不同切取方法对肝移植供肝动脉解剖变异的损伤分析

目的 探讨供肝切取修整的方法及肝动脉常见变异,预防供肝切取修整过程中肝动脉损伤.方法 回顾性分析2001年6月至2006年7月共计843例供肝切取修整及肝动脉变异资料,其中148例供肝采用肝肾分开切取方法,695例供肝采用腹部脏器联合切取方法.术中记录肝动脉变异类型和术中动脉误伤,重建变异肝动脉,形成单一的备吻合血管.结果 在843例供肝中,肝动脉解剖变异者172例,总变异率20.4%(172/843),发生频率最高的为右肝动脉起源于肠系膜上动脉(57例)及左肝动脉起源于胃左动脉(54例),高变异率伴随着高损伤率.结论 腹部脏器联合切取方法可减少肝动脉意外损伤发生率,熟悉常见肝动脉变异类型和精细的解剖是减少肝动脉损伤的关键.     

供肝动脉解剖变异之修整

目的: 探讨供肝动脉解剖特点，掌握供肝修整技术尤其动脉解剖变异之供肝修整方法及技巧。方法:对64例人肝（含24例无脑胎肝和40例成人肝脏）动脉实施解剖及修整，其中31例应用于临床肝移植。结果:64例中肝动脉解剖变异者共12例（18.75%）。其中24例胎儿供肝中5例（20.83%）肝动脉解剖变异，起源于肠系膜上动脉（SMA）替代肝右动脉型1例；起源于SMA副肝右动脉型3例；肝动脉起自SMA型1例。成人供肝动脉变异7例 (17.5%)，来源于SMA替代肝右动脉型2例；来自胃左动脉替代肝左动脉型2例；来自SMA副肝右动脉型3例。应用于临床原位肝移植的31例供肝中，4例存在肝右动脉解剖变异。肝移植时对变异之供肝动脉根据不同情况，可选用变异血管结扎、就近与胃十二指肠动脉、脾动脉或肠系膜上动脉吻合、应用供体髂总动脉搭桥与受体腹主动脉吻合等方法进行修整。结论:肝动脉的修整在供肝修整中占重要地位，供肝切取时避免损伤变异之肝动脉是保障修整成功的关键，对过细的副肝动脉修整时，术中观察侧支反流后可考虑是否予以结扎。     

供肝切取中肝动脉的变异分析

目的探讨肝动脉的变异类型及快速切取供肝过程及修整过程中保护肝动脉不受损伤的方法。方法回顾性分析2000年5月至2004年3月200例供肝切取及修整过程的资料,总结肝动脉变异情况及肝动脉的重建方法。结果200例中有37例肝动脉变异,2例因肝动脉保护不当而出现肝移植术后胆道合并症。结论大多数的变异肝动脉来源于肠系膜上动脉和胃左动脉;快速整块腹腔器官切取方法是保证肝动脉不受损伤的基础;所有变异的肝动脉均应重建。     

脑死亡者供肝切取方法与临床肝移植疗效的关系(Pittsburgh经验)

目的：介绍美国匹兹堡大学移植研究所在脑死亡者肝脏的方法及影响供肝质量的因素。方法：回顾性分析３２例同种异体肝脏获取的手术方法,同时观察原位肝移植后的临床结果。结果：男∶女＝２３∶９,平均年龄为３８．２岁±１２．７岁。脑死亡原因：创伤２１例（６５．６３％）,脑血管意外９例（２８．１３％）。１４例（４３．７５％）有肝动脉解剖异常,其中仅右肝动脉变异者７例（２１．８８％）,仅左肝动脉变异者５例（１５．６３％）,左、右肝动脉均变异的２例（６．２５％）;　８例（５７．１４％）变异的肝动脉须在移植前加以重建。在评价移植肝早期功能时,供肝功能良好者２７例（８４．３８％）,差者３例（９．３８％）,２例（６．２５％）供肝无功能。术后近期死亡者一例,余３１例手术后均恢复良好,其中日后作再移植者４例。结论：在获取供肝过程中,充分注意肝素化、原位灌注加局部降温,以及标准化手术操作是保证供肝质量的要素;供体手术中应注意有无肝动脉解剖异常,并避免损伤;供体年龄、供体在ＩＣＵ逗留时间、不正常的供肝形态及围手术期／或术后发生如动脉血栓形成等情况都会明显影响移植肝脏的早期功能。     

