Impact of gender on the incidence and outcome of contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention

BACKGROUND: Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is a recognized complication after percutaneous interventions (PCI). We sought to determine the impact of gender on incidence and clinical outcome of CIN. METHODS AND RESULTS: Of a total 8,628 patients who underwent PCI, there were 1,431 (16.5%) who developed CIN (defined as > 25% rise in creatinine after PCI). Patients were followed clinically for one year. CIN was present in 23.6% of female versus 17.4% of male patients (p < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis showed that female gender (OR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.25 1.60; p < 0.0001), pre-PCI chronic renal failure (CRF) (OR= 1.8, 95% CI = 1.53 2.10, p < 0.0001), diabetes mellitus (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.34 1.70; p < 0.0001), age (OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 1.01 1.02, p < 0.0001), and hypertension (OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.06 1.36, p = 0.0035) were independent predictors of CIN. Clinical outcomes after CIN were examined in patients with or without CRF. Among patients without CRF who developed CIN, females (n = 465) had higher rates of one-year mortality, and MACE comparing to males (n = 710) without CRF (14% vs. 10% mortality, 36% vs. 30% MACE; p = 0.05 and 0.06, respectively). In patients with CRF who developed CIN, we found no significant gender differences in one-year clinical events (37% vs. 36% mortality, 42% vs. 45% MACE; p = 0.8 and 0.6, respectively). By multivariate analysis only baseline CRF, diabetes, age, functional NYHA IV class were identified as independent predictors of one-year mortality in patients with CIN after PCI. CONCLUSIONS: Female gender is an independent predictor of CIN development after PCI and a marker of worse 1-year mortality after CIN in patients without baseline CRF. After CIN is developed, pre-PCI CRF, diabetes mellitus, age, severe heart failure (not gender) are independent predictors of one-year mortality.     

Contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this research was to assess the incidence, clinical predictors, and outcome of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute myocardial infarction (AMI). BACKGROUND: Contrast-induced nephropathy is associated with significant morbidity and mortality after PCI. Patients undergoing primary PCI may be at higher risk of CIN because of hemodynamic instability and unfeasibility of adequate prophylaxis. METHODS: In 208 consecutive AMI patients undergoing primary PCI, we measured serum creatinine concentration (Cr) at baseline and each day for the following three days. Contrast-induced nephropathy was defined as a rise in Cr >0.5 mg/dl. RESULTS: Overall, CIN occurred in 40 (19%) patients. Of the 160 patients with baseline Cr clearance >/=60 ml/min, only 21 (13%) developed CIN, whereas it occurred in 19 (40%) of those with Cr clearance <60 ml/min (p < 0.0001). In multivariate analysis, age >75 years (odds ratio [OR] 5.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.98 to 14.05; p = 0.0009), anterior infarction (OR 2.17, 95% CI 0.88 to 5.34; p = 0.09), time-to-reperfusion >6 h (OR 2.51, 95% CI 1.01 to 6.16; p = 0.04), contrast agent volume >300 ml (OR 2.80, 95% CI 1.17 to 6.68; p = 0.02) and use of intraaortic balloon (OR 15.51, 95% CI 4.65 to 51.64; p < 0.0001) were independent correlates of CIN. Patients developing CIN had longer hospital stay (13 +/- 7 days vs. 8 +/- 3 days; p < 0.001), more complicated clinical course, and significantly higher mortality rate (31% vs. 0.6%; p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Contrast-induced nephropathy frequently complicates primary PCI, even in patients with normal renal function. It is associated with higher in-hospital complication rate and mortality. Thus, preventive strategies are needed, particularly in high-risk patients.     

