北京市顺义区6～9岁小学生膳食营养摄入分析

目的了解小学生膳食摄入营养状况,为改善小学生的膳食营养状况提供科学依据。方法随机选取北京市顺义区一所小学,整群抽取所有6～9岁小学生302人,填写3天膳食摄入问卷进行回顾性膳食调查。结果小学生膳食每日平均能量摄入量为1252.6kcal,蛋白质的每日平均摄入量为44.4g;钙、磷、铁和锌的每日平均摄入量分别为280g、680g、12.3g和6.6g;钙、磷比例为0.4∶1;维生素A、维生素C、维生素E、叶酸、烟酸、硫胺素和核黄素的每日平均摄入量分别为259.2μg、41.5mg、8.6mg、85.7μg、8.2mg、0.4mg和0.6mg;除了铁摄入量达到中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(12g)外,能量和上述其他营养素均低于我国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量。结论顺义区6～9岁小学生能量和蛋白质摄入不足,而三大供能营养素的比例较为合理。     

乳母膳食与乳汁中矿物质含量研究

目的探讨膳食矿物质摄入水平及对乳汁矿物质含量的影响。方法选择婴儿月龄在30天~50天母乳喂养的健康乳母为调查对象,共56人,年龄23~35岁。于产后30天由专人进行入户调查。采用24小时回顾法,记录调查对象每餐摄入食物的种类和数量,并同时采集乳汁,用火焰原子吸收光度法测其钙、铁、锌、镁、铜、锰的含量。结果济南市乳母膳食中禽蛋摄入较高149g,豆类较低14g。与营养素推荐摄入量(RNI)比较,膳食能量摄入偏低(77.5%)。膳食矿物质铜、铁、锰、镁的摄入量均达到RNI的90%,钙摄入量较低,仅为RNI的62.5%。乳汁中钙、铁、锰、镁、铜、锌含量分别为0.39g/L、1.35mg/L、17.5μg/L、36mg/L、0.33mg/L、2.18mg/L。膳食矿物质摄入量与乳汁中矿物质含量的相关性分析结果显示,膳食钙、锌、锰的摄入量与乳汁中含量显著相关(P<0.01)。结论济南市乳母膳食组成中禽蛋摄入较高,豆类摄入偏低,膳食钙、维生素B1摄入不足。     

东莞市孕中期妇女膳食营养状况与妊娠结局的追踪研究

目的以东莞市孕中期妇女为对象,研究其膳食营养状况与妊娠结局之关联。方法采用连续3天24小时膳食回顾法,对2014年纳入东莞市某医院队列研究的孕中期妇女膳食进行调查,与膳食营养素参考摄入量和膳食指南推荐食物摄入量进行比较,并分析比较不同妊娠结局孕妇营养状况是否存在差异。结果共纳入890名孕中期妇女,年龄(26.21±3.15)岁,孕前BMI 19.83±2.45。日均能量摄入为2042 kcal,蛋白质摄入量74.0 g,碳水化合物和脂肪供能比分别为55.20%和30.63%,基本符合推荐摄入量;而膳食纤维、钙、视黄醇当量、维生素B1和维生素B2摄入量分别为12.0 g/d、558.7 g/d,236.7μgRE/d、1.0 mg/d、1.1 mg/d,均低于推荐摄入量;磷、锌和铜日均摄入量分别为1114.8 mg、12.5 mg和2.2 mg,超过推荐摄入量。蔬菜和水果日均摄入量分别为302.3 g和412.3 g,蔬菜在推荐摄入量的下限,水果比推荐摄入上限略高;鱼禽蛋肉日均摄入量合计为254.7 g/d,达到推荐摄入量;而奶及奶制品日均摄入量仅为156.6 g,低于推荐摄入量。贫血组孕妇蛋白质、脂肪、维生素B_1、维生素B_2和钙摄入量低于非贫血组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);新生儿不同出生体重、妊高症与非妊高症组间营养素摄入量比较未发现显著差异。结论东莞市孕中期妇女大部分营养素和食物的摄入量达到了推荐摄入量,但维生素B_1、维生素B_2、膳食纤维、钙、铁和视黄醇当量、蔬菜、奶制品等仍存在摄入不足,贫血孕妇有不同程度蛋白质、脂肪、维生素B_1、维生素B_2和钙的摄入量不足。     

