患者60例(限瓣膜置换术),随机分为抑肽酶(aprotinin,AP)用药组30例,氨甲环酸(tranexamic acid,TA)用药组30例.AP用药组在体外循环管道预允液中加入2×106KIU抑肽酶;TA组在同一时间按40 mg/kg推注氨甲环酸.两组分别于术前、CPB中(15 min)、CPB中(30 min)、CPB结束时用鱼精蛋白1∶1中和肝素后,ACT值恢复止常(60～130 s)时、术后24 h五个时间点从中心静脉及桡动脉取血,每个时间点做以下检查:凝血酶原时间(PT)、激活部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(Fbg)、纤溶酶原(plasminogen,PLG)、组织纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)、凝血酶激活纤溶抑制物(thrombin activated fibrinolysis inhibitor,TAFI);记录术后12、24 h纵隔心包引流量及总的全血与成分输血量.结果 AP组和TA组常规筛选试验PT及APTT在CPB期间变化基本相似,两组Fbg含量均降至健康者的50%以下.术后很快恢复正常,两组变化基本相似,CPB开始15min,两组PLG(%)减低一直持续到术后24 h,在CPB开始15 min,t-PA和TAFI水平增高,转流结束时基本恢复正常,两组变化基本相似,术后12、24 h纵隔心包引流量TA组较AP组多,输血量也较AP组多.结论 抑肽酶在减少体外循环术后出血,减少血液制品的应用上优于氨甲环酸,但鉴于抑肽酶在临床应用上的不足及氨甲环酸的优点,用何种药尚需进一步研究.     

围体外循环中氨甲环酸与抑肽酶对纤溶系统的影响研究

目的 研究围体外循环中氨甲环酸与抑肽酶对纤溶系统的影响.方法 选取心外科行体外循环心脏直视手术的成年患者60例(限瓣膜置换术),随机分为抑肽酶(aprotinin,AP)用药组30例,氨甲环酸(tranexamic acid,TA)用药组30例.AP用药组在体外循环管道预允液中加入2×106KIU抑肽酶;TA组在同一时间按40 mg/kg推注氨甲环酸.两组分别于术前、CPB中(15 min)、CPB中(30 min)、CPB结束时用鱼精蛋白1∶1中和肝素后,ACT值恢复止常(60～130 s)时、术后24 h五个时间点从中心静脉及桡动脉取血,每个时间点做以下检查:凝血酶原时间(PT)、激活部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(Fbg)、纤溶酶原(plasminogen,PLG)、组织纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)、凝血酶激活纤溶抑制物(thrombin activated fibrinolysis inhibitor,TAFI);记录术后12、24 h纵隔心包引流量及总的全血与成分输血量.结果 AP组和TA组常规筛选试验PT及APTT在CPB期间变化基本相似,两组Fbg含量均降至健康者的50%以下.术后很快恢复正常,两组变化基本相似,CPB开始15min,两组PLG(%)减低一直持续到术后24 h,在CPB开始15 min,t-PA和TAFI水平增高,转流结束时基本恢复正常,两组变化基本相似,术后12、24 h纵隔心包引流量TA组较AP组多,输血量也较AP组多.结论 抑肽酶在减少体外循环术后出血,减少血液制品的应用上优于氨甲环酸,但鉴于抑肽酶在临床应用上的不足及氨甲环酸的优点,用何种药尚需进一步研究.     