肝动脉解剖变异在肝癌介入治疗中的临床意义

目的探讨肝动脉解剖变异的DSA表现及其在肝癌肝动脉栓塞化疗（TACE）中的临床意义。方法回顾分析223例肝癌患者的DSA资料，对存在解剖变异的肝动脉进一步分析其起源、走行、分布及对TACE的影响，统计每组变异肝动脉的发生率。结果223例中，32例存在肝动脉解剖变异，占14．34％，共40支变异肝动脉，其中变异肝总动脉2支（5％，2／40），变异肝固有动脉1支（2．5％，I／40），变异肝右动脉24支（60％，24／40），变异肝左动脉13支（32．5，13／40），有30支变异肝动脉直接参与肿瘤供血，其中24支行TACE治疗，6支行肝动脉化疗（TAI）。结论正确认识肝动脉的解剖变异特征对提高TACE的成功率、降低手术风险有极其重要的意义。     

劈离式肝移植中供肝分离的手术经验

目的探讨劈离式肝移植中供肝分离的手术经验。方法自2004年3月1日至9月1日，共计施行了10例体外供肝的劈离，将其分为左肝外侧叶（Ⅱ、Ⅲ段）和扩大右半肝（Ⅰ、Ⅳ～Ⅷ段）两部分，并为19位病人施行了劈离式肝移植。供体的平均年龄为32．7岁（15～51岁），平均体重64．5kg（45-75kg），ICU平均救治时间为2．4d（1～8d）。结果劈离前整体供肝和劈离后左肝外侧叶的平均重量分别为1322．6g（956～1665g）和281．8g（198～373g），后者与前者的平均比值为0．215（0．178～0．274）。左肝外侧叶部分的移植物与受体重量比（GRWR）的平均值为2．44％（1．22％～5．41％），而扩大右半肝部分GRWR的平均值为1．73％（1．31％～2．30％）。供肝劈离平均花费的时间为105min（85-135min）。共出现5例解剖变异，包括左肝静脉变异2例、肝动脉变异2例、胆管变异1例。结论劈离式肝移植已经成为扩大供肝来源的一种成熟的外科技术，且效果满意。在供肝劈离中需要正确应对各种可能的解剖变异，尤其是左肝静脉、左肝动脉和胆管的变异。     

肝移植术中复杂的肝动脉重建

目的 探讨供肝肝动脉解剖变异的整形重建方式及对移植后肝动脉血栓形成（HAT）、胆道并发症及移植疗效的影响。方法 回顾性分析1999年5月至2005年9月完成的330例原位肝移植临床资料。应用显微外科技术对变异肝动脉进行整形。供肝肝动脉整形、重建及供受者问动脉的吻合在2．5倍放大镜下以7-0、8-0 Prolene或Vascufil缝线完成。术后每日用多普勒超声检查肝动脉血流1周，其后定期监测。结果 67例供肝肝动脉存在解剖变异，占20．5%（67／327），实施血管重建性吻合79例次。存在动脉变异供肝附加血管整形重建组围手术期HAT发生率与无肝动脉变异供肝肝移植组围手术期HAT发生率比较（1．5％7351．15％）；随访期内胆道并发症发生率与无肝动脉变异供肝肝移植组发生率比较（9．0％vs7．7%），均无显著差异（P〉0．05）。两组受者比较，1、3年生存率无显著差异（91．3％vs90．7％，86．7％vs88．2％）（P〉0．05）。结论 应用存在肝动脉变异并血管整形的供肝，实施肝移植不增加HAT及胆道并发症发生率，并可取得与无变异肝动脉供肝相同的远期疗效。     