上海市素食人群膳食结构与营养摄入情况调查

目的了解素食者的膳食结构和膳食营养状况。方法于上海市市中心10家素餐馆中招募到203名素食者及同性别同年龄普通膳食者,采用24 h膳食回顾法和半定量食物频率法进行膳食调查,分析素食者膳食构成及营养素摄入情况。结果素食者能量摄入仅为(1260.92±562.06)kcal/d,但是供能比合理(脂肪供能比为28%,蛋白质为13%)。胆固醇每日平均摄入85.69 mg;总脂肪酸摄入量及饱和脂肪酸所占比例较低,分别为(25.60±15.56)g与27.65%。除不食用肉食外,素食者杂粮、薯类、蔬菜和水果摄入量均符合膳食宝塔的推荐量,豆类和坚果摄入更多。但素食者维生素和矿物质普遍不足,如维生素B_(12)、维生素A、钙、锌摄入量分别为(0.15±0.54)μg/d、(543.51±487.19)mg/d、(462.15±314.19)mg/d、(6.41±3.26)mg/d,其他如维生素B_1、维生素B_2、维生素B_6、叶酸以及镁、硒、锰摄入量也明显低于推荐量。结论素食者能量供能比合理,植物性食物摄入量基本符合膳食宝塔推荐值,脂肪、胆固醇摄入量较低,但素食者总能量及各类维生素矿物质摄入偏低。     

上海市高中生能量和主要营养素摄入情况

了解上海市高中生的能量和主要营养素摄入情况,为制定针对性的营养干预措施和健康教育提供依据.方法 采用PPS抽样调查方法抽取上海市19所高中,每所高中从各年级随机抽取1个班级,每班随机抽取18名学生,男、女生各半,共对900名高中生的能量和主要营养素摄入情况进行调查.结果 高中生能量摄入中位数为2 353kcal/d(1 kcal=4.18 kJ),蛋白质为97.3 g/d,脂肪为95.4 g/d,碳水化合物为265.4 g/d,钙为602.1 mg/d,钠为4 373 mg/d,铁为24.3 mg/d,维生素A为495.6 μgRE/d,维生素B1为1.08 mg/d,维生素B2为1.21 mg/d,维生素C为83.2 mg/d,膳食纤维为1.01 g/d.男生和女生的能量、钙、维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2和膳食纤维的日均摄入量低于参考标准(P值均<0.05).除碳水化合物和铁外,上海市远郊地区高中生能量和主要营养素的日均摄入量均小于城郊结合地区或城市中心地区(P值均<0.05).蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物的供能比分别为16.9%,37.2%,46.0%.结论 上海市高中生能量和产能营养素的摄入基本能满足日常需求,膳食纤维及部分矿物质和维生素存在不同程度的缺乏,三大营养素供能比不合理.     

食物频率问卷法评估人群能量和营养素摄入量的准确性验证

目的:食物频率问卷法(FFQ)问卷评估人群膳食能量和营养素摄入量的准确性进行验证。方法:使用3d称重法(WFR)和FFQ收集北京市130名35～49岁健康成人食物摄入资料,计算出其能量和营养素的摄入量并加以比较。结果:由食物WFR计算到的研究对象能量摄入为9.6MJ/d,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化物摄入分别为82.1、87.5和269.7g/d。由FFQ得到的能量摄入量为9.7MJ/d,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化物摄入量分别为88.3g/d、113.9g/d和248.8g/d,两种方法调查的膳食能量、蛋白质及其供能比无显著性差异,FFQ显著高估膳食脂肪摄入量(高估27.2%),碳水化物摄入量则被低估(低估10.8%)。FFQ得到的膳食维生素和矿物质的摄入量普遍高于WFR,但低估维生素E、铁和硒的摄入量。由FFQ得到的能量和营养素摄入,除维生素C、胡萝卜素和视黄醇当量外,均与WFR显著正相关,相关系数在0.22~0.51之间,但在调整年龄、性别和膳食能量摄入量的影响后,FFQ对膳食脂肪、维生素B1、钠和磷摄入量的估计与WFR相关的显著性消失。结论:FFQ可以用于评估膳食能量、蛋白质、碳水化物、维生素A、维生素B2、尼克酸、钾、钙、锌和硒的摄入量,但FFQ不适于评估膳食脂肪、视黄醇当量、胡萝卜素、维生素B1、维生素C、维生素E、钠、铁和磷的摄入量。     

