霉菌性副鼻窦炎的CT表现

目的探讨霉茵性副鼻窦炎的CT特征和鉴别诊断。方法回顾分析18例经手术病理证实的霉菌性副鼻窦炎的CT表现。结果单侧副鼻窦发病14例,双侧副鼻窦发病4例,病变主要在上颌窦14例,累及同侧筛窦9例、蝶窦3例、额窦3例,病变侵犯后鼻孔4例。霉茵性副鼻窦炎的CT表现主要为：病变窦腔软组织阴影充填呈铸形改变,病灶内出现点状、条状钙化灶,窦腔骨壁增厚使窭腔缩小。结论霉菌性副鼻窦炎的CT表现具有窦腔缩小,窦腔密度不均增高及点状,条状钙化等特征,CT可作出正确诊断。     

鼻咽癌侵犯副鼻窦的CT表现分析

目的：分析鼻咽癌（NPC）侵犯副鼻突的CT特点。方法：回顾性分析254例经病理证实NPC,其中69例侵犯副鼻窦。CT轴位平扫鼻咽部及副鼻窦,层厚及层距为5mm。结论：254例NPC侵犯副鼻窦69例（27％）。侵犯蝶窦、筛窦、上颌窦124例次,其中蝶窦52例次,筛窦46例次,上颌窦26例次,额窦未见。侵犯蝶窦有2个途径,侵犯筛窦有3个途径,侵犯上颌窦有4个途径。CT表现为窦腔内软组织肿块影并窦壁骨质破坏。结论：CT可明确NPC侵犯副鼻窦的表现、范围及途径,对指导治疗及分期有重要意义。     

侵袭型霉菌性鼻窦炎的CT诊断与临床

目的 探讨侵袭性霉菌性鼻窦炎CT表现及诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析32例经手术病理证实的侵袭型霉菌性鼻窦炎CT及临床表现，提出诊断和鉴别诊断要点。结果 侵袭型霉菌性鼻窦炎主要CT表现有：病变多为单侧性，对侧鼻窦正常；病变多位于上颌窦或以上颌窦为主，可累及其他鼻窦；病变窦腔密度增高，不均匀，内有小团状，砂粒状、条状高密度钙化影；有鼻窦壁骨质破坏。结论 CT检查是诊断侵袭型霉菌性鼻窦炎有价值的方法.     

真菌性鼻窦炎19例诊治体会

目的:通过回顾分析19例真菌性鼻窦炎的临床资料,以提高该病的诊断和治疗水平。方法;对收治的19例真菌性鼻窦炎患者作鼻窦CT检查和鼻内镜检查,并行相应手术治疗。结果:所有病例均为单侧鼻窦发病,其中病变单纯累及上颌窦者12例、单纯累及筛窦者2例、单纯累及蝶窦者1例,有3例同时累及上颌窦和筛窦,有1例同时累及上颌窦、筛窦和蝶窦。有15例(78.9%)窦腔软组织团块影中可见斑点状钙化灶,5例窦腔有不同程度的骨质吸收和破坏。术后随访2年,有3例复发。结论:真菌性鼻窦炎好发于上颌窦,多为单侧鼻窦发病,CT具有较高的诊断价值,手术具有较好的治疗效果。     

鼻窦真菌球CT和MRI诊断

目的探讨鼻窦真菌球的CT和MRI表现及诊断价值.方法回顾性分析经手术、组织病理学证实的68例鼻窦真菌球的影像学资料.结果发病部位:单个鼻窦发病60例(88.2 %),其中上颌窦最常见,占41例(60.3%),依次为蝶窦12例(17.6%),筛窦6例(8.8%),额窦1例(1.5%);CT表现:受累鼻窦腔内充以软组织影,其中64例(94.1%)中央见点状、不规则细条状或云絮状高密度影,融合成团块状,代表菌丝,窦壁骨质有不同程度增生肥厚,35例(76.1%)上颌窦内壁见骨质吸收破坏;MRI表现:病变T1WI呈等或稍高信号(与脑实质比较,以下相同),T2WI均呈极低信号,增强后均未见强化;病变周围黏膜明显增厚,T1WI多呈等信号,T2WI均表现高信号,有明显强化.结论 CT是目前诊断鼻窦真菌球最佳影像学检查方法,MRI能够显示真菌球范围和帮助鉴别诊断,可作为一种补充影像学检查方法.     