供肝127例变异肝动脉修整和重建技术体会

目的探讨在供肝修整中防止变异性肝动脉损伤的注意事项。方法总结598例供肝修整中127例肝动脉变异发生率、类型;动脉误伤和重建前后情况。并对供肝修整的技巧进行回顾性分析。结果在598例供肝中按Hiatt分型Ⅰ型471例（75．7％,471／598）,Ⅱ型51例（9．7％．51／598）,Ⅲ型57例（10．6％,57／598）,Ⅳ型8例（2.3％,8／598）,Ⅴ型7例（1．5％,7／598）,Ⅵ型4例（0．2％,4／598）;其中供肝动脉变异127例（21．2％,127／598）,供肝获取、修整时动脉损伤25例（4．2％,25／598,正常肝动脉损伤5例,变异肝动脉损伤20例）;动脉重建共75例（12．5％．75／598）,其中变异动脉70例。动脉重建方法选择变异或损伤动脉合适部位整形,尽量单次吻合完成植入前重建,包括变异动脉与脾动脉（52／127）、胃十二指肠动脉（18／127）、腹腔干（3／127）及肝总动脉（2／127）吻分。结论在供肝修整中应高度重视肝动脉变异问题;注重供肝修整顺序和方法;掌握好解剖学特点,辨别动脉变异、小心细致地选择适宜的方式修整和重建;才是肝移植术中防止动脉并发症发生的技术关键。     

肝肾联合供体快速切取失误及其防范

目的 探讨快速肝肾联合供体切取过程中的失误并总结经验。方法 回顾性分析中山大学附属第三医院肝移植中心2008年1月至2009年6月共232例肝肾联合快速切取过程中的失误和肝动脉变异以及损伤情况。快速切取技术采用原位腹主动脉-肠系膜上静脉灌注加下腔静脉引流,肝肾整块切取后分离肝肾。结果 肝脏包膜不同程度撕裂伤25例（10.8%）,肝脏左叶刀割伤1例。1 例重度脂肪肝植入后原发性无功能。肾脏损伤2例,1例为右肾实质切割伤,1例肾窦处肾静脉撕裂伤,无法修整均废弃。肝肾分离时高位离断第一肝门1例。肝动脉变异46例（19.8%）,76%（35/46）的变异动脉起自胃左动脉和肠系膜上动脉。变异肝动脉损伤3例（6.5%）,2例起自胃左动脉的副肝左动脉,1例起自肠系膜上动脉的副肝右动脉。结论 肝肾联合快速切取技术能同时保护肝肾供体的质量,其方法简单、安全。充分的灌注、娴熟的切取技巧以及防止变异肝动脉的损伤是保证供体质量的关键。     

供肝动脉变异和植入前动脉重建

目的探讨供肝动脉变异类型,术中损伤原因及植入前重建的方法。方法1993年10月至2004年12月,中山大学附属第三医院肝脏移植中心共行供肝切取和修整术600例,术中记录肝动脉变异类型和术中动脉误伤,重建变异肝动脉,形成单一的备吻合血管。结果在600例供肝中,19·2%(115/600)供肝动脉变异。53例(53/600)变异动脉须血管重建,其中39例(39/53)代替性或副肝右动脉来自肠系膜上动脉,1例(1/53)代替性肝右动脉来自腹腔干,5例(5/53)代替性或副肝左动脉来自胃左动脉,2例(2/53)变异肝左动脉和3例(3/53)变异肝右动脉离断后来源不清,3例(3/53)变异肝左和肝右动脉双重替代。6例(6/485)供肝切取术中意外损伤正常肝动脉,需要动脉重建。变异肝动脉损伤19例(19/115),均行动脉重建。动脉重建方法包括变异动脉与脾动脉(36/53)、胃十二指肠动脉(12/53)以及复杂的吻合方法(5/53)。结论供肝快速切取过程中,肝动脉变异增加肝动脉意外损伤发生率,损伤变异动脉均须在植入前重建。变异动脉重建方法的选择取决于肝动脉解剖学特点。     

