来氟米特预防小鼠异基因骨髓移植后aGVHD的实验研究

目的 评估来氟米特（LEF）对小鼠异基因骨髓移植（allo-BMT）术后急性移植物抗宿主病（aGVHD）的预防作用.方法 以SPF级雄性C57BL/6（H-2b）为供鼠,雌性BALB/C（H-2d）为受鼠,建立allo-BMT/aGVHD动物模型,并将大鼠随机分为：A组（模型对照组）、B组（环孢菌素A组,剂量为10 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）、C组（LEF组,剂量为10 mg·kg^-1·d^-1）,同时根据临床表现、病理组织学检查、平均生存时间评估各组aGVHD的严重程度.结果 B组和C组受鼠平均生存时间均较A组显著延长（均P〈0.01）,B组和C组间平均生存时间的差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）;B组和C组受鼠的aGVHD临床表现和病理改变均较A组明显减轻.结论 LEF可有效预防小鼠allo-BMT术后出现的aGVHD,并可减轻其症状和病理损害程度,同时显著延长平均生存时间.     

雷帕霉素抑制小鼠骨髓移植后移植物抗宿主病作用的初步研究

目的:探讨新型免疫抑制药物雷帕霉素(RAPA)对小鼠异基因骨髓移植(allo-BMT)后急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)的抑制作用,并与传统免疫抑制药物比较作用效果。方法:用主要组织相容性抗原(MHC)完全不合的纯种近交系小鼠[供鼠为雄性C57BL/6 J(H-2b)鼠,受鼠为雌性BALB/c(H-2d)鼠]建立allo-BMT/aGVHD动物模型,随机分5组,第1、2和3组分别给予RAPA、环孢菌素A(CsA)加甲氨蝶呤(MTX)、RAPA加CsA加MTX联合用药作为aGVHD抑制方案,第4组为空白对照,第5组为未移植组。观察各组小鼠骨髓移植后aGVHD的出现情况。结果:移植小鼠出现典型的aGVHD症状,未用aGVHD预防方案的移植小鼠(第4组)死亡高峰在移植后第5~7天,死亡率达100%。用不同aGVHD预防方案的第1~3组小鼠aGVHD症状明显减轻,平均生存时间(MST)较第4组显著延长(分别延长3.5、1.9和6.0 d,P<0.05)。不同aGVHD预防方案的移植小鼠之间,移植后外周血常规变化差异无显著性。经用各预防方案后,移植小鼠aGVHD病理表现减轻,且RAPA、CsA和MTX联合用药组的病理分级轻于RAPA单药组或CsA加MTX标准方案组。结论:RAPA可以显著抑制体外T淋巴细胞增殖效应,增强小鼠对骨髓移植的免疫耐受,对小鼠骨髓移植后移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)有明显抑制作用,可减轻GVHD症状和病理损害程度,延长平均生存时间。     

雷帕霉素抑制小鼠骨髓移植后移植物抗宿主病作用的初步研究

目的：探讨新型免疫抑制药物雷帕霉素（RAPA）对小鼠异基因骨髓移植（allo-BMT）后急性移植物抗宿主病（aGVHD）的抑制作用，并与传统免疫抑制药物比较作用效果。方法：用主要组织相容性抗原（MHC）完全不合的纯种近交系小鼠[供鼠为雄性c57BL／6J（H-2“）鼠，受鼠为雌性BALB／c（H-2^d）鼠]建立allo-BMT／aGVHD动物模型，随机分5组，第1、2和3组分别给予RAPA、环孢菌素A（CsA）加甲氨蝶呤（MTX）、RAPA加CsA加MTX联合用药作为aGVHD抑制方案，第4组为空白对照，第5组为未移植组。观察各组小鼠骨髓移植后aGVHD的出现情况。结果：移植小鼠出现典型的aGVHD症状，未用aGVHD预防方案的移植小鼠（第4组）死亡高峰在移植后第5～7天，死亡率达100％。用不同aGVHD预防方案的第1～3组小鼠aGVHD症状明显减轻，平均生存时间（MST）较第4组显著延长（分别延长3．5、1．9和6．0d，P〈0．05）。不同aGVHD预防方案的移植小鼠之间，移植后外周血常规变化差异无显著性。经用各预防方案后，移植小鼠aGVHD病理表现减轻，且RAPA、CsA和MTX联合用药组的病理分级轻于RAPA单药组或CsA加MTX标准方案组。结论：RAPA可以显著抑制体外T淋巴细胞增殖效应，增强小鼠对骨髓移植的免疫耐受，对小鼠骨髓移植后移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）有明显抑制作用，可减轻GVHD症状和病理损害程度，延长平均生存时间。     

