颈髓髓内血管网织细胞瘤的诊断及显微外科治疗

目的探讨颈髓髓内血管网织细胞瘤的诊断及显微外科治疗。方法分析26例患者的MRI表现及其显微外科手术治疗的效果。其中男19例，女7例，年龄17～55岁。结果根据肿瘤在MRI上的表现可分为囊肿型12例，实体型14例，均行肿瘤全切除术。术后患者神经系统症状好转者17例，7例无改善，2例加重。结论颈髓MRI能对颈髓髓内血管母细胞瘤作出定位诊断，并可将其分型，以利选择不同的手术方法。颈髓髓内、即使累及延髓的血管母细胞瘤宜行积极手术治疗；根据肿瘤类型不同选择不同手术方法，在手术显微镜下沿正确的界面进行分离，先离断动脉后处理静脉，避免分块切除而力争全切，是减少术中出血和避免神经功能损害的关键。     

颈椎椎板成形术后脊髓后移的相关因素分析

 目的 探讨颈后路单开门椎板成形术后脊髓后移的影响因素及其规律。方法 2008年2月至2010年10月收治的压迫性颈脊髓病患者经筛选后43例纳入本研究,均接受C₃～C₇后路单开门椎板成形术,男32例,女11例;年龄33～78岁,平均57.9岁。脊髓型颈椎病伴发育性颈椎管狭窄30例,颈椎后纵韧带骨化症13例。门轴侧关节突螺钉锚定法21例,保留门轴侧肌肉韧带复合体的钛缆悬吊法22例。术前、术后3个月颈椎中立位MRI正中矢状面测量各节段代表脊髓及硬膜囊后移的参数：脊髓前缘后移,脊髓后缘后移,硬膜囊前缘后移,硬膜囊后缘后移;将齿突与T₁椎体后下角的连线定义为E线,其长度为E值,从每个基准点向E线作垂线,每个垂线段的长度为Px(x=1~6),得到代表每个节段局部曲度的参数(100×Px/E);以颈椎曲度指数 (curvature index, CI) 表示颈椎整体曲度。对以上参数进行线性相关分析。结果 硬膜囊前缘后移在不同水平无明显变化,脊髓前缘后移、脊髓后缘后移与硬膜囊后缘后移则随所处节段不同而相应发生变化,且三者的变化具有一致性。脊髓后缘后移最大值位于C_5,6水平,但C_5,6水平脊髓后缘后移与CI无相关性。相关分析表明脊髓后缘后移与硬膜囊后缘后移呈高度线性相关,与(100×Px/D)具有较低的相关性 。结论 颈椎单开门椎管扩大成形术后脊髓的后移程度与同水平硬膜囊的后移程度高度相关,与局部曲度相关性较弱,与颈椎整体曲度无相关性。     

颈髓挥鞭样损伤的回顾性研究

目的通过对临床资料的回顾性分析,探讨颈髓挥鞭样损伤病例手术的必要性。方法根据治疗方式和损伤后MR I所示脊髓受压程度的不同,将2004年4月～2006年4月收治的36例过伸性颈椎损伤患者分成3组：非手术治疗组（8例）、受压不明显者手术组（10例）、受压明显者手术组（18例）;比较3组间治疗前后的ASIA评分及Frankel分级改变。结果所有患者获得12～24个月随访,神经功能行ASIA评分及Frankel分级,手术组均高于非手术治疗组（P〈0.05）。结论过伸性颈脊髓损伤尽早手术减压是最大限度恢复神经功能的关键。凡存在明显神经功能障碍、MR I提示有颈髓损伤,无论是否有明显脊髓受压者都应早期手术。手术可避免因颈椎管高压和颈椎不稳造成的继发性脊髓损伤,保证其远期疗效。     

急性无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的治疗与预后

我院自1996-2002年收治无骨折脱位颈脊髓损伤24例，全部手术治疗，术后恢复满意。     

脊髓线预测颈椎后路开门术后脊髓减压效果的临床研究

目的 探讨颈椎后路开门手术后脊髓减压程度的预测及方法.方法 收集2008年3月至2009年8月25例行颈椎单开门椎管成形术患者术前、术后的MRI图像.根据脊髓前方的压迫程度可分为0～4分;其中＞3分(3和4分)表明有脊髓压迫,＜3分表明脊髓无压迫.在开门节段上位椎体下终板做一水平线与脊髓前方成一交点,在开门节段下位椎体...     