Nasal and paranasal sinus endoscopy. A diagnostic and surgical approach to recurrent sinusitis

Our endoscopic concept of the diagnosis and surgical treatment of recurrent sinusitis is based on Messerklinger's finding that almost all infections of the frontal and maxillary sinuses are rhinogenic. They are secondary to infection foci in their prechambers in the anterior ethmoid, especially in the ethmoidal infundibulum and the frontal recess, spreading from there to the dependent larger sinuses. Consequently, our functional endoscopic sinus surgery is aimed at these infection foci in the ethmoid, clearing mucosal contact areas, stenotic clefts and diseased cells. Ventilation and drainage of frontal and maxillary sinuses are re-established via their natural routes. There is no need for fenestration via the inferior meatus. Disease in the larger sinuses then usually heals without the mucosa having actually been touched. In our experience, this leaves hardly any indication for external or more radical procedures. The technique of endoscopic diagnosis and surgery are described in detail.     

Penetration of prulifloxacin into sinus mucosa of patients undergoing paranasal sinus elective endoscopic surgery

The aim of this study was to assess the concentration of ulifloxacin, the active metabolite of prulifloxacin, in sinuses mucosa and plasma of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis, requiring sinus elective endoscopic surgery. Thirty-nine patients (30 males, 9 females; age range 22-77 years) with chronic sinusitis were enrolled, 35 were treated with the investigational medication. Samples from four untreated patients were used to validate the analytical method, while four treated patients dropped out before surgery. One 600 mg prulifloxacin tablet once daily was administered for 5 days before surgery. The last dosing was scheduled from 2 to 12 hours from tissue and plasma sampling. In each patient, two samples of paranasal sinus mucosa (from ethmoid and turbinate, respectively) and one blood sample were collected. Concentrations of ulifloxacin in plasma and sinuses mucosa were measured using validated bioanalytical LC/MS/MS methods. Individual and mean ulifloxacin concentrations in tissues were always higher than the relevant plasma levels. The highest concentrations were observed between 2.5 and 4.5 hours after the last dosing in all districts. The mean tissue/plasma ratios were 2.5 and 3.0 for ethmoid and turbinate, respectively. Data expressed as Area Under the Curves (AUC±SD) showed that ulifloxacin concentrations in the ethmoid were slightly higher (18.68±6.48 μg/g*h) than in turbinate (15.00±2.89 μg/g*h), and definitely higher than in plasma (6.32±1.14 μg/ml*h). The AUC ratios between tissues and plasma were 3.0 for ethmoides and 2.4 for turbinates. One patient reported two treatment-related episodes of diarrhea, which spontaneously resolved after the drug suspension. Results from this study seem to suggest that prulifloxacin showed good distribution in sinus tissues, where it reaches concentrations significantly higher than in plasma. These findings strongly call for confirmatory clinical trials in patients with bacterial rhinosinusitis.     

Bacterial colonization or infection in chronic sinusitis

The aim of this study was the determination of bacteria present in maxillary and ethmoid cavities in patients with chronic sinusitis and to correlate these findings with bacteria simultaneously present in their nasopharynx. The purpose of this correlation was to establish the role of bacteria found in chronically inflamed sinuses and to evaluate if the bacteria present colonized or infected sinus mucosa. Nasopharyngeal and sinus swabs of 65 patients that underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery were cultivated and at the same time the presence of leukocytes were determined in each swab. The most frequently found bacteria in nasopharynx were Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus spp., Streptococcus viridans and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Maxillary or ethmoidal sinus swabs yielded bacterial growth in 47 (72.31%) patients. The most frequently found bacteria in sinuses were Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella spp. and Streptococci (pneumoniae, viridans and spp.). The insignificant number of leukocytes was present in each sinus and nasopharyngeal swab. Every published microbiology study of chronic sinusitis proved that sinus mucosa were colonized with bacteria and not infected, yet antibiotic therapy was discussed making no difference between infection and colonization. Chronic sinusitis should be considered a chronic inflammatory condition rather than bacterial infection, so routine antibiotic therapy should be avoided. Empiric antibiotic therapy should be prescribed only in cases when the acute exacerbation of chronic sinusitis occurs and the antibiotics prescribed should aim the usual bacteria causing acute sinusitis. In case of therapy failure, antibiotics should be changed having in mind that under certain circumstances any bacteria colonizing sinus mucosa can cause acute exacerbation of chronic sinusitis.     