昆明山海棠提取物对移植物抗宿主病小鼠T细胞亚群的影响

[目的]观察昆明山海棠(THH)提取物对移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)小鼠外周血T细胞亚群(CD3+CD4+、CD3+CD8+)的影响,探讨THH对GVHD的预防作用及机制.[方法]BALB/c受鼠(H-2d)清髓性预处理后输注C57BL/6供鼠(H-2b)骨髓细胞和脾细胞混合液,随机分4组:模型对照组、环孢素A(CsA)组(剂量为10 mg·kg-1·d-1)、THH组(剂量为400 mg·kg-1·d-1)、THH+CsA联合用药组(联药组,剂量为THH 100 mg·kg-1·d-1+CsA 5 mg·kg-1·d-1).观察移植后受鼠GVHD发生及存活情况以及嵌合体植入情况;采用流式细胞术测定受鼠外周血CD3+CD4+、CD3+CD8+ T细胞百分率.[结果]①CsA组、THH组、联药组受鼠生存时间均长于模型对照组(P＜0.01);②CsA组、THH组、联药组受鼠GVHD临床表现和病理改变均较模型对照组轻;③模型对照组、CsA组、THH组、联药组受鼠骨髓细胞上异基因H-2b百分率均＞95%;④与模型对照组比较,CsA组、THH组、联药组受鼠移植后外周血CD3+CD4+、CD3+CD8+细胞百分率均下降(P＜0.05),CD4+/CD8+细胞比值均上升(P＜0.05),联药组变化最显著(P＜0.05).[结论]THH可通过调节CD4+/CD8+细胞比值,抑制T淋巴细胞免疫反应而预防小鼠GVHD,THH和CsA小剂量联合用药可能有协同作用.     

FTY720对小鼠异基因骨髓移植后急性GVHD的预防作用

目的评估FTY720对小鼠异基因骨髓移植诱发急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)的预防作用.方法 36只受体BALB/c小鼠,接受直线加速器一次性全身照射后4 ～ 6 h内,经尾静脉注射供体小鼠骨髓和脾脏细胞.受体小鼠分为移植方式对照组(A组)和异基因移植治疗组(B组);同时A组分未移植组(A1)、同基因移植组(A2)和异基因移植对照组(A3),B组分CsA 5 mg/kg组(B1),FTY720 0.3 mg/kg组(B2)和FTY720 1 mg/kg组(B3).移植后受体小鼠,根据生存时间、体重变化和病理组织学检查,评估各组aGVHD严重程度.结果异基因移植各组在移植后第7 d造血开始恢复,第14 d流式细胞仪检测显示异基因骨髓细胞已植入,病理组织学检查A3组发生重度aGVHD;与B1和B2组比较,B3组aGVHD严重程度最低.结论小鼠异基因骨髓移植后给予FTY720具有预防aGVHD作用,以剂量为1 mg/kg时作用显著.     

阿扎胞苷和CsA＋MTX对小鼠Allo—PBSCT后急性GVHD的预防效果比较

摘要：目的比较阿扎胞苷（AzaC）和环孢素A＋甲氨蝶呤（CsA＋MTx）对小鼠异基因外周血干细胞移植（A110～PBSCT）后发生急性移植物抗宿主病（aGVHD）的预防效果并初步分析其原因。方法雄性SPF级BAI。B／c（H-2d）小鼠为供鼠，雌性C57BI。／6（H-2b）小鼠为受鼠，随机选20只雌性C57BL／6（H-2b）受鼠为预处理组。另将供、受鼠随机分为PBS组、AzaC组和CsA＋MTX组各40只（每组含雄性供鼠、雌性受鼠各20只）。给PBS组、AzaC组和CsA＋MTX组的受鼠全身放疗（TBI）后输注供鼠T细胞去除（TCD）的外周血单个核细胞（PBMNC）和T细胞，再皮下注射PBS、AzaC和CsA＋MTX。检测受鼠的嵌合状态、生存天数、aGVHD观察及平均体重变化百分率和外周血CD4＋CD25＋FOXP3＋Tregs百分率。结果PBS组、AzaC组和csA＋MTx组受鼠外周血白细胞中均检测到雄性供鼠的sRY基因，未移植组＋20d内相继死亡，PBS组较早出现较严重的aGVHD，CsA＋MTX组随后也出现了aGVHD，而AzaC组未出现aGVHD。AzaC组的平均体重变化百分率、生存天数和外周血CD4＋CD25＋FOXP3＋Tregs百分率均与CsA＋MTX组和PBS组差异有统计学意义（P〈O．01）。结论AzaC预防小鼠A110—PBSCT后aGVHD的效果优于CsA＋MTX，可能与其增加了移植后外周血cD4＋CD25＋FOXP3＋Tregs数量有关。     

高压氧对急性移植物抗宿主病小鼠细胞因子表达的影响

目的:观察高压氧(HBO)对骨髓移植时急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)小鼠脾组织中细胞因子表达的影响,探讨HBO抗aGVHD的作用机制.方法:应用直线加速器排空C57BL/6小鼠骨髓后,注入BALB/C小鼠骨髓与脾淋巴细胞的混合液,复制aGVHD模型.应用RT-PCR技术检测经HBO、环孢素A(CsA)、氨甲喋呤(MTX)处理后,小鼠脾组织中白细胞介素2(IL-2)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素4(IL-4)及白细胞介素10(IL-10)mRNA水平的变化.结果:HBO组小鼠11d的生存率明显高于异基因移植组及CsA MTX组;HBO组小鼠脾组织中TNF-α和IL-2mRNA相对含量显著低于异基因移植组(P＜0.05)、显著高于CsA MTX组;HBO组小鼠脾组织中IL-4和IL-10 mRNA相对含量显著高于异基因移植组及CsA MTX组(P＜0.05).结论:HBO可能通过调节促炎/抑炎细胞因子的分泌而发挥其明显的抗aGVHD作用.     