无颈椎骨折脱位的急性颈髓损伤

目的探讨无颈椎骨折脱位的急性颈髓损伤的特征和机制.方法对33例无颈椎骨折脱位的急性颈髓损伤病例进行回顾性研究,分析其神经学、X线和MRI检查结果.结果颈髓完全性损伤者8例,不完全性损伤者25例;21例患者有颈椎变性改变(椎间盘间隙狭窄伴有骨赘形成者15例,后纵韧带骨化者6例),3例C5颈椎管Pavlov率小于0.8;30例可见颈髓受压,25例表现为椎旁软组织损伤.结论无颈椎骨折脱位的急性颈髓损伤的重要诱因为颈椎变性改变和发育性颈椎管狭窄,致病原因主要为颈髓受压;MRI检查有利于查明脊髓损伤的部位和机制.     

Paralysis of the arm after posterior decompression of the cervical spinal cord

Summary Paralysis of the arm with radicular distribution occurring after posterior decompression of the cervical spinal cord included C5, C6, C7 and C8 roots, in isolation or combined. The most frequent patterns of paralysis were C5 and C6 root involvements of the motor-dominant type. The overall frequency of occurrence in our series was 11% (20 cases of postoperative paralysis in 188 surgical cases), but the frequency varied with the posterior decompression method. The higher frequency of postoperative paralysis was noted in the group in which the surgical procedures selected were considered as enabling the expanded dura to exert its traction power more easily on the extradural portion of the roots. Radiographical analyses showed that C5 roots which satisfied the following two conditions were more prone to sustain postoperative paralysis: first, location at the level of the highly expanded dural tube and, second, lying in the foramina with a higher degree of anterior protrusion of the superior process. In the majority of cases with C5 motor-dominant paralysis, the postoperative cord-root pouch distances of the C5 anterior roots were unchanged or even decreased compared with the preoperative ones, but the extradural portions of the C5 roots were elongated in all cases. These findings support the validity of mechanisms of postoperative paralysis which were deduced from the anatomical investigations.     

Imaging diagnosis of cervical spine and spinal cord injuries in children

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仅累及上肢的急性中央颈脊髓损伤

介绍一种特殊类型的急性中央颈脊髓损伤。回顾分析24例仅仅表现为上肢运动与感觉损害症状的颈脊髓损伤患者，除1例行颈前路减压外均行保守治疗。结果有17例完全恢复正常，另7例遗留不同程度的手内在肌功能障碍。从受伤至运动功能恢复正常时间最短者为2周，最长者为4个月，平均恢复时间为2个月。而感觉功能恢复需4～6个月。作者认为其机制可能为颈脊髓前角细胞和后角细胞损害，非手术治疗多可取得满意疗效。     

下颈椎骨折脱位并脊髓损伤的前路手术治疗

目的探讨前路手术在治疗下颈椎骨折脱位并脊髓损伤中的价值。方法168例下颈椎骨折脱位并脊髓损伤患者均在全麻下行颈前路减压、复位、钛网或自体髂骨植骨及颈椎带锁钢板固定。结果完全复位151例,复位90%以上17例。平均随访80.7个月,颈椎椎间高度和生理曲度维持良好,无钢板螺钉并发症。140例脊髓损伤者神经功能获改善。结论下颈椎骨折脱位并脊髓损伤选择前路手术治疗可获得满意的疗效。     

急性颈脊髓损伤的早期手术疗效

目的:探讨大剂量激素冲击并早期前、后路手术减压固定治疗急性颈脊髓损伤的疗效。方法:11例急性颈脊髓损伤患者,男7例,女4例;年龄23～63岁,平均37岁;受伤时间30min～6h。脊髓神经功能Frankel分级:A级2例,B级6例,C级2例,D级1例。早期大剂量激素冲击的同时,6例行前路减压植骨钢板内固定,3例行后路单开门椎板减压侧块钢板固定,2例先后路减压复位再前路减压植骨钢板固定。结果:跟踪随访3～22个月,平均13个月。脊髓神经功能的恢复按Frankel分级评定,平均提高2.1级,其中A→B1例,A→C1例,B→C2例,B→D3例,B→E1例,C→E2例,椎间融合率100%,无内固定松动发生。结论:早期大剂量激素冲击积极手术内固定可获得彻底地减压、有效防止脊髓继发损伤,植骨融合率高,稳定性好。     

Damage control of multiple injuries headed by cervica spinal cord injury

Objective ： To explore the strategy of damage control in clinical treatment of multiple injuries headed by cervical spinal cord injury. Methods： A retrospective analysis was performed in 32 patients. Cervical fractures associated with tetraplegia occurred in 18 patients, traumatic intervectebral disk hernia associated with tetraplegia in 2 patients, and cervical fractures and dislocation associated with tetraplegia in 12 patients. Seventeen cases were combined with craniocerebral injury, 7 combined with pulmonary contusion, multi-fractures of rib or hemopneumothorax, 2 combined with pelvic fracture and other 8 combined with fracture of limbs. The neural function was assessed by the American Spinal Injury Association （ASIA） scale. Results： Thirty-one patients were followed up for an average of 14 months. Of them, 10 got complete recovery, 13 obtained improvement of more than one ASIA grade, 8 did not improve, and 1 died. Conclusions ： For the emergency treatment of multiple injuries headed by cervical spinal cord injury, the damage control strategy is the principle to follow. The final operations are preferably performed within 5 to 10 days after injury so as to raise the successful rate of remedy.     