Anatomic variation of the right hepatic artery and its reconstruction for living donor liver transplantation using right lobe graft

We analyzed the anatomy and reconstruction of the right hepatic artery (RHA) in 96 cases of adult-to-adult living donor right liver transplantations, during 2002. Most right livers had a single orifice (n = 185, 96%). Seven right livers (4%) showed multiple arteries, namely a replaced artery in five cases and accessory arteries in two cases. Three liver grafts had two separate orifices: both arterial stumps were reconstructed in one case, and accessory arteries were ligated in two cases because of sufficient back bleeding. The mean diameter of the graft RHA was 2.4 mm (1-4). More than 60% (59 of 96) of graft arteries were anastomosed with distal branches of recipient RHA for size matching. Eleven graft arteries were anastomosed to vessels other than the RHA, namely the left hepatic artery [LHA] in eight right gastroepiploic artery in three: for size matching in five and due to previous injury of RHA in six. Five cases showed significant size-mismatches of more than twofold. The median follow-up period was 270 days. In one patient, an intramural thrombus developed on postoperative day 3 requiring a revision of the anastomosis. In another patient, arterial stenosis occurred on postoperative day 16 a time when collateral arteries had developed. The overall complication rate related to arterial reconstruction was 2%. In conclusion, with precise knowledge of the anatomy, an adequate selection of recipient arterial stump, and an experienced technique, a desirable result may be achieved in right lobe transplantation.     

The use of left grafts with a replaced or accessory left hepatic artery in adult‐to‐adult living donor liver transplantation: analyses of donor and recipient outcomes

In living donor liver transplantation (LDLT), a left hepatic graft occasionally includes a replaced or accessory left hepatic artery (LHA). The procuring of such grafts requires extensive dissection along the lesser curvature of the stomach to elongate the replaced or accessory LHA on the donor side. On the recipient side, complicated arterial reconstruction is often necessary to use such grafts. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 206 adult recipients who underwent LDLT and their respective donors. The recipients and donors were divided into two groups according to the presence of the replaced or accessory LHA. Twenty‐five grafts included a replaced or accessory LHA. Only one hepatic artery‐related complication was observed in the current series, in which a pseudoaneurysm arose at the site of anastomosis between the donor accessory LHA and the recipient LHA. There was no increase in the incidence of postoperative complications in the donors with a replaced or accessory LHA in comparison with the donors without these arteries. The use of left hepatic grafts that included a replaced LHA or accessory LHA did not have any negative impact on the outcomes on either the donor or the recipient side.     

Back-table arterial reconstructions in liver transplantation: single-center experience

Anatomic variations of the arterial supply to donor liver grafts often require complex hepatic artery reconstructions on the back table. Therefore, because of the additional anastomoses, there is a greater risk of arterial thrombosis and graft loss. Among the 620 orthotopic liver transplantations (OLT) in 549 adult and pediatric patients performed from June 1983 through August 2004, the rates and types of donor hepatic artery variations (HAV) and the type of reconstructions were reviewed as well as the 1- and 5-year grafts and patient survival rates after OLT. At least 1 HAV was present in 133 liver grafts (21.4%). The most frequent variations were as follows: right hepatic artery (RHA) from superior mesenteric artery (SMA) (44 cases); RHA from aorta (4 cases); and RHA from SMA, combined with a left hepatic artery (LHA) from left gastric artery (3 cases). No graft was discarded. Fifty-six of 133 (42%) HAV required arterial reconstructions, generally a termino-terminal (TT) anastomosis between RHA and splenic artery (26 cases, 46.4%). Less frequently performed anastomoses were the "fold-over" technique (15 cases, 26.8%) and the anastomosis between the RHA and the gastro-duodenal artery (6 cases, 10.6%); rare reconstructions were performed in 9 cases (16.0%). The rate of hepatic artery thrombosis was 5.4% (3 of 56 OLT) in complex hepatic artery reconstructions and 2.2% in other grafts. One- and 5-years graft and patient actuarial survival rates have been respectively 73.2%- 71.4% in hepatic artery reconstructions and 78.6%-76.8% in the absence of an artery reconstruction, respectively.     