筛窦解剖变异的多排螺旋CT研究

目的 评价多排螺旋CT三维重建技术在显示筛窦解剖方面的作用，同时探讨筛窦解剖变异及其临床意义。方法 应用GE Lightspeed Plus多排螺旋机对250例进行筛窦横断面HQ或HS模式扫描，然后经工作站作冠状面、矢状面等切面三维重建。结果 筛窦的冠状面、矢状面多平面重建图像几乎与直接扫描相同，筛窦的解剖变异发生率较高，所见的解剖变异有5种，其中筛大泡104例，占总变异的56．5％；Onodi气房48例，占26％；眶下气房12例，占6．5％；筛凹低位8例，占4．3％；纸样板内移12例，占6．5％。结论 筛窦横断面HS或HQ模式的扫描，经三维重建可以得到冠状面及其他任何切面图像，完全能满足临床诊断的要求。它能如实反映筛窦的解剖变异，对鼻内镜外科有重要的临床指导意义。     

Comparison of B-mode ultrasound and computed tomography in the diagnosis of maxillary sinusitis in mechanically ventilated patients.

OBJECTIVE: To compare B-mode ultrasound with sinus computed tomograph (CT) scan in the diagnosis of sinusitis in intubated patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. DESIGN: Prospective, clinical investigation. SETTING: Medical intensive care unit of a university hospital. PATIENTS: Fifty patients undergoing intubation and mechanical ventilation more than 2 days, with a clinical suspicion of paranasal sinusitis with purulent nasal discharge. INTERVENTIONS: One hundred paranasal sinuses were examined. A paranasal CT scan and a B-mode ultrasound were performed the same day. Radiologic maxillary sinusitis (RMS) was defined as complete opacification of the sinus or as the presence of an air-fluid level. Absence of RMS was defined as normal sinus or as the presence of mucosal thickening. Important RMS was defined by total opacity or air-fluid level larger than half of the sinus area. Moderate RMS was defined by air-fluid level inferior than half of the sinus area. For ultrasonographic procedure, the image defined as normal was an acoustic shadow arising from the front wall. Two levels of positive echography were described: 1) a moderate lesion was defined as the visualization only of the hyperechogenic posterior wall of the sinus; 2) an important lesion was defined as the hyperechogenic visualization of posterior wall and the extension by the internal wall of the sinus outlining the hypoechogenic sinus cavity. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Sensibility, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of B-mode ultrasound compared with CT were, respectively: 100% (95% confidence intervals [95% CI] = 94.9-100.0), 96.7% (95% CI = 82.8-99.9), 98.6% (95% CI = 92.4-99.9), and 100% (95% CI = 88.1-100). The concordance between a moderate B-mode ultrasound lesion and a moderate RMS on CT, and between an important B-mode ultrasound lesion and an important RMS on CT, assessed using kappa statistics was 93%. The concordance between B-mode ultrasound's results and CT's results assessed using weighted kappa statistics was 97%. CONCLUSION: B-mode ultrasound may be proposed first-line in a ventilated patient with suspicion of maxillary sinusitis.     

Sinusitis: Postoperative changes and surgical complications

Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is the standard of care for the surgical management of sinonasal inflammatory disease. This group of procedures focuses on the sinus outflow tract, and is designed to improve sinus function by restoring sinonasal physiology. Use of the monocular endoscope is associated with a range of unique surgical complications that often require cross-sectional imaging. Many patients considering sinus surgery today have had surgical procedures in the past that were directed at removing diseased mucosa, rather than improving sinus drainage, and have a different appearance on CT. This report addresses the spectrum of surgical changes found on postoperative imaging of the paranasal sinuses, and the surgical complications that may occur during endoscopic sinus surgery.     