Incidence,Predictors and Outcomes of Contrast Induced Nephropathy in Patients with ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Background:Contrast induced nephropathy (CIN) is considered one of the most common causes of hospital acquired renal failure and severely affects morbidity and mortality. Our objective was to investigate incidence, predictors and outcomes of CIN in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI).Methods:The study was conducted on 550 patients with STEMI subjected to PPCI. Patients were classified into two groups according to the occurrence of CIN; group I (Patients without CIN) and group II (Patients with CIN). The two groups were assessed for the clinical outcomes including mortality and major adverse cardiac events (MACE).Results:Incidence of CIN was 10.6%, multivariate regression analysis identified the independent predictors of CIN including; age > 60 years OR 6.083 (CI95% 3.143–11.77, P = 0.001), presence of diabetes mellitus OR 2.491 (CI95% 1.327–4.675, P = 0.005), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) use OR 2.708 (CI95% 1.393–5.263, P = 0.003), the volume of contrast agent >200 ml OR 6.543 (CI95% 3.382–12.65, P = 0.001) and cardiogenic shock OR 4.514 (CI95% 1.738–11.72, P = 0.002). Mortality was higher in group II than group I (11.9% vs. 4.4% respectively, P = 0.015). The incidence of MACE were higher in group II than group I (heart failure; 18.6% vs. 7.3%, cardiac arrest; 8.5% vs. 2.8% and cardiogenic shock; 16.9% vs. 6.9% with P. value = 0.003, 0.024, 0.007 respectively).Conclusion:Contrast induced nephropathy was associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The independent predictors of CIN were advanced age, diabetes mellitus, NSAIDs use, the volume of contrast agent >200 ml and cardiogenic shock.     

The ratio of contrast volume to glomerular filtration rate predicts outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention for ST‐segment elevation acute myocardial infarction

Objective: To assess the value of the ratio between contrast medium volume and glomerular filtration rate (CMGFRr) for prediction of development of contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN) and mortality in patients with ST‐segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Background: Renal function is a strong predictor of outcome in patients with STEMI. CIN may complicate the course of primary PCI in these patients. Methods: The study population included all 871 consecutive patients with STEMI without cardiogenic shock who underwent primary PCI at our center from January 1, 2001, to October 30, 2006. CIN was defined as an absolute increase in serum creatinine > 0.5 mg/dL or a relative increase >25% within 48 hr after PCI. Results: In‐hospital CIN developed in 72 (8.3%) patients. On linear regression analysis, the following variables were independently associated with CIN: male sex (odds ratio [OR] = 0.42, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.18–0.97, P = 0.04), GFR < 60 (OR = 3.6, 95% CI, 2.79–4.78, P < 0.0001), multivessel coronary artery disease (OR = 1.67, 95% CI, 1.08–2.58, P = 0.02), CMGFRr (OR = 1.53, 95% CI, 1.01–2.31, P = 0.04, for upper tertile vs. lower two tertiles), and Killip class > 1 (OR = 1.35, 95% CI, 1.03–1.76, P = 0.03). CMGFRr > 3.7 was a strong independent predictor of CIN (OR = 3.87, 95% CI, 1.72–8.68, P = 0.001). Twenty‐six (2.9%) patients died at 1 month after PCI. The following variables were independently predictive of 1‐month mortality: CMGFRr > 3.7 (OR = 3.3, 95% CI, 1.22–9.04, P = 0.018) and multivessel coronary artery disease (OR = 2.3, 95% CI, 1.28–4.07, P = 0.005). Conclusion: The contrast medium‐to‐GFR ratio is a strong predictor of CIN and of 1‐month mortality in patients undergoing primary PCI for STEMI. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Impact of mannose-binding lectin deficiency on radiocontrast-induced renal dysfunction: a post-hoc analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Local renal ischemia is regarded as an important factor in the development of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN). Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is involved in the tissue damage during experimental ischemia/reperfusion injury of the kidneys. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of MBL deficiency with radiocontrast-induced renal dysfunction in a large prospective cohort. METHODS: 246 patients with advanced non--dialysis-dependent renal dysfunction who underwent radiographic contrast procedures were included in the study. Baseline serum MBL levels were analyzed according to the occurrence of a creatinine-based (increase of >=0.5 mg/dL or >=25 % within 48 hours) or cystatin C-based (increase of >=10 % within 24 hours) CIN. RESULTS: The incidence of creatinine-based and cystatin C-based CIN was 6.5 % and 24 %, respectively. MBL levels were not associated with the occurrence of creatinine-based CIN. However, patients that experienced a cystatin C increase of >=10 % showed significantly higher MBL levels than patients with a rise of <10 % (median 2885 (IQR 1193--4471) vs. 1997 (IQR 439--3504)ng/mL, p = 0.01). In logistic regression analysis MBL deficiency (MBL levels<=500 ng/ml) was identified as an inverse predictor of a cystatin C increase >=10 % (OR 0.34, 95 % CI 0.15-0.8, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: MBL deficiency was associated with a reduced radiocontrast-induced renal dysfunction as reflected by the course of cystatin C. Our findings support a possible role of MBL in the pathogenesis of CIN.     