异基因造血干细胞移植后慢性移植物抗宿主病小鼠模型的建立和评价

目的 采用化疗药物预处理方案建立异基因造血干细胞移植的慢性移植物抗宿主病小鼠模型,并进行评价.方法 以BALB/cH-2kd小鼠作为供鼠,C57BL/6H-2kd小鼠为受鼠.对受鼠使用不同的化疗药物进行预处理[方案1:白消安20mg/(kg·d)×4d+环磷酰胺150mg/(kg·d)×2 d;方案2:白消安20mg/(kg·d)×4 d+环磷酰胺100mg/(kg·d)×2 d],然后经尾静脉注射不同剂量的供鼠脾细胞(6×107或4×107个)和(或)相同剂量的骨髓细胞(2×107个),建立慢性移植物抗宿主病小鼠模型;采用嵌合体分析、临床评分、组织病理学等进行评价.结果 采用白消安20mg/(kg·d)×4d-+环磷酰胺150mg/(kg·d)×2d的方案进行预处理、2×107个骨髓单个核细胞+6×107个脾单个核细胞进行移植可形成较高水平的供受者混合嵌合体.移植物抗宿主病发生时间多集中在供鼠脾细胞输注后30～90 d,化疗药物剂量大的预处理方案及移植细胞数高的移植组小鼠的临床评分和慢性移植物抗宿主病的发生率高于化疗药物剂量小的预处理方案及移植细胞数少的移植组(P＜0.05).模型小鼠肠、肝脏、皮肤、脾脏等器官出现细胞和结构异常、炎症细胞浸润等病理改变.结论 采用白消安和环磷酰胺预处理、给予2×107个骨髓单个核细胞+6×107或4×107个脾单个核细胞可形成较稳定的慢性移植物抗宿主病小鼠模型,为进一步指导临床治疗慢性移植物抗宿主病奠定了实验基础.     

大黄有效部位对环孢素A肾毒性的保护作用

目的 观察大黄有效部位(Rep)对环孢霉素A(CsA)肾毒性的预防及治疗作用.方法 将60只SD大鼠随机分为正常组[6 mL/(kg·d)橄榄油]、模型组[30 mg/(kg·d)CsA]、治疗组[1～2周:30 mg/(kg·d)CsA,3～4周:30 mg/(kg·d)CsA+50 mg/(kg·d)Kep]、预防组[30 mg/(kg·d)CsA+50 mg/(kg·d)Rep],每组各15只.每周观察大鼠24h尿量,取血测定血肌酐(Scr)和尿素氮(BUN)水平.4周后,取肾组织,测定丙二醛(MDA)及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)含量,同时做组织切片病检,用肾小管评分评价肾脏损害程度.结果 给药2周后,模型组、治疗组大鼠体重明显降低,尿量明显增加,Scr和BUN水平明显增高,肾组织病理切片检查发现明显异常;3～4周后给予Rep,治疗组大鼠各项指标明显改善.预防组与对照组比较,体重、尿量、尿素氮及肌酐无明显差别,其肾脏损伤程度也轻于模型组.结论 大黄有效部位能有效减轻CsA所致的肾组织毒性损伤.     

老龄小鼠非清髓性单倍体外周血造血干细胞移植后急性移植物抗宿主病模型的建立

目的构建老龄小鼠非清髓性单倍体外周血造血干细胞移植(haplo-PSCT)后的急性移植物抗宿主病(aGVHD)模型。方法选用6～8周龄C57BL/6(H-2b)雄性小鼠作为供鼠, 14～16月龄CB6F1(H-2b×d)雌性老龄鼠作为受鼠。供鼠于移植前5 d皮下注射人粒细胞集落刺激因子(rhG-CSF)进行造血干细胞动员;将受鼠按随机数字表法分为对照组(CG)、脾细胞低剂量组(SL)、脾细胞中剂量组(SM)、脾细胞高剂量组(SH), 每组各16只, 均接受总剂量为6 Gy的直线加速器X射线全身照射(TBI), 照射后4 h内经尾静脉输注外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)和不同剂量的脾细胞(SL组、SM组和SH组分别为0.5×107/只、1.0×107/只和2.0×107/只), CG组仅输注等量生理盐水。移植后观察各组受鼠的生存情况及体重变化, 观察期为30 d, 并定期监测小鼠血常规变化。移植后21 d取小鼠外周血检测供体嵌合率。移植后21 d取小鼠颈背部皮肤、肝脏、结肠组织行苏木精-伊红染色, 分析aGVHD靶器官的组织病理学变化情况。结果各组小鼠均移植成功。各组小鼠TBI后体重、活动度...     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.