肝动脉外科解剖在肝动脉置管术中的应用及意义

目的 目前术中肝动脉置管术(IHAC)已广泛应用于肝脏恶性肿瘤的综合治疗，但多采用盲目插管的方法，影响了IHAC的疗效。通过术中肝动脉的外科解剖结合肝动脉造影，了解肝总动脉及其主要分支的行径及相互关系，证明肝动脉外科解剖在IHAC中的意义。方法 采用电凝锐性解剖技术对116例肝脏或胆道疾病患者行肝动脉外科解剖，详细记录肝总动脉(CHA)、肝固有动脉(PHA)、肝左、右动脉(LHA、RHA)及胃十二指肠动脉(GDA)的位置和相互间的成角(锐角或钝角)，并在术中观察自然状态下导管经胃网膜右动脉插入后的走向。部分病例结合肝动脉造影资料进行分析。结果 (1)GDA与CHA呈水平或钝角72例(62％)。其中20例行IHAC，导管经胃网膜右动脉插入时全部进入CHA；(2)GDA与CHA呈锐角，而与PHA呈水平或钝角36例(31％)，13例行IHAC，导管或进入PHA或RHA；(3)PHA缺如8例(7％)。此外，116例中RHA起源于肠系膜上动脉9例(7．7％)，肝左动脉源于胃左动脉7例(6．0％)，肝左、右动脉之间在肝门部存在明显异常交通支2例(1．7％)。结论 影响IHAC准确性的关键是GDA与CHA的成角，以及肝动脉解剖异常。由于绝大多数GDA与CHA成角为钝角，加上一定比例的肝动脉解剖异常，因此，非肝动脉外科解剖的盲目插管其成功率不足25％，应引起临床的高度重视。     

Preexcisional artery reconstruction: A new strategy in multiple hepatic artery reconstruction for reducing ischemic injury of the liver

Multiple reconstructions of the hepatic arteries (HA) after cancer resection presents a surgical challenge, not only because it is technically demanding, but also because attention must be paid to potential ischemic injury to the liver caused by the prolonged ischemia. We present a novel “preexcisional artery reconstruction” method for minimizing ischemic injury of the liver. A 65‐year‐old woman presented with cholangiocarcinoma invading the HA. Pancreatoduodenectomy, resection, and multiple reconstruction of the HA were performed. First, the left hepatic artery (LHA) was reconstructed prior to the tumor resection. During this procedure, blood supply was maintained to most of the liver via the right hepatic artery (RHA). Then, resection of the tumor en bloc with the HA was performed, followed by reconstruction of the RHA. During this procedure, blood supply was maintained via the already‐reconstructed LHA, thereby limiting the ischemic area. Use of this method allowed the ischemia time and region to be divided and minimized, thereby leading to a reduced risk of ischemia‐related complications. We believe that this method may be one of the useful approaches in multiple HA reconstruction. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microsurgery, 2012.     

