硫化氢及一氧化氮气体信号分子在高原高血压发病中的作用

目的探讨气体信号分子硫化氢(H2S)及一氧化氮(NO)在高原高血压的病理生理意义。方法平原体检正常者进入海拔5000m高原(1~3)月期间,在高原暴露时间、劳动强度及生活条件相同的施工群体中随机抽样127人。依血压变化将其分为高原高血压(Ⅰ~Ⅲ级)组78人(进一步分为收缩期高原高血压组与舒张期高原高血压组),高原正常血压组49人,采取肘静脉血,采用敏感硫电极法测定其H2S浓度,Griess法测定血清NO含量。结果高原高血压组、收缩期高原高血压组、舒张期高原高血压组的血清H2S与NO平均含量均显著增加,分别比正常血压组高34·5%,36·9%,31·7%(均P<0·001)与28·4%,33·1%,39·7%,(均P<0·05),尤以H2S更为突出;随着血压分级程度的升高H2S与NO血清含量相应增高,也以H2S更显著(R2=0·918);H2S与NO、舒张压间均有密切正相关关系及良好的拟和优度、与氧饱和度呈显著的负相关与拟和优度(R2=0·374,P=0·001)。结论H2S与NO的代谢失常可能参与了高原高血压发病过程。     

硫化氢及一氧化氮气体信号分子在高原高血压发病中的作用

目的探讨气体信号分子硫化氢(H2S)及一氧化氮(NO)在高原高血压的病理生理意义.方法平原体检正常者进入海拔5 000 m高原(1～3)月期间,在高原暴露时间、劳动强度及生活条件相同的施工群体中随机抽样127人.依血压变化将其分为高原高血压(Ⅰ～Ⅲ级)组78人(进一步分为收缩期高原高血压组与舒张期高原高血压组),高原正常血压组49人,采取肘静脉血,采用敏感硫电极法测定其H2S浓度,Griess法测定血清NO含量.结果高原高血压组、收缩期高原高血压组、舒张期高原高血压组的血清H2S与NO平均含量均显著增加,分别比正常血压组高34.5%, 36.9%, 31.7%(均P<0.001)与28.4%, 33.1%, 39.7%, (均P<0.05),尤以H2S更为突出;随着血压分级程度的升高H2S与NO血清含量相应增高,也以H2S更显著(R2=0.918);H2S与NO、舒张压间均有密切正相关关系及良好的拟和优度、与氧饱和度呈显著的负相关与拟和优度(R2=0.374,P=0.001).结论 H2S与NO的代谢失常可能参与了高原高血压发病过程.     

正常高值血压人群血浆硫化氢水平与其高血压发生的关系

目的 研究正常高值血压人群血浆硫化氢（H2S）水平与其高血压发生的相关性。方法：回顾性分析1056例参加健康查体的正常高值血压者,去蛋白法检测血浆HS2含量;随访24个月后,按是否进展为高血压分为高血压组（226例）和无高血压组（830例）,比较两组间血浆H2S水平差异;四分位法分析HzS含量与高血压发生率的关系;Logistic回归分析法研究H2S水平是否为高血压发生的危险因素。结果：高血压组血浆H2S含量明显低于无高血压组[（32．54±3．61）umol／L比（50．62±3．84）umol／L,P〈0．01];随H2S含量逐渐降低（〈60．72umol／L,〈51．84umol／L,〈42．97umol／L,〈34．09umol／L）,高血压发生率逐渐升高（13．3％,15．0％,27．8％,35．8％,P〈0．01）;Logistic回归分析显示血浆H2S含量是导致高血压发生的危险因素（OR=2．821,P〈0．001）。结论：血浆硫化氢含量降低,可能是促进正常高值血压者向高血压进展的危险因素。     

老年单纯收缩期高血压患者心率变异性分析

目的 探讨老年单纯收缩期高血压（EISH）患者心率变异性（HRV）时域指标变化，了解血压参数与HRV时域指标关系。方法 对32例老年单纯收缩期高血压患者，30例老年舒张期高血压患者，28例老年收缩、舒张双期高血压患者和30例健康老年人行24h动态心电图，检查、了解其24hHRV的时域指标。并对EISH患者的血压参数和HRV时域指标进行相关分析。结果 ①EISH患者与老年健康对照组比较SDNN、RMSSD、PNN50显著降低（P〈0．01，P〈0．01，P〈0．05）。②EISH患者与舒张期高血压组比较SDNN、RMSSD、PNN50显著降低（P〈0．01，P〈0．05，P〈0．01）。③EISH组患者收缩压与SDNN、PNN50、SDANN呈负相关（r=-0．865，P〈0．01；r=-0．923，P〈0．01；r=-0．878，P〈0．01）。平均动脉压（MAP-）与SDNN、PNN50、SDANN呈负相关（r=-0．461，P〈0．01；r=-0．481，P〈0．01；r=-0．458，P〈0．01）。结论 收缩期高血压患者较舒张期高血压患者自主神经功能损害更加明显。     

高血压脂代谢异常与高胰岛素血症的关系

对35例原发性高血压患者的血糖（BG）、血清胰岛素S）、C-肽（CP）和血脂测定结果与12例正常血压者进行比较分析。高血压组与正常血压组血糖均在正常范围。血清IS以高血压组明显增高（P＜0．01）。胰岛素释放指数亦以高血压组为高（P＜0．05）。高血压组HDL／LDL、ApoA／ApoB均明显低于正常血压组（P＜0．01）；前者血清IS水平与ApoA／ApoB比值呈显著负相关（r=-0．409，P＜0．01），血清胰岛素释放指数（IS／BG）与ApoA／ApoB比值也呈明显负相关（r=－0.298．P＜0．05）。     