围体外循环中氨甲环酸与抑肽酶对纤溶系统的影响研究

目的 研究围体外循环中氨甲环酸与抑肽酶对纤溶系统的影响.方法 选取心外科行体外循环心脏直视手术的成年患者60例(限瓣膜置换术),随机分为抑肽酶(aprotinin,AP)用药组30例,氨甲环酸(tranexamic acid,TA)用药组30例.AP用药组在体外循环管道预允液中加入2×106KIU抑肽酶;TA组在同一时间按40 mg/kg推注氨甲环酸.两组分别于术前、CPB中(15 min)、CPB中(30 min)、CPB结束时用鱼精蛋白1∶1中和肝素后,ACT值恢复止常(60～130 s)时、术后24 h五个时间点从中心静脉及桡动脉取血,每个时间点做以下检查:凝血酶原时间(PT)、激活部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(Fbg)、纤溶酶原(plasminogen,PLG)、组织纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)、凝血酶激活纤溶抑制物(thrombin activated fibrinolysis inhibitor,TAFI);记录术后12、24 h纵隔心包引流量及总的全血与成分输血量.结果 AP组和TA组常规筛选试验PT及APTT在CPB期间变化基本相似,两组Fbg含量均降至健康者的50%以下.术后很快恢复正常,两组变化基本相似,CPB开始15min,两组PLG(%)减低一直持续到术后24 h,在CPB开始15 min,t-PA和TAFI水平增高,转流结束时基本恢复正常,两组变化基本相似,术后12、24 h纵隔心包引流量TA组较AP组多,输血量也较AP组多.结论 抑肽酶在减少体外循环术后出血,减少血液制品的应用上优于氨甲环酸,但鉴于抑肽酶在临床应用上的不足及氨甲环酸的优点,用何种药尚需进一步研究.     

围体外循环中氨甲环酸与抑肽酶对纤溶系统的影响研究

目的 研究围体外循环中氨甲环酸与抑肽酶对纤溶系统的影响.方法 选取心外科行体外循环心脏直视手术的成年患者60例(限瓣膜置换术),随机分为抑肽酶(aprotinin,AP)用药组30例,氨甲环酸(tranexamic acid,TA)用药组30例.AP用药组在体外循环管道预允液中加入2×106KIU抑肽酶;TA组在同一时间按40 mg/kg推注氨甲环酸.两组分别于术前、CPB中(15 min)、CPB中(30 min)、CPB结束时用鱼精蛋白1∶1中和肝素后,ACT值恢复止常(60～130 s)时、术后24 h五个时间点从中心静脉及桡动脉取血,每个时间点做以下检查:凝血酶原时间(PT)、激活部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(Fbg)、纤溶酶原(plasminogen,PLG)、组织纤溶酶原激活剂(t-PA)、凝血酶激活纤溶抑制物(thrombin activated fibrinolysis inhibitor,TAFI);记录术后12、24 h纵隔心包引流量及总的全血与成分输血量.结果 AP组和TA组常规筛选试验PT及APTT在CPB期间变化基本相似,两组Fbg含量均降至健康者的50%以下.术后很快恢复正常,两组变化基本相似,CPB开始15min,两组PLG(%)减低一直持续到术后24 h,在CPB开始15 min,t-PA和TAFI水平增高,转流结束时基本恢复正常,两组变化基本相似,术后12、24 h纵隔心包引流量TA组较AP组多,输血量也较AP组多.结论 抑肽酶在减少体外循环术后出血,减少血液制品的应用上优于氨甲环酸,但鉴于抑肽酶在临床应用上的不足及氨甲环酸的优点,用何种药尚需进一步研究.     

A propensity score case-control comparison of aprotinin and tranexamic acid in high-transfusion-risk cardiac surgery

BACKGROUND: Cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass may result in excessive fibrinolysis and platelet (PLT) dysfunction, resulting in impaired hemostasis and excessive blood loss. Prophylactic use of the antifibrinolytic drugs aprotinin and tranexamic acid is thought to prevent these hemostatic defects. Their relative clinical utility and safety in high-transfusion-risk cardiac surgery, however, is not known. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Using propensity scores, 449 patients who received aprotinin for high-transfusion-risk cardiac surgery were matched to 449 patients who received tranexamic acid from a pool of 10,870 consecutive patients who underwent cardiac surgery at a single center, 586 of whom received aprotinin and the remainder of whom received tranexamic acid. RESULTS: The two matched groups were well balanced in terms of measured perioperative variables. Blood product transfusion rates were similar in the aprotinin and tranexamic acid groups: red blood cells, 79 percent versus 76 percent (p = 0.3); PLTs, 56 percent versus 50 percent (p = 0.06); and plasma, 66 percent versus 61 percent (p = 0.1). Adverse events rates were comparable in the two groups, except for renal dysfunction (defined as a greater than 50% increase in creatinine concentration during the first postoperative week to >100 micromol/L in women and >110 micromol/L in men or a new requirement for dialysis support), which occurred in 24 percent (107/449) of aprotinin patients and 17 percent (75/449) of tranexamic acid patients (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Aprotinin and tranexamic acid have similar hemostatic effectiveness in high-transfusion-risk cardiac surgery. Within the confines of propensity score matching, our results suggest that aprotinin may be associated with renal dysfunction.     