Nicorandil Reduces the Incidence of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography/Intervention – Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Including GRADE Qualification

BackgroundContrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is associated with increased mortality and morbidity in patients undergoing coronary angiography (CAG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We aimed to assess the latest evidence on the effect of nicorandil on the incidence of CIN in patients undergoing CAG/PCI.MethodsWe performed a comprehensive search on topics that assessed nicorandil and CIN in CAG/PCI patients from inception up until November 2019 through several electronic databases.ResultsThere were a total of 1532 subjects from 7 randomized controlled trials. Nicorandil was associated with decrease CIN incidence (OR 0.31 [0.20, 0.46], p < 0.001; I²: 0%). Funnel plot was asymmetrical, indicating the risk of publication bias. Oral administration (OR 0.29 [0.18, 0.46], p < 0.001; I²: 0%) has a greater efficacy compared to intravenous route (OR 0.40 [0.17, 0.93], p < 0.001; I²: 73%). Pooled analysis of adjusted OR revealed that nicorandil reduced CIN incidence independent to other factors in the respective studies (OR 0.34 [0.16, 0.74], p = 0.006, I²: 75%). Protection against CIN (OR 0.37 [0.22, 0.61], p < 0.001; I²: 22%) was also demonstrated in renal dysfunction subgroup, pooled adjusted OR showed that the effect is independent (OR 0.30 [0.10, 0.90], p = 0.03, I²: 86%). GRADE assessment showed moderate level of certainty for the CIN reducing effect of nicorandil in both unadjusted and adjusted models with an absolute reduction of 85 per 1000 and 87 per 1000. Harbord test showed no evidence of small-study effects (p = 0.866).ConclusionNicorandil is associated with a lower risk of CIN in patients undergoing CAG/PCI with a moderate level of certainty.     

Predictors for contrast media-induced nephropathy and long-term survival: prospectively assessed data from the randomized controlled Dialysis-Versus-Diuresis (DVD) trial

BACKGROUND:

Among the numerous studies concerning contrast media-induced nephropathy (CIN), there was no prospective trial that provided data on the long-term outcomes.

OBJECTIVES:

To prospectively assess predictors of CIN and long-term outcomes of affected patients.

METHODS:

Four hundred twelve consecutive patients with serum creatinine levels of 115 μmol/L to 309 μmol/L (1.3 mg/dL to 3.5 mg/dL) undergoing elective coronary angiography were included. Patients were randomly assigned to periprocedural hydration alone, hydration plus onetime hemodialysis or hydration plus N-acetylcysteine.

RESULTS:

Multivariate logistic regression identified the following as predictors of CIN within 72 h (equivalent to an increase in creatinine 44.2 μmol/L [0.5 mg/dL] or more) : prophylactic postprocedural hemodialysis (OR 2.86, 95% CI 1.07 to 7.69), use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (OR 6.16, 95% CI 2.01 to 18.93), baseline glomerular filtration rate (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.90 to 0.98) and the amount of contrast media given (OR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.01). With regard to long-term outcome (mean follow-up 649 days), multivariate Cox regression models found elevated creatinine levels at 30 days (hazard rate ratio [HRR] 5.48, 95% CI 2.85 to 10.53), but not CIN within 72 h (HRR 1.12, 95% CI 0.63 to 2.02), to be associated with increased mortality. In addition, independent predictors for death during follow-up included left ventricular ejection fraction lower than 35% (HRR 4.01, 95% CI 2.22 to 7.26), serum phosphate (HRR 1.64, 95% CI 1.10 to 2.43) and hemoglobin (HRR 0.80, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.96).

CONCLUSION:

From the present prospective trial, performance of post-procedural hemodialysis, use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, reduced baseline glomerular filtration rate and amount of contrast media were independent predictors of CIN within 72 h after catheterization. Assessing renal function after 30 days, rather than within 72 h, seemed to be more predictive for patients’ long-term survival.     