鼻腔及副鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤的CT诊断

目的：探讨鼻腔及副鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤的CT诊断价值。材料与方法：回顾分析19例经手术病理证实的鼻腔及副鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤的CT检查资料。结果：本组19例鼻腔及副鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤基底部均位于中鼻道,仅位于鼻腔者4例,累及邻近副鼻窦者15例,其中1例侵及眶后间隙。肿瘤表现为略高密度软组织肿块,呈不规则结节状,匍行性生长,骨质改变以骨质破坏多见。15例患者进行随访,5例患者再次复发。结论：鼻腔及副鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤的CT表现具有一定的特点,CT除能够对其进行较准确诊断外,还可明确判断肿瘤的解剖位置及其与邻近解剖结构的毗临关系。     

Sinonasal polyposis.

The SSCT findings of the SNP pattern are nearly diagnostic for this entity. SNP is characterized by the major findings of nasal polypoid masses and infundibular enlargement. Patients may also show individual sinus involvement with polypoid masses and/or opacification of the paranasal sinuses without visualization of polypoid masses. The presence of polypoid masses within the sinuses also can be inferred if the major findings are present, especially if there are the minor findings of nasal septal and sinus trabeculae attenuation and bulging of the lateral ethmoid sinus walls. Air/fluid levels are frequent in SNP but do not always indicate acute sinusitis. Patients typically present with nasal stuffiness and rhinorrhea. They often have facial pain and less often headaches. Common associations exist between SNP and atopy (either allergic or nonallergic), asthma, infection, cystic fibrosis, and aspirin intolerance. Therapy may be either medical or surgical, with steroids being the mainstay of the medical treatment. FESS provides a relatively atraumatic means of removing polyps and creating better sinus drainage. Regardless of the type of therapy, recurrences are common, requiring repeated bursts of systemic steroids, nasal steroid maintenance, and frequent additional surgical procedures. Identification of the SNP pattern on SSCT helps the otolaryngologist to institute an appropriate therapy aimed at alleviating symptoms. The SSCT is adequate for evaluation of SNP in the vast majority of cases and serves as a detailed road map for the treating endoscopic surgeon.     

慢性上颌窦炎影响因素的CT分析

目的探讨窦口鼻道复合体病变及解剖变异与慢性上颌窦炎的关系.方法对CT诊断的52例单侧慢性上颌窦炎进行两侧对比分析.结果患侧与健侧筛泡截面分别为(77.75±33.51) mm2和(34±20.27) mm2(P<0.01).两侧分别有19个及10个大筛泡.患侧伴有32组筛窦炎,对侧21组.鼻息肉11例,单发于上颌窦炎侧9例,对侧仅1例,双侧1例.结论大筛泡、前中组筛窦炎症、鼻息肉与慢性上颌窦炎有关.     

鼻内窥镜在鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤切除术中的应用

目的 探讨经鼻内窥镜鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤切除术和鼻内镜联合鼻侧切开鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤切除术的疗效。方法 13例鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤病例中经鼻内窥镜鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤切除术10例，鼻内镜联合鼻侧切开鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤切除术3例。结果 术后随访13—61个月。平均21个月，13例中12例未复发，治愈率92．3％，1例术后复发，病理检查证实为内翻性乳头状瘤恶变，给予放射治疗。结论 经鼻内窥镜鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤切除术适用于较局限的病变；而对广泛病变则应采用鼻内镜联合鼻侧切开术。术后鼻内镜定期复查可早期发现肿瘤复发并处理。     