Preservation of collagen-induced whole blood platelet aggregation by tranexamic acid therapy in primary cardiac valve surgery

Haemostatic disorder is one of the most common complications following cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Tranexamic acid reduces blood loss and allogeneic blood transfusion requirement in cardiac surgery. It had been thought that tranexamic acid inhibited fibrinolysis alone following CPB. In the present study, the haemostatic effects of tranexamic acid (20 mg/kg body weight bolus after induction of anaesthesia followed by continuous infusion at 2 mg/kg/h), including fibrinolysis and platelet function, were investigated in 22 patients (tranexamic acid group n = 12; control group n = 10) undergoing primary cardiac valve surgery. Fibrinolysis following CPB was reduced significantly in the tranexamic acid group. Following protamine administration, the reduction of collagen-induced whole blood platelet aggregation was mitigated significantly in the tranexamic acid group compared with the control group (36% reduction in the tranexamic acid group vs 58% in the control group; p = 0.011), although platelet counts did not differ between the two groups. In conclusion, tranexamic acid not only inhibits fibrinolysis directly, but also may preserve platelet function following CPB.     

Evaluation of aprotinin and tranexamic acid in different in vitro and in vivo models of fibrinolysis, coagulation and thrombus formation

BACKGROUND: The serine protease inhibitor aprotinin and plasminogen inhibitor tranexamic acid are used in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery to reduce bleeding. Clinicians may consider these agents as readily substitutable regarding their pharmacological profiles. OBJECTIVE: These agents were evaluated in assays of hemostasis to elucidate their underlying mechanism(s) of action. METHODS: In human plasma, effects on both clot fibrinolysis and coagulation were spectrophotometrically quantified in vitro. Rat-tail bleeding and arteriovenous shunt thrombus formation models were conducted in vivo. RESULTS: Fibrinolysis was inhibited by aprotinin (IC(50), 0.16 +/- 0.02 micromol L(-1)) and tranexamic acid (IC(50), 24.1 +/-1.1 micromol L(-1)). In vivo, aprotinin dose-dependently reduced rat-tail bleeding time (minimal effective dose, 3 mg kg(-1) bolus plus 6 mg kg(-1 )h(-1) infusion); tranexamic acid reduced bleeding time (minimal effective dose, 100 mg kg(-1) h(-1)). In vitro, coagulation time was doubled by aprotinin at 3.2 +/- 0.2 micromol L(-1), while tranexamic acid showed no effect at concentrations up to 3 mmol L(-1). Aprotinin inhibited thrombus formation in vivo in a dose-dependent manner (minimal effective dose, 3 mg kg(-1) bolus plus 6 mg kg(-1) h(-1) infusion). Conversely, tranexamic acid dose-dependently increased thrombus formation and thrombus weight (minimal effective dose, 100 mg kg(-1 )h(-1) infusion). CONCLUSIONS: These data show that aprotinin and tranexamic acid have differential effects on hemostasis and are not necessarily substitutable with respect to mechanism of action. Although both agents have been shown to reduce bleeding in patients undergoing CABG, their divergent effects on thrombus formation observed in vitro and in vivo should be critically evaluated clinically.     

Tranexamic acid in cardiac surgery: is there a cause for concern?

The withdrawal of marketing approval for aprotinin resulted in more clinicians administering tranexamic acid to patients at increased risk of bleeding and adverse outcome. The latest in a series of retrospective analyses of observational data is published in Critical Care and suggests an increase in mortality, when compared to data from the aprotinin era, in those patients having surgery when a cardiac chamber is opened. The added observation of an increase in cerebral excitatory phenomena (seizure activity) with tranexamic acid has a known mechanism and questions if such patients should be given this drug.     