A Molécula de Lesão Renal-1 está Associada à Nefropatia Induzida por Contraste em Pacientes Idosos com IAMSSST

Background Contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) is associated with an increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), and the association between CIN and oxidative mechanisms is well documented.Objective This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between serum levels of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and CIN in elderly patients with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI).Methods This study included a total of 758 patients with NSTEMI, who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); 15 developed CIN after PCI, and another 104 were the control group, matched for age > 65 years. Baseline to 48-to-72-hour laboratory values and clinical outcomes were recorded. Patients were followed during one year. P values of < 0.05 were considered significant.Results CIN was observed in 12.60% of the patients. Serum KIM-1 was significantly higher in the CIN group than in the non-CIN group (14.02 [9.53 – 19.90] vs. 5.41 [3.41 – 9.03], p < 0.001). The Mehran score was significantly higher in the CIN group than in the non-CIN group (14 [5 – 22] vs. 5 [2 – 7], p = 0.001). MACE were significantly higher in the CIN group than in the non-CIN group (7 [46.70%] vs. 12 [11.50%], p = 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that baseline KIM-1 level (OR = 1.652, 95% CI: 1.20 – 2.27, p = 0.002) and Mehran score (OR = 1.457, 95% CI: 1.01 – 2.08, p = 0.039) were independent predictors of CIN in elderly patients with NSTEMI.Conclusion Baseline serum KIM-1 concentration and Mehran score are independent predictors of CIN in elderly patients with NSTEMI. Additionally, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death, myocardial reinfarction, stroke, and MACE were significantly higher in the CIN group at one-year follow-up. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2021; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)     

Beneficial Effects of High-Dose Atorvastatin Pretreatment on Renal Function in Patients with Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Emergency Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Objectives: To investigate whether preprocedural high-dose atorvastatin decreases the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) and protects the renal function after emergency percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: Statin-naive patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) undergoing emergency PCI (n = 161) randomly received atorvastatin (80 mg, n = 78, ATOR group) or placebo [n = 83, control (CON) group] followed by long-term atorvastatin (40 mg/day). The primary end point was incidence of CIN. Results: In the ATOR group, 2.6% of the patients developed CIN versus 15.7% in the CON group (p = 0.01). In the ATOR group, postprocedural serum creatinine was significantly lower (93.4 ± 17.1 vs. 112.6 ± 23.3 μmol/l at 48 h and 84.2 ± 14.2 vs. 95.3 ± 17.7 μmol/l at 72 h, both p < 0.0001) and in the CON group, peak serum cystatin C was lower (0.51 ± 0.14 vs. 0.61 ± 0.13 mg/l, p < 0.0001). Atorvastatin pretreatment was independently associated with a decreased risk of CIN (OR 0.084, 95% CI 0.015-0.462, p = 0.004). The proportion of alanine aminotransferase >3 × upper limit of the normal value within 1 month was 3.85 versus 1.20% (ATOR vs. CON group, p = 0.57). Conclusion: Preprocedural high-dose atorvastatin prevents CIN and protects the renal function in patients with acute STEMI undergoing emergency PCI.     

对比剂引起急性肾损伤的临床危险因素及防治策略探讨

目的 探讨接受冠状动脉造影（coronary arteriography,CAG）或经皮冠状动脉介入（percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI）治疗患者对比剂引起急性肾损伤（contrast-induced nephropathy,CIN）的发生率、临床危险因素及防治策略.方法 回顾分析2012年1月至2013年1月在广东省人民医院行CAG或PCI治疗的患者1 110例,记录术前、术后48～72 h血清肌酐、尿素氮浓度等指标.CIN诊断标准：接触对比剂后48～72 h内血清肌酐浓度升高＞44.2 μmol/L或者较原基础值升高25％以上.比较CIN（＋）组及CIN（-）组患者的临床特点,分析发生CIN患者的危险因素、临床不良事件及防治策略.结果 共入选1 110例患者,其中CIN（＋）组105例（9.5％）,CIN（-）组995例（90.5％）,两组患者病死率（4.8％ vs.0.6％,x2=16.594,P=0.002）、需要肾脏替代治疗（2.9％ vs.0.5％,x2=7.294,P=0.033）、需要使用主动脉球囊反搏（3.8％vs.1.1％,x2=5.163,P=0.047）、需要使用呼吸机（4.8％ vs.0.7％,x2=14.498,P=0.03）等院内临床不良事件的发生率比较,差异有统计学意义.多因素logistics回归分析显示,女性（OR=1.896,95％CI：1.161～3.098,P=0.011）、糖尿病（OR =2.528,95％CI：1.580～4.046,P＜0.001）、慢性肾功能不全（OR=2.631,95％CI：1.368～5.132,P＜0.001）、围术期低血压（OR=3.626,95％CI：1.197～10.985,P=0.023）与CIN的发生密切相关.结论 女性、糖尿病、慢性肾功能不全、围术期低血压是CIN的独立危险因素.加强PCI治疗围术期的综合管理是目前防治CIN的重要策略.     