动脉造影初步分析肝脏Ⅸ段肿瘤肝动脉血供

目的 研究肝脏Ⅸ段肿瘤的肝动脉血供方式.方法 回顾性分析8例肝脏Ⅸ段肿瘤病例的CT和DSA资料,由CT做出定位诊断,在DSA上观察肝脏Ⅸ段肿瘤的肝动脉血供情况.观察肝动脉的各级分支,统计这些分支向病灶供血的例数,分析肝脏Ⅸ段肿瘤的肝动脉血供来源.根据病灶染色情况,以积分法确定这些肝动脉分支向病灶供血的多少.结果 肝脏IX段肿瘤的肝动脉血供来源十分广泛,MHA、RPHA、RAHA、LMHA和CallA向病灶供血的例数分别是7、6、5、5和2例(X2=2.800,P=0.592,Chi-square test),积分分别是15、13、11、6和2分(X2=9.657,P=0.047,Kendall's W).RHA和LHA的积分分别是38和9分(Z=-2.243,P=0.025,Wilcoxon).未见CyA和LLHA向病灶供血的病例.结论 RHA和LHA系统都有可能向肝脏Ⅸ段肿瘤供血,RHA供血比LHA多.MHA、RPHA、RAHA、LMHA是主要的供血支.     

活体肝移植中变异供肝动脉的修整及重建

目的 总结活体肝移植中变异供肝动脉的修整和重建经验。方法 回顾分析自2006年9月至2010年5月间73例成人活体肝移植的临床资料,术前对供肝进行了充分的影像学评估,其中涉及供肝动脉较复杂变异者13例(17.8％),包括9例异位或副肝右动脉起自肠系膜上动脉(SMA),2例副肝右动脉发自腹腔干及2例肝动脉存在交通支。术中对这13例变异供肝动脉采用显微外科技术进行了修整和重建。结果 9例异位或副肝右动脉起自SMA者中,3例采用副肝右动脉与胆囊动脉行端侧吻合的方式成形,然后与受者的肝固有动脉或肝右动脉行端端吻合,另6例异位肝右动脉与受者肝右动脉或肝固有动脉行端端吻合;2例副肝右动脉起自腹腔干者,将供肝右动脉和副肝右动脉分别与受者肝右动脉和肝左动脉吻合重建;2例供肝动脉存在交通支者及1例双供肝移植者均予以双支动脉重建。另外,供、受者肝动脉内径不匹配者,采用供肝副肝右动脉与受者肝固有动脉行端侧吻合。所有血管均一次吻合成功,围手术期经密切监测动脉血流及给予相应抗凝治疗,术后长期随访中,所有受者均未发生肝动脉血栓形成及动脉狭窄等并发症。结论 根据动脉变异的不同,采用显微外科技术进行不同方式的修整,效果良好,其对预防活体肝移植后动脉血栓形成等并发症以及扩大活体供者范围具有重要意义。     

Double Arterial Anastomosis in Liver Transplantation: Is Two Better than One?

Arterial revascularization during liver transplantation is normally achieved by anastomosing the graft hepatic artery to the largest artery available at the recipient pedicle—either the common hepatic artery (CHA) or an accessory right hepatic artery (RHA) originating from the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). When a small caliber RHA is present, the artery is ligated and a single anastomosis with the CHA is performed. In the absence of a vascular reconstruction of the graft, the gastroduodenal artery is usually ligated as well. In this article, we describe a new type of arterial anastomosis in the case of a small accessory RHA and/or severe graft hepatic artery atherosclerosis that is commonly seen in elderly donors. To our knowledge, these are the first cases reported in the literature. This technique can be easily performed without increasing the arterial revascularization time or increasing the risk of complications associated with arteriosclerotic arteries. A 12-month follow-up revealed excellent function of the liver grafts.     

An extremely uncommon variation of left hepatic artery around the esophagus: a case report

Abstract:  An extremely rare case of a replaced left hepatic artery (LHA) around the esophagus in a deceased multi-organ donor is reported. The liver could not be harvested unless either of the LHA or the esophagus was transected. This is the second report of a LHA off the left gastric artery with such a peculiar course around the esophagus. Whether to cut the artery or the hollow viscus in such a situation is controversial; nevertheless, a surgeon must precisely identify all the extrahepatic arteries during liver harvest, to prevent injuries that might result in compromised complete arterialization of the graft.