食物中铅及营养素摄入对儿童血铅的影响

目的:探讨食物中铅摄入及营养素摄入对儿童血铅的影响.方法:随机选择263名儿童进行血铅测定和膳食调查,并用原子吸收分光光度法测定食物中的铅含量,了解儿童铅及营养素的摄入量.根据血铅值分为高血铅组(≥100μg/L)及低血铅组(＜100μg/L),对比两组食物中铅及营养素摄入量,采用Logistic回归分析各营养素摄入与血铅的相关性.结果:263名儿童血铅平均值为(80.84±42.79)μg/L,其中血铅值≥100μg/L的儿童有55名(20.91%).食物中铅摄入量范围为3.99～43.9μg/(kg·d),均高于暂定每周摄入量(PTWI),高血铅组儿童铅摄入量较高,但总能量、糖类、纤维素、视黄醇、维生素B1、维生素B2、镁、磷等摄入量相应较低.Logistic回归分析显示,糖类、视黄醇是降低儿童血铅的因素.结论:机体血铅增高可能与铅摄入量较多,总能量、纤维素、维生素B1、B2、镁、磷,尤其是糖类、视黄醇摄入量相应较低有关.     

2011年商丘市48例农村艾滋病病毒感染者/艾滋病病人膳食调查

[目的]了解商丘市艾滋病病毒(HIV)感染者/艾滋病(AIDS)病人的营养素摄入情况,为制定相关干预措施提供依据。[方法]2011年10月,选择柘城县3个艾滋病疫情高发村的48例HIV感染者/AIDS病人,采用3d24h膳食回顾法调查食物摄入情况。[结果]调查HIV感染者/AIDS病人48例,各种营养素平均摄入量除维生素E和铁外均存在不足,能量和蛋白质摄入量分别为1 666.70±20.00Kcal和49.70±5.11g,占推荐摄入量(RNI)的74.10%和71.00%;维生素中,维生素A、维生素C、硫胺素和核黄素的摄入量较低,占RNI的49.60%～86.50%;矿物质中,硒和锌的摄入量不足,分别为45.81±5.04μg和6.94±0.16mg,占RNI的91.67%和52.40%。[结论]HIV感染者/AIDS病人能量和营养素摄入低,应采取措施改善他们的食物摄入情况。     

重庆市主城区产褥期女性膳食营养及体成分状况

目的了解重庆市女性产褥期的膳食营养状况,提出合理建议,改善母婴健康。方法对1 048例重庆市产褥期女性进行24 h膳食回顾调查,询问其各类食物的摄入量,计算总能量、三大产能营养素、各餐次能量的摄入情况,计算矿物质和维生素的每日平均摄入量。用体成分分析仪测量体质量、体脂百分比、腰臀比等。结果重庆市产褥期女性总能量、碳水化合物摄入量不足,蛋白质、脂肪摄入量超标。能量、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物平均值分别为1 939. 35 kcal/d、87. 53 g/d、98. 14 g/d、181. 01 g/d。早餐和加餐摄入能量较低,但晚餐能量明显超标。肉类和蛋类摄入较多,而蔬菜、水果、鱼虾类、奶类、大豆类食物严重不足。维生素和矿物质有不同程度的缺乏,其中维生素C、叶酸、钙、膳食纤维的摄入量远远低于RNI。产后42 d产妇的平均体质量为58. 06 kg,体质量正常者仅占59. 16%,体脂百分比和腰臀比达标者不到一半。结论重庆市产褥期女性存在膳食结构不合理、体质量和体脂百分比偏高的现象,应开展个性化的营养宣教和指导,以改善营养状况。     