Antifibrinolytic agents and desmopressin as hemostatic agents in cardiac surgery

OBJECTIVE: To review the use of systemic hemostatic medications for reducing bleeding and transfusion requirements with cardiac surgery. DATA SOURCES: Articles were obtained through computerized searches involving MEDLINE (from 1966 to September 2000). Additionally, several textbooks containing information on the diagnosis and management of bleeding associated with cardiac surgery were reviewed. The bibliographies of retrieved publications and textbooks were reviewed for additional references. STUDY SELECTION: Due to the large number of randomized investigations involving systemic hemostatic medications for reducing bleeding associated with cardiac surgery, the article selection process focused on recent randomized controlled trials, metaanalyses and pharmacoeconomic evaluations. DATA EXTRACTION: The primary outcomes extracted from the literature were blood loss and associated transfusion requirements, although other outcome measures such as mortality were extracted when available. DATA SYNTHESIS: Although the majority of investigations for reducing cardiac bleeding and transfusion requirements have involved aprotinin, evidence from recent meta-analyses and randomized trials indicates that the synthetic antifibrinolytic agents, aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid, have similar clinical efficacy. Additionally, aminocaproic acid (and to a lesser extent tranexamic acid) is much less costly. More comparative information of hemostatic agents is needed retative to other outcomes (eg., reoperation rates, myocardial infarction, stroke). There is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of desmopressin for reducing bleeding and transfusion requirements in cardiac surgery, although certain subsets of patients may benefit from its use. CONCLUSIONS: Of the medications that have been used to reduce bleeding and transfusion requirements with cardiac surgery, the antifibrinolytic agents have the best evidence supporting their use. Aminocaproic acid is the least costly therapy based on medication costs and transfusion requirements.     

The cerebroprotective effects of pentoxifylline and aprotinin during cardiopulmonary bypass in dogs

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the cerebroprotective effects of pentoxifylline (PNX) and aprotinin in dogs using cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen clinically healthy dogs were divided into three groups: Group 1 (control, n = 6), Group 2 (PNX, n = 6), and Group 3 (aprotinin, n = 6). PNX was administered at a dose of 300 mg/day in Group 2 three days before the operation and during the operation. Half a million IU aprotinin were added to the prime solution and 500,000 IU were transfused via a central venous jugular catheter preoperatively in Group 3. Blood samples were taken from the central jugular vein before and after CPB and interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and S100beta protein were measured. Gliosis was investigated histopathologically in cerebral cortex biopsy samples under light microscopy. RESULTS: The preoperative results of IL-6, TNF-alpha, and S100beta protein values were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.001) when compared with postoperative values. This significant difference was observed in the same parameters between Groups 1 and 2, and 1 and 3 (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between Groups 2 and 3. Comparison between pre- and postoperative levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha for Group 2 and Group 3 revealed statistically significant differences (p < 0.001), whereas S100beta protein levels did not. Histopathological examinations showed significant differences between the control group and PNX and aprotinin, and between aprotinin and PNX groups (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: PNX and aprotinin might be useful in order to reduce postoperative cerebral damage in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB.     

Mortality associated with administration of high-dose tranexamic acid and aprotinin in primary open-heart procedures: a retrospective analysis

Introduction  

Antifibrinolytic agents are commonly used during cardiac surgery to minimize bleeding. Because of safety concerns, aprotinin was withdrawn from the market in 2007. Since then, tranexamic acid (TXA) has become the antifibrinolytic treatment of choice in many heart centers. The safety profile of TXA has not been extensively studied. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate safety and efficiency of TXA compared with aprotinin in cardiac surgery.     