Comparison of Sinus X-rays with Computed Tomography Scans in Acute Sinusitis

Objective: To determine the sensitivity and specificity of sinus x-rays of patients clinically diagnosed as having acute sinusitis. Methods: Thirty consecutive adult, nonpregnant emergency department (ED) patients clinically diagnosed as having acute sinusitis and meeting study criteria were entered into the study. Sinus x-rays were obtained immediately after study entry and sinus computed tomography (CT) scans were done within 72 hours. Radiologic criteria for sinusitis were defined as more than 3 mm of mucoperiosteal thickening (MPT), an air/fluid (A/F) level, or opacification. All films were read in a blinded fashion [CT scans by two radiologists and plain films by two emergency medicine (EM) staff members and the same radiologists]. A third radiologist interpreted CT scans when the initial radiologists disagreed. Results: Sinus CT scans were obtained for 29 of 30 patients. Radiologists interpreted 28 of 29 CT scans identically, with 21 being positive for sinusitis. Sensitivity and specificity of x-rays were 57% and 88%, 62% and 88%, 67% and 75%, and 48% and 100% for the two radiologists and the two EM physicians, respectively. Four ethmoid, five frontal, and five sphenoid sinuses were opacified or had A/F levels on CT scan. No ethmoid, frontal, or sphenoid sinus was interpreted as being opacified or having an A/F level on plain film. Sensitivity and specificity of maxillary sinus opacification or A/F level on x-ray were 70% and 100%, 70% and 100%, 70% and 96%, and 70% and 96% for the two radiologists and the two EM physicians, respectively. Mean concordances (kappa) of x-ray and CT scan interpretations for the four reviewers were 0.34 (range, 0.30–0.39) for the diagnosis of sinusitis and 0.77 (range, 0.74–0.79) for maxillary sinus opacification or A/F level. Conclusion: Sinus x-rays are less sensitive than sinus CT scans for demonstration of radiographic changes consistent with acute sinusitis. Sinus plain films may not be reliable enough to assist with clinical decision making. If severity of patient illness requires diagnostic certainty, more sensitive imaging studies, such as CT scans of the sinuses, should be considered.     

多层螺旋CT在脑脊液鼻漏诊断中的应用

目的探讨多层螺旋CT 在脑脊液鼻漏诊断中的应用。方法对40 例脑脊液鼻漏患者采用冠状位CT 扫描后重建。结果发现单发颅骨骨质破坏、缺损30 例,显示漏口位置28 例,均与颅骨缺损位置一致;10 例多发缺损可发现两处以上漏口;2 例未直接显示,但副鼻窦腔内有高密度积液,可提示漏口位置。漏口位置：筛窦28 例,额窦后壁9 例,蝶窦上壁3 例。结论多层螺旋CT 是判断脑脊液漏孔位置的有效方法。     

低剂量CT扫描在儿童副鼻窦炎诊断中的应用

目的:探讨低剂量CT诊断儿童副鼻窦炎的影像表现与临床价值,以期在保证本病CT诊断效果的同时减少辐射剂量,提高儿童诊断安全性.方法:择取2018年1月-2019年10月67例接受CT检查的副鼻窦炎患儿,随机分为两组.试验组34例,予以患儿低剂量CT扫描;对照组33例,予以患儿常规剂量CT扫描.统计两组辐射剂量,比较观察两...     

慢性鼻炎鼻窦炎的CT表现及诊断(附46例分析)

目的 探讨慢性鼻炎及鼻窦炎的CT 表现和诊断价值。方法 收集46 例经临床证实为慢性鼻炎及鼻窦 炎病人的CT 影像资料,进行回顾分析。结果 中道阻塞是引发鼻部及鼻窦疾病的重要原因,其中慢性上颌窦炎,筛窦炎与中鼻道的阻塞有明显的相关关系。结论 CT 能清晰的显示鼻窦和中鼻道的解剖及变异,为术前诊断,确定治疗方案及预后估计提供了重要的解剖依据,是目前诊断鼻腔—鼻窦首选的影像学方法。     

Bacteriological findings in nasopharynx specimens from patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute sinusitis

OBJECTIVE: To study results from bacteriological specimens from nasopharynx in patients with a clinical diagnosis of acute sinusitis in relation to CT findings. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Patients from general practice in Vestfold county, Norway. PATIENTS: 427 patients 15 years and older from two studies with a clinical diagnosis of acute sinusitis, and who were examined with coronal CT scans of the paranasal sinuses. Fluid level or total opacification of any sinus was taken as a hallmark of sinusitis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Bacteriological findings in nasopharynx specimens and proportions of various sinus pathogens in patients with and without sinusitis confirmed by CT. RESULTS: In the study, 252 patients had acute sinusitis and 175 patients did not. In the sinusitis groups, 27% of the patients had Streptococcus pneumonia, 12% had Staphylococcus aureus and 10% had Haemophilus influenzae in their nasopharynx specimens. Forty-five percent of the patients had normal nasal flora or no growth. The strains of Streptococcus pneumonia and Haemophilus influenzae showed high sensitivity to PcV, while the Moraxella strains were resistant to it. CONCLUSION: Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were the most frequent sinus pathogens found in the nasopharynx specimens, and they were significantly more frequent in the group with confirmed sinusitis. The proportion of specimens with normal nasal flora or no growth was significantly higher in the non-sinusitis group.