颈椎硬膜内髓外肿瘤手术治疗方式选择

目的 探讨颈椎硬膜内髓外肿瘤的手术方式及钛网椎管重建的效果.方法 2002年3月至2008年9月手术治疗颈椎硬膜内髓外肿瘤26例,男14例,女12例;年龄6～76岁,平均38岁.术前神经功能Frankle分级,B级3例,C级8例,D级11例,E级4例.16例行半椎板切除(半椎板组),10例全椎板切除后行钛网椎管重建(全椎板组).术后随访6个月～5年,平均26个月,记录术后神经恢复及植骨融合情况.确认植骨融合后(术后6个月),对半椎板组和全椎板组病例手术前后的颈椎曲度指数、颈椎活动度进行评估.结果 术后神经功能恢复Frankle分级均有改善.术前Frankle分级B级3例,术后提高到C级;术前C级8例提高到D级;术前D级11例提高到术后E级10例、D级1例.全椎板组钛网表面植骨块与上、下椎板融合,术后脊柱稳定,未发生畸形.半椎板组术后颈椎曲度指数丢失2.2±2.3,全椎板组术后颈椎曲度指数丢失4.3±2.5,两组患者手术前后颈椎曲度变化的差异有统计学意义(t=2.05,P＜0.05).半椎板组术后颈椎活动度丢失1.3°±1.2°,全椎板组患者术后颈椎活动度丢失9.2°±4.1°,两组差异有统计学意义(t=1.71,P＜0.05).结论 颈椎硬膜内髓外肿瘤体积小位于椎管一侧,适宜选择半椎板切除.对于需要行全椎板切除的病例,内固定及钛网椎管重建加植骨,可以重建脊柱的稳定性.     

Postoperative spinal cord herniation with pseudomeningocele in the cervical spine: a case report

Background context

Postoperative spinal cord herniation with pseudomeningocele is a rare disease, with only five cases reported before the present study.

Purpose

To describe the clinical features and radiologic findings of postoperative spinal cord herniation with pseudomeningocele.

Study design

Case report.

Methods

A case of a 51-year-old man who suffered from postoperative spinal cord herniation with pseudomeningocele was reported, and previous reports on this subject are reviewed.

Results

He had undergone excision of a spinal cord tumor in the cervical spine 10 years previously. He had progressive paraparesis and urinary disturbance 10 years later. The Computed Tomography Multi Planner Reconstruction myelogram showed dilation of the ventral subarachnoid space with left deviation of the spinal cord into the pseudomeningocele at C7. On observation at surgery, the spinal cord appeared displaced dorsally and herniated through the defect of the dorsal dura mater. The spinal cord was tightly adhesive around the dural defect. We released the adhesion of the spinal cord and the dural defect under the spinal cord, and the dural defect was repaired using an artificial dura mater.

Conclusions

The release of adhesion around dural defect and repair of dural defect under spinal cord monitoring resulted in a satisfactory neurologic recovery. Surgical repair of the dural defect with a dural substitute was necessary.     

老年无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的诊治及围手术期管理

目的分析老年无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤的成因及损伤机制,探讨MRI表现、治疗方法选择,并对围手术期管理提出指导。方法回顾2003年3月~2013年10月收治的〉60岁的无骨折脱位型颈脊髓损伤296例,对发生机制、伤后MRI片脊髓信号改变、治疗手段对神经恢复的影响进行分析,对伤后MRI上脊髓T2加权像高信号变化进行分型。结果 236例患者MRI T2加权像有信号变化,其中Ⅰ型125例、Ⅱ型79例、Ⅲ型27例、Ⅳ型5例。296例患者中,手术治疗222例,非手术治疗74例。2组神经功能恢复率有明显区别（P〈0.05）;且伤后早期（〈72 h）手术患者的症状改善率高于稍晚手术患者。伤后颈脊髓内MRI的T2加权像异常信号可以分为4型。结论老年颈脊髓损伤患者有明显神经损伤症状者应尽早手术治疗。患者术前应戒烟、行呼吸功能练习和体位训练,术后应早期离床活动,以促进神经功能恢复及减少并发症发生。     

颈椎脊髓损伤患者自主神经性反射异常的临床处理

目的 探讨颈椎脊髓损伤患者自主神经性反射异常（autonomic dysreflexia,AD）的临床诊治措施.方法 2006年9月～2011年9月,共诊治23例颈椎脊髓损伤后发生自主神经性反射异常的患者,主要措施为去除对张力感受器和痛觉感受器的不良刺激.结果 19例患者在去除不良刺激后1-5 min内症状完全缓解,其余4例患者经Ca2＋通道阻滞剂治疗后血压降致正常.结论对于颈椎脊髓损伤的患者,应注意观察并解除可能导致AD发生的因素;一旦诊断为AD,应尽快消除诱因并对症处理,避免出现并发症.     