长春市251例乳母膳食营养的分析评价

目的:了解长春市乳母膳食特点,评价乳母膳食是否符合营养学要求。方法:运用3天24 h膳食回顾法对251名产后20~22天的健康乳母进行膳食调查,应用金钥匙营养专家系统软件计算宏量营养素、部分矿物质、维生素及5种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的每日平均摄入量,与中国居民膳食推荐摄入量比较。结果:蛋白质和脂肪摄入量较高,分别为推荐值的150.20%和131.29%;碳水化合物摄入略低,占推荐值的86.72%;优质蛋白质占64.24%。矿物质中铁、硒、铜、磷摄入量较高,分别占推荐值的131.20%、145.78%、138.21%和217.70%;钙、钠、锌较低,分别占推荐值的80.15%、58.01%和75.32%。维生素中Vit B3和VitE摄入较高,分别占推荐摄入量的149.28%和215.05%;而Vit B1、Vit C和叶酸摄入较低,分别占推荐摄入量的77.73%、64.36%和46.95%,其他营养素摄入量较合理。膳食中n-6/n-3 PUFA比值适当。结论:应适当减少脂肪、蛋白质摄入,考虑通过乳制品增加钙摄入,选择含钠、锌及Vit B1、Vit C和叶酸丰富的食物增加其摄入。     

Dietary intake of seven B vitamins based on a total diet study in Japan

The present study estimated the dietary intake of seven B vitamins using a total diet study (TDS) in Japan. The daily intake of vitamins estimated by TDS was calculated based on the mean contents of vitamins in 18 food groups, and the amount of food intake in the Nation Health and Nutrition Survey in Japan, 2006. The estimated daily intake of these vitamins for all ages was 22.8 mg NE/d for niacin, 7.4 μg/d for vitamin B(12), 146 μg/d for folic acid, 4.52 mg/d for pantothenic acid, 1.06 mg/d for riboflavin, and 1.44 mg/d for pyridoxine. The estimated daily intake of the vitamins of niacin, vitamin B(12) and pyridoxine exceeded the dietary reference values for adults aged 18-29 y. The estimated daily intake of these vitamins by TDS was higher than the daily intake reported in the National Health and Nutrition Survey in Japan, 2006. There was a strongly positive correlation between the intake levels estimated by TDS and those reported in the National Health and Nutrition Survey. This suggests that TDS is an effective dietary survey for estimating the dietary intake of water-soluble vitamins. Therefore, when being determined by TDS, the estimated daily intake of biotin was 51.0 μg/d for all ages.     

Vitamin profile of some standardized nigerian composite dishes

The purpose of the study was to determine the vitamin content of twenty standardized dishes commonly consumed in Nigeria. Representative samples of twenty Nigerian dishes were analyzed for fat-soluble (vitamins A, D, E, and K) and water-soluble (vitamin C and B- complexes) vitamins. The foods analyzed included those based on cereals, starchy tubers and roots, legumes, and vegetables. The analysis was carried out using spectrophotometry. The results revealed the following concentrations (mg/100 g): vitamin C , undetectable to 2.692 mg/100 g; thiamine, 0.011-1.094 mg/100 g; riboflavin, 0.011-0.816 mg/100 g; pyridoxine, undetectable to 0.412 mg/100 g; niacin, 0.070-0.967 mg/100 g; pantothenic acid, 0.060-1.193 mg/100 g; biotin, undetectable to 2.092 mg/100 g; B12, 0.045-2.424 μg/100 g; folate, 7.822-101.764 μg/100 g; total vitamin A, undetectable to 121.444 μg RE/100 g; vitamin D, undetectable to 2.445 IU/100 g; vitamin E, undetectable to 2.627 IU/100 g; and vitamin K, 0.266-13.091 μg/100 g. The results suggest that these dishes are good sources of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins and will provide baseline data that will be valuable in complementing available food composition data, and in estimating dietary intake of vitamins in Nigeria.     