Pulmonary vascular resistance index during coronary artery bypass surgery with aprotinin

Low pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) reflects favorable redundant pulmonary circulation following coronary artery bypass grafting with cardiopulmonary bypass surgery (CPB). This randomized study investigated whether aprotinin given in different modalities impacts PVRI after coronary artery bypass grafting. A total of 40 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting were randomized to four groups according to aprotinin dose: (1) high dose, (2) early low dose, (3) late low dose, and (4) without aprotinin. Oxygenation index, pulmonary shunt, alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient and PVRI were determined. PVRI was calculated as the transpulmonary pressure gradient divided by cardiac index multiplied by 80. The results showed that PVRI remained relative low in all patients provided aprotinin regardless of treatment dosage; PVRI increased at 4?h after restarting ventilation after CPB in patients without aprotinin as compared with aprotinin (266?±?137, 266?±?115, 244?±?86 vs. 386?±?121, dynes-s-cm^?5, respectively, p?=?.047). Elevated postoperative PVRI was predictive for patients without aprotinin (AUC 0.668; SE 0.40; p?相似文献   

Systemic hemostatic medications for reducing surgical blood loss

OBJECTIVE: To review randomized trials involving the use of systemic hemostatic medications for reducing surgical blood loss. DATA SOURCES: Articles were obtained through searches of MEDLINE (1966-September 2000). The bibliographies of retrieved publications were reviewed for additional references. STUDY SELECTION: All randomized studies and pharmacoeconomic evaluations that involved medications used for systemic hemostasis in the perioperative period were included. DATA EXTRACTION: Randomized studies involving conjugated estrogens, aminocaproic acid, tranexamic acid, desmopressin, and aprotinin for systemic hemostasis were extracted. Studies of proton-pump inhibitors for upper gastrointestinal bleeding and octreotide for variceal bleeding were excluded, as were trials involving the use of any hemostatic agent for cardiovascular surgery. The primary outcome under review was a reduction in bleeding as defined by reduced transfusion requirements. DATA SYNTHESIS: There is limited efficacy and toxicity information concerning the use of conjugated estrogens for reducing surgery-related bleeding. Similarly, there are a limited number of randomized studies involving aminocaproic acid and tranexamic acid, and with the exception of tranexamic acid for reducing transfusion requirements with knee surgery, the study results are either conflicting or negative. For desmopressin, evidence from a substantial number of randomized trials documents its lack of efficacy. Aprotinin has reduced bleeding and transfusion requirements in a number of randomized studies involving patients undergoing orthopedic surgery, but cost-effectiveness studies are needed to better define its therapeutic role. Trials of aprotinin during hepatic surgery have yielded conflicting results. CONCLUSIONS: Most hemostatic medications used for reducing surgery-related bleeding have limited or contradictory evidence of efficacy.     

A Review of Post--Cardiopulmonary Bypass Bleeding, Aminocaproic Acid, Tranexamic Acid, and Aprotinin

OBJECTIVE: To review the mechanism and cause of hemostatic defects following cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and determine the safety and efficacy of antifibrinolytic agents for use in cardiac surgery and patients likely to benefit. DATA SOURCES: A MEDLINE search (1966 to present) of the English-language literature pertaining to aminocaproic acid (ACA), tranexamic acid (TA), and aprotinin was performed. Additional literature was obtained from reference citations of pertinent articles identified through the search. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: While all articles of relevance were considered for inclusion, this review evaluates only clinical trials with emphasis on prospective, randomized, controlled studies. DATA SYNTHESIS: In reported trials, ACA and TA each reduce mediastinal blood losses by about one-third, while transfusion needs remain unchanged. ACA and TA dosing inconsistencies, omission of transfusion criteria, and unidentified surgical risk factors prevent optimal findings. Thromboembolic complications could not be ascribed to either ACA or TA in more than 950 patients studied. Aprotinin decreased mean mediastinal blood losses by 42%, 67% and 48% in primary coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), reoperative CABG, and in CABG patients receiving aspirin, respectively. Transfusion needs were reduced 42% in primary CABG patients and 55% to 88% in high-risk patients. Patients at high risk of bleeding (i.e., reoperative CABG and patients on aspirin) demonstrated greater transfusion needs and blood loss than primary CABG patients. As blood conservation measures may eliminate the need for transfusions among primary CABG patients, patients at higher risk may benefit most from the addition of antifibrinolytic prophylaxis. CONCLUSION: The efficacy of all antifibrinolytic agents in cardiac surgery has been established, but comparative data is inconclusive to suggest an agent of choice. Thromboembolic complications have been rare and difficult to ascribe to antifibrinolytic agents. Future trials comparing efficacy of agents in high risk patients and rigorously evaluating thromboembolic events will allow unconditional recommendations.