陈旧性颈椎过伸伤伴脊髓损伤的临床研究

目的 探讨陈旧性颈椎过伸伤伴脊髓损伤患者的临床特点及其转归.方法 回顾性分析30例陈旧性颈椎过伸伤患者的临床资料,从损伤到就诊时间为3个月～8年,根据就诊时间分为三组,第1组:3～6个月,17例;第2组:6～12个月,8例;第3组:12个月～8年,5例.分别在术前、术后3个月、术后1年进行JOA评分,观察神经功能的改善率,比较各组的恢复情况.26例行颈椎前路减压植骨内固定术,4例行颈椎后路减压植骨内固定术.结果 三组之间的患者例数构成存在显著性差异.30例均获随访,随访时间18～39个月,平均23个月.术后1年,第1组平均改善率为23.8%,第2组平均改善率为53.9%,第3组平均改善率为54.3%.术后3个月、术后1年,第1组和第2组、第1组和第3组的JOA评分存在显著性差异,第2组和第3组无显著性差异.结论 陈旧性颈椎过伸伤伴迟发性脊髓损伤的发生在时间上有逐渐减少的趋势,迟发性脊髓损伤发生越早的患者损伤越严重,手术后的恢复越差.     

应用Zero-P行颈前路椎间融合术治疗外伤性颈椎椎间盘突出并脊髓损伤

目的比较应用Zero-P和钛板并Cage行颈前路椎间融合术治疗外伤性颈椎椎间盘突出并脊髓损伤的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析本院2012年2月—2015年11月收治的78例外伤性颈椎椎间盘突出并脊髓损伤患者临床资料。其中38例行前路椎间盘切除、钛板并Cage内固定融合(Cage组),40例应用Zero-P行颈前路椎间融合术(Zero-P组)。比较2组患者术前及术后随访期间Frankel分级、颈椎曲度、椎间融合率、吞咽困难发生率等情况。结果所有患者随访12~37(15.76±3.80)个月。2组患者术后Frankel分级均较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),2组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。2组术后颈椎曲度均较术前明显改善,与术前相比差异有统计学意义(P0.05),2组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),且至末次随访时颈椎曲度无丢失。术后3个月,Zero-P组融合率高于Cage组,吞咽困难发生率显著低于Cage组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。末次随访时2组融合率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论传统钛板并Cage内固定融合术与应用Zero-P行椎间融合术治疗外伤性颈椎椎间盘突出并脊髓损伤均可显著改善患者脊髓功能,但Zero-P具有术后早期即可获得较高融合率及术后吞咽困难发生率低的优点。     

脊髓内胆脂瘤的诊断和手术治疗

目的提高脊髓内胆脂瘤的诊断水平及选择治疗方法。方法总结１９７８～１９９５年收治的经手术和病理证实的１０例脊髓内胆脂瘤的经验。结果患者临床表现无特异性。本组ＣＴ检查８例，显示肿瘤呈现均匀低密度影像，边界清楚，强化扫描多无增强。ＭＲ检查４例，肿瘤呈现信号强度变化不定的特点，边界清楚。１０例患者均行手术治疗，肿瘤全切除１例，次全切除９例。８例术后得以随访，无复发。结论肿瘤全切是治疗本病的最好选择。     

Metastatic intradural extramedullary spinal cord tumor from ovarian cancer: A case report with a literature review

Context: Metastatic intradural extramedullary spinal cord tumors are extremely rare.Findings: A 76-year-old woman presented with intractable neck pain. Three years earlier, she had been treated for ovarian cancer with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. A year later, she underwent resection of a brain metastasis. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an encapsulated intradural extramedullary mass at C4–C5. C4–C5 hemilaminectomy, tumor resection, and biopsy were performed. Histological examination of the resection revealed an adenocarcinoma. After surgery, her intolerable neck-shoulder pain was fully resolved, and she had no difficulties with daily living activities. However, two months later, she underwent gamma knife radiosurgery for the recurrent metastatic brain tumor, and four months later, she died from cachexia.Conclusion: Although cases of metastatic intradural extramedullary spinal tumors from ovarian cancer are extremely rare, their possibility should be considered in the differential diagnosis. A history of brain metastases and enhancement on T1-weighted MRI were helpful for making an accurate diagnosis.