Nutritional intakes in community-dwelling older Japanese adults: high intakes of energy and protein based on high consumption of fish, vegetables and fruits provide sufficient micronutrients

The purpose of this study was to obtain detailed data on the dietary intake of energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients, especially minerals and vitamins, of healthy free-living people over the age of 70 in Japan and to clarify the correlations among nutrient intakes. The survey was conducted in November 2001 for 57 persons (men: 31, women: 26) aged 74 y (born in 1927) living in Niigata City, Japan. A precise weighing method was used to record food intake for three consecutive days. Nutrient intake was calculated based on the Standard Tables of Food Composition in Japan (5th ed.). The intakes of energy and total protein were 44.8+/-7.7 kcal/kg/d and 1.80+/-0.35 g/kg/d for men and 38.1+/-7.6 kcal/ kg/d and 1.51+/-0.26 g/kg/d for women. These values are significantly higher than those proposed by the current Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and the data by the 2001 National Nutrition Survey in Japan. The energy intake ratios from protein, carbohydrate and fat for men were 16 : 58 : 22, respectively, and the residual part was alcohol. For women, the ratios were 16 : 62 : 22. The proportion of total protein intake that consisted of animal protein was 57.8% for men and 52.8% for women. For both sexes, all of the mean daily intakes of nine minerals and 12 vitamins were higher than those prescribed for elderly Japanese people (> or =70 y) in the RDAs. Significant strong correlations were found between total protein intake and intakes of vitamins D, B2 and B6, as well as niacin and pantothenic acid (p<0.0001). Among the nine minerals, the correlations were very strong between potassium and magnesium, calcium and phosphorus, magnesium and iron, magnesium and copper, iron and copper, and zinc and copper (r's>0.700). For vitamins, strong correlations were found between vitamin A and folic acid, vitamin B2 and pantothenic acid, and folic acid and pantothenic acid. Furthermore, strong relationships were observed between potassium and folic acid, potassium and pantothenic acid, potassium and dietary fiber, phosphorus and vitamin B2, phosphorus and pantothenic acid, iron and folic acid, zinc and vitamin B12, and copper and vitamin B12. From these results, it is evident that age is not an important determinant of dietary intake among apparently healthy elderly Japanese people aged 74 y. In addition, the high intake of energy and protein in the Japanese dietary pattern, based upon high consumption of fish and/or shellfish, vegetables, and fruits, provide sufficient minerals and vitamins.     

Vitamin requirements of very low birth weight infants: a review

This review of the nutritional needs of very low birth weight infants (VLBW) concluded that vitamin supplementation was indicated for vitamins A, D, C, and folic acid. With breast feeding or other circumstances, there may be marginal needs for vitamin E, K, B1, B2, and B6. Supplementation of VLBW depends upon the gestation age, which is related to the placental transfer and body stores at birth, and vitamin content of breast milk or formula (feeds), and volume and micronutrient composition of feeds. The infant's vitamin stores at birth are dependent on the nutritional status of the mother, particularly lipid soluble vitamins, which have been found to be higher in fetal cord blood than in maternal blood. The exception is B6, which crosses the placental barrier with difficulty. Preterm infants and infants of undernourished mothers usually have reduced levels of water soluble vitamins at birth. There is some variability in nutrients of feeds. Breast milk, for instance, has lower levels of vitamins D and K than recommended levels. Needs will also very with the presence of particular nutrients. For example, B6 requirements will vary with protein intake. Vitamin E requirements will depend on the amount of linoleic acid or polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet. Tryptophan in the presence of B6 allows the synthesis of niacin. Volume of feeding affects nutritional needs. The recommended daily allowance (RDA) of specific nutrients for an infant up to 6 month of age and weighing 3-8 kg requires consumption of 500-1000 ml of breast milk or formula per day. A full term infant can receive sufficient nutrients with 450-750 ml, but below 400 would result in a deficit of vitamins. Unfortunately, the volume of feeds for VLBWs is too low in the first two weeks of life or until the body weight of 2000 g is reached; thus supplementation was recommended. Late anemia due to vitamin E deficiency may be prevented when the alpha tocopherol per gram of polyunsaturated fatty acids ratio is equal to or higher than the recommended levels. When intake of vitamin K at birth is insufficient, deficiencies may appear later; the recommendation was .2 to 1.0 mg at birth as a preventive regimen. Vitamin D was also recommended for both breast and formula fed infants. Pyridoxine/ g protein intake, folic acid, and vitamin C should be provided VLBW infants as indicated.     