Acute kidney injury in critically ill A(H1N1)-infected patients: a study of the prognoses

Purpose: to identify factors correlated with poor outcome and factors correlated with acute kidney injury (AKI) onset in critically A(H1N1) infected patients. Methods: All patients admitted for respiratory distress due to a confirmed infection by A(H1N1) virus were included retrospectively. Results: Thirty‐four patients were included. Mean age was 37.3 ± 20.8 years. Independent factors correlated to mortality in multivariate analysis were shock [OR = 32.52, CI95% (1.29–816.3); p = 0.034], AKI [OR = 31.12, CI95% (1.3–746.5); p = 0.034] and hyperglycaemia over than 5.7 mmol/l on admission [OR = 74, CI95% (1.01–5495); p = 0.049]. Only age over 30 years was identified as an independent factor correlated with the onset of AKI [OR = 18, CI95% (1.04‐312.41); p = 0.047] in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: AKI, as well as hypotension, is an independent factor correlated with mortality. Its onset is usually linked to multi‐organ failure. Advanced age is an important risk factor for renal dysfunction in this group of patients.     

Renal toxicity evaluation and comparison between visipaque (iodixanol) and hexabrix (ioxaglate) in patients with renal insufficiency undergoing coronary angiography: the RECOVER study: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to compare the nephrotoxicity of iodixanol and ioxaglate in patients with renal impairment undergoing coronary angiography. BACKGROUND: Iodixanol, a nonionic, dimeric, iso-osmolar contrast medium (IOCM), may be less nephrotoxic than low-osmolar contrast media (LOCM) in high-risk patients. METHODS: In a prospective, randomized trial in 300 adults with creatinine clearance (CrCl) < or =60 ml/min, patients received either iodixanol or ioxaglate and underwent coronary angiography with or without percutaneous coronary intervention. The primary end point was the incidence of contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) (an increase in serum creatinine [SCr] > or =25% or > or =0.5 mg/dl [> or =44.2 mumol/l]). The incidence of CIN in patients with severe renal impairment at baseline (CrCl <30 ml/min) or diabetes and in those receiving large doses (> or =140 ml) of contrast medium was also determined. RESULTS: The incidence of CIN was significantly lower with iodixanol (7.9%) than with ioxaglate (17.0%; p = 0.021), corresponding to an odds ratio (OR) of CIN of 0.415 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.194 to 0.889) for iodixanol. The incidence of CIN was also significantly lower with iodixanol in patients with severe renal impairment (p = 0.023) or concomitant diabetes (p = 0.041), or in patients given > or =140 ml of contrast media (p = 0.038). Multivariate analysis identified use of ioxaglate (OR 2.65, 95% CI 1.11 to 6.33, p = 0.028), baseline SCr, mg/dl (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.04 to 3.85, p = 0.038), and left ventricular ejection fraction, % (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.94 to 0.99, p = 0.019) as independent risk factors for CIN. CONCLUSIONS: The IOCM iodixanol was significantly less nephrotoxic than ioxaglate, an ionic, dimeric LOCM. (The RECOVER Trial; http://clinicaltrials.gov; NCT00247325).     

Clinical characteristics and outcome in patients with a delayed presentation after ST-elevation myocardial infarction and complicated by cardiogenic shock

ObjectiveDelayed presentation after ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and complicated by cardiogenic shock (CS-STEMI) is commonly encountered in developing countries and is a challenging scenario because of a delay in revascularization resulting in infarction of a large amount of the myocardium. We aimed to assess the clinical characteristics, angiographic profile, and predictors of outcome in patients with a delayed presentation after CS-STEMI.MethodsA total of 147 patients with CS-STEMI with time to appropriate medical care ≥12 h after symptom onset were prospectively recruited at a tertiary referral center.ResultsThe median time to appropriate care was 24 h (interquartile range 18–48 h). The mean age was 58.7 ± 11.1 years. Left ventricular pump failure was the leading cause of shock (67.3%), whereas mechanical complications accounted for 14.9% and right ventricular infarction for 13.6% of cases. The overall in-hospital mortality was 42.9%. Acute kidney injury [Odds ratio (OR) 8.04; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 3.08–20.92], ventricular tachycardia (OR 7.04; CI 2.09–23.63), mechanical complications (OR 6.46; CI 1.80–23.13), and anterior infarction (OR 3.18; CI 1.01–9.97) were independently associated with an increased risk of mortality. Coronary angiogram (56.5%) revealed single-vessel disease (45.8%) as the most common finding. Percutaneous coronary intervention was performed in 53 patients (36%), at a median of 36 h (interquartile range 30–72) after symptom onset.ConclusionPatients with a delayed presentation after CS-STEMI were younger and more likely to have single-vessel disease. We found a high in-hospital mortality of 42.9%. Appropriate randomized studies are required to evaluate the optimal treatment strategies in these patients.     