高血压与主动脉夹层的关系

目的 探讨主动脉夹层的发生与高血压的关系。方法 应用多平面经食管超声心动图技术，测定19例有高血压病史主动脉夹层患者和42例单纯高血压患者的胸主动脉结构与功能的改变，并与41例正常人进行对比。结果 与对照组比较。高血压组和主动脉夹层组患者胸主动脉的舒张期和收缩期内径、内膜-中膜厚度及僵硬度均明显增大（P〈0．05—0．001），顺应性显著降低（P〈0．01—0.001），并且随着高血压分级的增加上述变化加重（P〈0．05—0．001）。与单纯性高血压组比较。主动脉夹层组患者胸主动脉舒张期和收缩期内径扩大更为明显（P〈0．01）。内膜-中膜厚度和僵硬度有增大的趋势（P〉0．015）。顺应性亦有降低趋势（P〉0．015）。结论 胸主动脉结构与功能的改变是主动脉夹层发生发展的病理基础，而高血压则是发生上述病理改变的始动因素。     

平均动脉压水平与血清脂联素浓度相关性研究

目的探讨不同平均动脉压水平与血清脂联素浓度的相关性。方法入选187例受试者,按不同血压水平以及治疗情况分为正常血压组、正常高值血压组、高血压未治疗组以及高血压正规药物治疗组。用放射免疫法检测血清脂联素浓度与尿微量白蛋白含量;计算胰岛素抵抗指数HOMA—IR和尿微量白蛋白与肌酐比（ACR）。结果（1）比较正常血压组和正常高值血压组发现,两组间平均动脉血压水平[（89±6）mmHg比（102±7）mmHg,1mmHg=0.133kPa]和脂联素浓度（中位数值：15．58μg／ml比9．06μg/ml）均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;高血压治疗组的脂联素浓度明显高于未治疗组（11．89μg/ml比5．37μg/ml,P〈0．01）。（2）Pearson相关分析也发现脂联素浓度与平均动脉血压呈负相关（r=-0.479,P〈0．001）;按性别分层分析也得到类似的结果（r=-0．441,P〈0．001）。（3）多元线性逐步回归分析发现平均动脉血压和胰岛素抵抗指数是血清脂联素的独立影响因素,两者解释了57％的血清脂联素浓度的变异。结论平均动脉血压对脂联素浓度的影响独立于胰岛素抵抗状态和肾脏排泄功能;平均动脉血压水平高的患者,其血清脂联素浓度相对偏低。     

“血管内皮细胞功能障碍性疾病”的血清NO等改变

目的 对以血管内皮细胞功能障碍为共同特点的糖尿病、脑梗塞、冠心病及高血压等患,探讨其血清一氧化氮（NO）与血流变等改变。方法 对上述患清晨空腹抽血油血清NO,丙二醛（MDA）及血流变学,并与正常对照组比较。结果 与正常对照组比,上述4组患血清NO明显减低（P＜0．001）,而MDA明显增高（P＜0．002－0．001）,还伴一些血流变参数增高及红细胞变形指数减低（P＜0．05－0．001）。血清NO低于79．4μmol/L（正常对照组均值减1个标准差）则为糖尿病93．75％,脑梗塞88．23％,冠心病82．14％,高血压88．37％。结论 将糖尿病、脑梗塞、冠心病、高血压列为“血管内皮细胞功能障碍性疾病”是合理的,上述疾病的共同特点之一为血清NO减低,并伴MDA及血粘度 增高。     

一氧化氮和内皮素在高血压左室肥厚形成中的作用

目的 探讨一氧化氮（NO）和内皮素（ET）在高血压左室肥厚（LVH）形成中的作用。方法 采用放射免疫分析法（RIA）和硝酸还原酶法检测30例单纯原发性高血压（EH，观察Ⅰ组）、30名健康体检者（对照组）及20例EH伴LVH（观察Ⅱ组）患者降压治疗前后血清ET、NO水平。并对结果进行相关分析。结果 观察Ⅰ组血清ET明显高于对照组、NO明显低于对照组（P均〈0．01）；观察Ⅱ组血清ET明显高于观察Ⅰ组、NO明显低于观察Ⅰ组（P均〈0．01），且ET与NO水平呈负相关（r=0．586，P〈0．01）；左心室重量指数（LVMI）与ET呈正相关（r=0．427，P〈0．05）、与NO呈负相关（r=0．653，P〈0．01）。观察Ⅱ组治疗后，血清ET水平明显低于治疗前、NO水平明显高于治疗前（p均〈0．01）。结论 ET和NO两者失衡可能参与了EH及LVH形成的病理生理过程。     

高血压病人急性心肌梗死后心力衰竭与左室重建的特点

在溶栓时代，已经证明高血压对急性心肌梗死（AMI）后心力衰竭发展有不利影响（Hypertension，2006，47：706）。该文研究953名AMI病人，其中324例高血压，经皮冠脉干预治疗后5年随访结果。入院，AMI后1月、6月分别做超声心动图。研究发现6月时，尽管高血压病人与正常血压的人左室局部与整体功能改善，冠脉再通率相似，但正常血压组LVEDV增加[（122&#177;36）增到（131&#177;47）mL，P〈0．001]，高血压组LVEDV无变化[（127&#177;41）到（128&#177;31）mL，P=0．7683。6月时，两组左室重建发生率相似（22％VS28％，P=0．210）。5年后高血压组心力衰竭住院率（7％VS3％，P=0．014），NYHA心力衰竭≥2级者（53％VS40％，P〈0．001）比较高。高血压是心力衰竭的预警指标（危险比2．23，P=0．015）。结语：急性心肌梗死发病前有高血压的病人，即使冠脉再通成功，以后发生心衰的危险也较高。心衰发生率较高的原因与心肌梗死后心室重构无关。     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.