Intake of nutrients associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in a Spanish population

The daily intake of nutrients associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease was assessed in Spain to provide current data on adequance to the Spanish nutritional objectives and recommendations. The energy and nutrient distribution throughout the day was also determined. Nutrient intake data of 100 people (24 males and 76 females) aged 20-40 years living in Ponferrada (León, northwest Spain) were calculated from seven non-consecutive daily dietary records using Spanish food composition tables. The survey was carried out in the autumn of 2001. The average energy (E) intake was 2906.67 kcal (12.16 MJ)/day among men and 2106.95 kcal (8.82 MJ)/day among women, with total fat accounting for 39.21 E% (men) and 38.96 E% (women). Average saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were 13.03, 15.51 and 6.22 E% (men), and 12.20, 15.58 and 7.10 E% (women). The SFA:MUFA:PUFA ratios were 2.1:2.5:1.0 (men) and 1.7:2.2:1.0 (women), with adequate essential fatty acids (FA) amounts. PUFA n-3 FA daily intake (2.46 g and 1.68 g for men and women, respectively) was adjusted to the recommended levels, with a n-6/n-3 ratio of 7.14 (men) and 8.33 (women). Low trans-FA levels were reported both among male (3.10 g/day) and female (2.21 g/day) populations. High daily cholesterol intakes were found (440.87 mg for men and 359.14 mg for women). Average daily intakes of dietary fibre, alcohol, vitamin A, vitamin C and vitamin E, selenium and sodium were 20.14 and 15.68 g, 7.00 and 4.11 g, 736.00 and 739.28 retinol equivalents, 103.45 and 95.24 mg, 8.73 and 7.84 mg, 83.26 and 45.93 micrograms, and 3777.21 and 2488.12 mg for men and women, respectively. The vitamin E (mg):PUFA (g) ratios were 0.44 (male) and 0.46 (female). Dinner (10.00 p.m. approximately) showed the highest densities (g/1000 kcal) of fat and cholesterol, while breakfast had the highest densities of SFA and trans-FA, both in men and women. Our results advise a decrease in total fat, SFA, n-6 FA, cholesterol and sodium amounts. In contrast, energy intake and consumption of dietetic fibre, vitamins A and E (both sexes) and selenium (women) should be increased in the study population.     

天津城乡居民膳食微量营养素摄入及与高血压关系的研究

目的 分析天津城乡居民膳食微量营养素摄入状况及与高血压的关系,为提出人群营养改善预防高血压策略提供信息及依据。方法 利用2010-2012年中国居民营养与健康状况监测数据,采用连续3d 24 h回顾及调味品称重的膳食调查方法。结果 天津居民每标准人日维生素A、C、E、B₁、B₂、尼克酸、钙、钠、钾、碘、铁、锌摄入分别为313.79 μg、85.05 mg、27.91 mg、0.81 mg、0.86 mg、13.24 mg、410.85 mg、6 613.17 mg、1 735.10 mg、282.83 μg、22.21 mg、10.37 mg;膳食维生素A、B₁、B₂、钙低于推荐值,钠明显超标;除了钠、总碘农村偏高,其他微量营养素农村均最低;高血压患者膳食钾、钙、镁、铜、硒、维生素A、C、硫胺素、核黄素与血压呈负相关（均有P< 0.05）,钠、碘与血压呈正相关（均有P< 0.05）;高血压组钠、碘明显高于正常血压组和推荐值;其他微量营养素低于正常血压组（均有P<0.05）。结论 天津居民维生素A、B₁、B₂、钙摄入不足是膳食中的主要问题;钠摄入明显过多;农村居民微量营养素缺乏更严重;多种微量营养素摄入与高血压相关,急需膳食干预高血压的营养改善措施。     