Contrast‐induced nephropathy in patients undergoing endovascular peripheral vascular intervention: Incidence,risk factors,and outcomes as observed in the Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Cardiovascular Consortium

Background

The incidence, risk factors, and outcomes associated with Contrast‐induced nephropathy (CIN) after Percutaneous Vascular Intervention (PVI) in contemporary medical practice are largely unknown.

Methods

A total of 13 126 patients undergoing PVI were included in the analysis. CIN was defined as an increase in serum creatinine from pre‐PVI baseline to post‐PVI peak Cr of ≥0.5 mg/dL.

Results

CIN occurred in 3% (400 patients) of the cohort, and 26 patients (6.5%) required dialysis. Independent predictors of CIN were high and low body weight, diabetes, heart failure, anemia, baseline renal dysfunction, critical limb ischemia, and a higher acuity of the PVI procedure and a contrast dose that was greater than three times the calculated creatinine clearance (CCC) (adjusted OR 1.4, 95% CI: 1.1‐1.8, P = 0.003). CIN was strongly associated with adverse outcome including in‐hospital death (adjusted OR 18.1, CI 10.7‐30.6, P < 0.001), myocardial infarction (adjusted OR 16.2, CI 8.9‐29.5, P < 0.001), transient ischemic attack/stroke (adjusted OR 5.5, CI 3.2‐14.9, P = 0.001), vascular access complications (adjusted OR 3.4, CI 2.3‐5, P < 0.001), and transfusion (adjusted OR 7, CI 5.4‐9, P < 0.001). Hospital stay was longer in patients who developed CIN versus those who did not.

Conclusions

CIN is not an uncommon complication associated with PVI, can be reliably predicted from pre‐procedural variables, including a contrast dose of greater than three times the CCC and is strongly associated with the risk of in‐hospital death, MI, stroke, transfusion, and increased hospital length of stay.

     

Myocardial dysfunction after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: predictors and prognostic implications

We aim to determine the incidence of early myocardial dysfunction after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, risk factors associated with its development, and association with outcome. A retrospective chart review was performed among consecutive out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients who underwent echocardiography within 24 h of return of spontaneous circulation at three urban teaching hospitals. Our primary outcome is early myocardial dysfunction, defined as a left ventricular ejection fraction < 40% on initial echocardiogram. We also determine risk factors associated with myocardial dysfunction using multivariate analysis, and examine its association with survival and neurologic outcome. A total of 190 patients achieved ROSC and underwent echocardiography within 24 h. Of these, 83 (44%) patients had myocardial dysfunction. A total of 37 (45%) patients with myocardial dysfunction survived to discharge, 39% with intact neurologic status. History of congestive heart failure (OR 6.21; 95% CI 2.54–15.19), male gender (OR 2.27; 95% CI 1.08–4.78), witnessed arrest (OR 4.20; 95% CI 1.78–9.93), more than three doses of epinephrine (OR 6.10; 95% CI 1.12–33.14), more than four defibrillations (OR 4.7; 95% CI 1.35–16.43), longer duration of resuscitation (OR 1.06; 95% CI 1.01–1.10), and therapeutic hypothermia (OR 3.93; 95% CI 1.32–11.75) were associated with myocardial dysfunction. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation immediately initiated by healthcare personnel was associated with lower odds of myocardial dysfunction (OR 0.40; 95% CI 0.17–0.97). There was no association between early myocardial dysfunction and mortality or neurological outcome. Nearly half of OHCA patients have myocardial dysfunction. A number of clinical factors are associated with myocardial dysfunction, and may aid providers in anticipating which patients need early diagnostic evaluation and specific treatments. Early myocardial dysfunction is not associated with neurologically intact survival.     