2007年河北省居民膳食营养摄入状况调查研究

目的了解河北省调查点人群膳食结构,掌握人群膳食营养摄入状况,为有针对性地开展营养干预措施、改善膳食结构提供科学依据。方法以称重法和三日记账法对随机选取的90户居民400人进行膳食营养摄入调查。依据《中国居民膳食指南》、《中国居民营养与健康状况调查报告之十2002年营养与健康状况数据集》进行评价。结果居民平均每天摄入谷类食品376.34g、薯类44.28g、豆类12.35g、鱼虾27.68g、肉类43.07g、蛋类39.04g、奶类26.84g、蔬菜366.81g、水果359.96g、油脂42.44g、食盐10.95g、水及饮料793.50g。居民平均每天摄入能量9 095.68KJ、蛋白质63.4g、脂肪71.7g、碳水化合物342g、膳食纤维13g、胆固醇259g、维生素A350ugRE、硫胺素1.1mg、核黄素0.8mg、尼克酸99.29mg、维生素C88mg、膳食钙365mg、钠5 679mg、锌10.1mg、硒41.6ug、铁23.6 mg。结论调查点居民平均豆类、奶类及其制品、鱼虾水产品类食品明显摄入不足,远远低于推荐量标准;能量、蛋白质、维生素A、维生素C、膳食钙、锌等营养素摄入量低于2002年全国调查水平,低于推荐量标准;脂肪、钠摄入量高于推荐量标准2.5倍以上。调查结果显示居民膳食结构不合理,营养素摄入不平衡。有计划地开展人群膳食营养指导十分必要。     

Deficient dietary intake of vitamin E in patients with taste and smell dysfunctions: is vitamin E a cofactor in taste bud and olfactory epithelium apoptosis and in stem cell maturation and development?

OBJECTIVES: We reviewed dietary intake of several nutrients in a large group of patients with taste and smell dysfunction, compared intake of these nutrients with standard values, and recognized that intake of vitamin E was significantly less than that of most other nutrients. Based on this observation we attempted to develop an hypothesis of the possible role vitamin E might play in these sensory disorders. METHODS: Vitamin E intake was measured in 250 patients with taste and smell dysfunctions. RESULTS: Intake of the vitamin was 3.2 +/- 0.2 mg/d (mean +/- standard error of the mean), or 36 +/- 2% of the recommended daily allowance, an intake significantly below that considered adequate. This diminished intake occurred with normal intake of total calories; protein; fat; carbohydrate; several vitamins, including thiamin, niacin, and pyridoxine; and the trace metals zinc, copper, and iron. CONCLUSIONS: Although specific relations between vitamin E intake and smell and taste dysfunctions are unclear, the non-antioxidant roles of vitamin E indicate that it is a factor in apoptosis, cellular signaling, and growth of various cell lines, suggesting that this vitamin may play a role in growth and development of stem cells in taste buds and olfactory epithelium.     

广州市居民食物消费与营养素摄入状况

目的 描述广州市居民食物消费量及营养素摄入现状,为进行营养干预提供依据。方法 2011年6-9月,采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,抽取广州市7个行政区中2 976名≥3岁居民进行膳食调查。采用3 d、24 h膳食回顾法调查居民摄入的所有食物,采用称重法调查家庭调味品消费量。结果 广州市居民平均每标准人日摄入谷薯类食物261.3 g、蔬菜289.2 g、水果56 g、畜禽肉193.5 g、水产品60.5 g、奶及其制品75.6 g、蛋及其制品38.5 g、豆类及坚果20.3 g、食用油25.5 g、食盐5.1 g。广州市居民平均每标准人日摄入能量7 119.5 kJ,蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物提供的能量比分别为19.9%、31.9%、48.2%。尼克酸平均每标准人日摄入量充足,维生素A、硫铵素、核黄素、维生素C和维生素E平均摄入量均相对不足;磷、铁、锌、铜、锰平均每标准人日摄入量充足,钙、钾、钠、镁、硒摄入不足。结论 广州市居民膳食结构不合理,畜禽肉摄入量过高,蔬菜水果、豆类及奶类摄入不足,导致脂肪摄入过高,大部分维生素和部分矿物质摄入不足。应继续加强平衡膳食的宣传教育,改善居民的营养与健康状况。