Characteristics of patients with hypertension in a population with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results from the Turkish Nationwide SurvEy of Glycemic and Other Metabolic Parameters of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus (TEMD Hypertension Study)

BackgroundThe present survey aimed to find out the demographical and clinical characteristics of patients with hypertension in a population with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Turkey.MethodsPatients with T2DM who were followed-up in tertiary endocrine units for at least last one year were recruited. Demographic, clinical and biochemical data of the patients were collected. Hypertension was defined as taking anti-hypertensive medications or having office arterial blood pressure (ABP) ≥140/90 mmHg or home ABP ≥ 130/80 mmHg.ResultsA total of 4756 (58.9% women) diabetic patients were evaluated. The percentage of patients with hypertension was 67.5% (n = 3212). Although 87.4% (n = 2808) of hypertensive patients were under treatment, blood pressure was on target in 52.7% (n = 1479) of patients. Hypertension proportions were higher in woman (p = 0.001), older, more obese, and those who had longer diabetes duration, lower education levels, higher frequency of hypoglycemic events (all p < 0.001) and higher triglyceride levels (p = 0.003). LDL cholesterol level and the percentage of smokers were lower in hypertensive group than in non-hypertensive group (both p < 0.001). The percentage of macro and microvascular complications was higher in the hypertensive group than in the normotensive one (both p < 0.001). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, being a woman (OR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.04–1.51, p = 0.016), smoking (OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.05–1.80, p = 0.020), regular physical activity (OR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.01–1.53, p = 0.039) and the presence of macrovascular complications (OR: 1.38 95% CI: 1.15–1.65, p = 0.001) were the significant predictors of good ABP regulation. The ratios of masked and white coat hypertension were 41.2% and 5.7%, respectively.ConclusionOur findings indicate that two-thirds (67.5%) of adult patients with T2DM have hypertension. Co-existence of hypertension increases the frequency of macro and microvascular diabetic complications in these patients. Despite the critical role of hypertension in morbidity and mortality, only half of the patients have favorable ABP levels. Masked hypertension seems to be another important issue in this population.     

Radiotherapy of rectal cancer in elderly patients: Real-world data assessment in a decade

Background and purposeThere is paucity of data on the efficacy and toxicity of radiotherapy in rectal cancer (RC) elderly patients. The objective was to identify management strategies and resulting outcomes in RC patients ≥70 years undergoing radiotherapy.Material and methodsA retrospective study included consecutive RC patients ≥70 years undergoing rectal radiotherapy.ResultsFrom 2004–2015, 340 RC patients underwent pre-operative (n = 238; 70%), post-operative (n = 41, 12%), or exclusive (n = 61, 18%) radiotherapy, with a median age of 78.5 years old (range: 70–96). Radiotherapy protocols were tailored, with 54 different radiotherapy programs (alteration of the total dose, and/or fractionation, and/or volume). Median follow-up was 27.1 months. Acute and late grade 3–4 radio-induced toxicities were reported in 3.5% and 0.9% of patients. Metastatic setting (OR = 6.60, CI95% 1.47–46.03, p = 0.02), exclusive radiotherapy (OR = 5.08, CI95% 1.48–18.21, p = 0.009), and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (OR = 6.42, CI95% 1.31–24.73, p = 0.01) were associated with grade ≥3 acute toxicities in univariate analysis. Exclusive radiotherapy (OR = 9.79, CI95% 2.49–43.18, p = 0.001) and intensity-modulated radiotherapy (OR = 12.62, CI95% 2.05–71.26, p = 0.003) were independent predictive factors of grade ≥3 acute toxicities in multivariate analysis. A complete pathological response was achieved in 12 out of 221 pre-operative patients (5.4%). Age, tumor stage, and surgery were independent predictive factors of survival in multivariate analysis. At end of follow-up, 7.1% of patients experienced local relapse.ConclusionRadiotherapy for RC in elderly patients appeared safe and manageable, perhaps due to the tailoring of radiotherapy protocols. Tailored management resulted in acceptable rate of local tumor control.     

Predictors of complications related to venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adults: A multicenter retrospective cohort study

IntroductionVenoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) is a complex technology associated with risks and complications.ObjectiveTo identify predictors of complications related to VA-ECMO in adults.MethodsA retrospective cohort study, including 63 adult patients undergoing VA-ECMO, performed at two institutions in Brazil, from the time both centers implemented VA-ECMO (1999 in Institution A and 2012 in Institution B) treatment through March of 2018. The association between independent variables (institution, demographic, indications for ECMO, and pre-ECMO clinical characteristics) and the outcomes (neurological, renal, vascular, hemorrhagic, infectious, and mechanical complications) was investigated by means of multiple logistic regressions.ResultsPredictors of neurological complications were refractory cardiogenic shock following cardiotomy (OR = 0.10; 95% CI 0.00–1.01; p = 0.049) and following heart or lung transplant (OR = 0.04; 95% CI 0.00–0.42; p = 0.018). The use of inotropes/vasopressors was a predictor of vascular complications (OR = 7.72; 95% CI 1.83–39.87; p = 0.008). The levels of CK-MB were a predictor of renal complications (OR = 0.87; 95% CI 0.72–0.97; p = 0.046). Predictors of infectious complications were total bilirubin (OR = 0.02; 95% CI 0.00–0.26; p = 0.038) and body weight odds (OR = 1.24; 95% CI 1.08–1.61; p = 0.028). Class III heart failure was a predictor of mechanical complications (OR = 0.07; 95% CI 0.00–0.66; p = 0.034).ConclusionIdentifying predictors of complications may contribute to the indications for VA-ECMO.     

Cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis

Background and ObjectiveTo combine the results of the best scientific evidence in order to compare the effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) in heart failure patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and in sinus rhythm (SR) and to determine the effect of atrioventricular nodal ablation in AF patients.MethodsThe electronic databases PubMed, B-On and Cochrane CENTRAL were searched, and manual searches were performed, for randomized controlled trials and cohort studies up to November 2012. The endpoints analyzed were all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and response to CRT.ResultsWe included 19 studies involving 5324 patients: 1399 in AF and 3925 in SR. All-cause mortality was more likely in patients with AF compared to patients in SR (OR=1.69; 95% CI: 1.20–2.37; p=0.002). There were no statistically significant differences in cardiovascular mortality (OR=1.36; 95% CI: 0.92–2.01; p=0.12). AF was associated with an increased likelihood of lack of response to CRT (OR=1.41; 95% CI: 1.15–1.73; p=0.001). Among subjects with AF, ablation of the atrioventricular node was associated with a reduction in all-cause mortality (OR=0.42; 95% CI: 0.22–0.80; p=0.008), cardiovascular death (OR=0.39; 95% CI: 0.20–0.75; p=0.005) and the number of non-responders to CRT (OR=0.30; 95% CI: 0.10–0.90; p=0.03).ConclusionsThe presence of AF is associated with increased likelihood of all-cause death and non-response to CRT, compared to patients in SR. However, many patients with AF benefit from CRT. Atrioventricular nodal ablation appears to increase the benefits of CRT in patients with AF.     

Effect of statins on the development of renal dysfunction

Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) decrease serum cholesterol. Dyslipidemia is believed to be associated with the development of renal dysfunction. It was postulated that statins may reduce the development of renal dysfunction. The effect of statin use on the development of renal dysfunction in 197,551 patients (Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans Integrated Service Network 16 [VISN16] database) was examined. Of these patients, 29.5% (58,332 patients) were statin users and 70.5% (139,219 patients) were not. Development of renal dysfunction was defined as doubling of baseline creatinine or increase in serum creatinine > or =0.5 mg/dl from the first to last measurement with a minimum of 90 days in between. During 3.1 years of follow-up, 3.4% of patients developed renal dysfunction. After adjustment for demographics, diabetes mellitus, smoking, hypertension, and other medications (mainly angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, and aspirin), use of statins decreased the odds of developing renal dysfunction by 13% (odds ratio [OR] 0.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.82 to 0.92, p <0.0001). The beneficial effect of statins appeared to be independent of the decrease in cholesterol. Other variables that affected the development of renal dysfunction were age (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.04, p <0.0001), diabetes (OR 1.77, 95% CI 1.68 to 1.86, p <0.0001), hypertension (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.2, p = 0.0153), and smoking (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.24, p = 0.0244). In conclusion, statin use may retard the development of renal dysfunction. The beneficial effect of statins in preventing the development of renal dysfunction appears to be independent of their lipid-lowering effect.