长江航线船员艾滋病认知及健康教育效果评价

目的 了解长江航线船员对AIDS知识的掌握程度，评价对长江航线船员开展艾滋病健康教育效果。方法 对长江航线船员进行艾滋病健康教育干预，采取匿名问卷(KABP)方法，在干预前后分2次进行AIDS知识问卷调查。结果 长江航线船员对艾滋病知识已有一定的了解，但对艾滋病的传播途径认识不全面，经过健康教育干预后。长江航线船员对艾滋病知识的知晓率有显提高，对待艾滋病人的态度亦有较明显的改善。结论 开展艾滋病健康教育可提高长江航线船员对艾滋病知识的掌握程度，应该加强和推广。     

Capture efficiency of local exhaust ventilation systems

A new technique to measure the performance of local exhaust ventilation systems has been developed and tested in both the laboratory and the field. The technique involves the measurement of the capture efficiency of exterior hoods, defined to be the fraction of contaminants given off by a process captured by the exhaust system serving that process. Capture efficiency measurement can be a powerful tool in the evaluation of local exhaust systems, since it is a direct, quantitative measure of system performance; in contrast, indices of performance now in use are either qualitative or measure quantities which may not be related directly to system performance. A basic theory for capture efficiency has been developed, and a prototype system for measuring capture efficiency has been constructed and tested. Preliminary laboratory and field measurements using the system have demonstrated the power of the method, which should find widespread use in the design of new ventilation systems and the evaluation of existing ones.     

远洋船员亚健康状态综合评价指标体系构建

目的 通过主观和客观相结合的方法, 构建远洋船员亚健康状态的综合评价指标体系。方法 于2013年1-6月, 利用亚健康状态量表、健康体检(生理指标、血液生化指标)及实验室检测(免疫指标)相结合的方法, 构建远洋船员亚健康状态的综合评价指标体系。结果 共完成调查问卷1 045份, 有效1 007份, 有效率为96.36%;亚健康问卷具有较好的信度(总体Cronbach's α系数为0.94)和效度(提取3个公因子, 累积解释变异量的51.71%);体质指数(BMI)、甘油三酯(TG)和IgA 3个客观指标在不同躯体亚健康状态组间差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 亚健康状态量表和BMI、TG及IgA 3个客观指标, 可用于综合评价远洋船员的亚健康状态。     

Assessment of nutrition of seamen and fishermen

The work was aimed at determining the food intake for seamen of the Polish Marine and fishermen. The research was carried out on the 55 sea-going vessels and 36 deep-sea fishing ships. The average food intake was determined and the daily calorie intake calculated. The quality assessment of the 112 week menus was made. The excessive consumption of eggs, meats and sausages, butter and sour milk, and processed vegetables and potatoes was determined. The recommended calorie intake in the diet was highly surpassed. The portion of energy derived from fats was higher, and that from carbohydrates lower than recommended. The menus were negatively evaluated, with no menu reported as very good or good, mainly because of insufficient amount of fresh vegetables and fruits, monotony in choice of products and an excessive use of frying and baking to prepare the meats. The present research showed that the food intake was incorrect in both amount and quality of foods, and a nutritional value of the diet. The calorie intake was substantially surpassing the recommended value that was originated mainly from very high intake of the fats. The diet contained higher, than recommended, amount of food rich in cholesterol and saturated fats. The intake of food, rich in complex carbohydrates and calcium, was insufficient, and acidifying products were predominant in the diet. The present food intake can result in overweight and obesity, coronary and heart diseases, liver and stomach diseases. The change in food intake by and increase in amount of cereals, milk and dairy products, and vegetable fats, and decrease in amount of meats and sausages, butter and sour cream, and eggs is recommended. The daily calorie intake should be lowered.     

政府卫生支出健康效率测算及分析

目的：测算和分析中国1990年、2000年和2010年政府卫生支出的健康效率及其影响因素。方法：运用DEA和Tobit测算政府卫生支出的健康效率,评估效率值的影响因素。结果：政府卫生支出的健康生产效率在波动中有所提高,不同年度处于前沿面的省份基本一致,远离前沿面的省份存在较大差别;该效率在各区域间的差异较显著,东部地区政府卫生支出的健康生产效率高于中、西部地区;财政分权与政府卫生支出健康效率存在显著负相关关系。结论：财政分权制度的改革与完善是提高政府卫生支出健康效率的重要途径。     

Analysis and determination the efficiency of the European health systems

The current economic crisis has increased the interest in analyzing the efficiency of health care systems, as their funding is a very important part of the budgets for different countries. In this work determines the efficiency in the health services in European countries applying data envelopment analysis. In addition, the combined application of data envelopment analysis methods and ACP can provide an evaluation of the efficiency with respect to differently oriented productive health systems in the different countries. The results show that models with a lower level of efficiency are those whose input is beds, followed by the models whose input is physicians. Finally, we apply the AD to select a few simple indicators that facilitate control of the level of operational efficiency of a health system.     

Analysis of efficiency of the region's health facilities

A comprehensive study of the efficiency of activities of 5 principle therapeutic-and-preventive institutions (TPI) was conducted in a typical Ural industrial region by using the traditional and newly developed approaches. Both the medical and economic efficiency of their activities was found to be not high in a majority of them. The analysis results were used to work out a scientifically substantiated program for reforming the health care system of the region.     

对国际船员预防接种的几点建议

通过对国际船员这一特殊人群的分析，结合国际疫情及人群免疫状况，提出把国际船员作为霍乱、甲肝、乙肝等传染病的重点免疫对象，提高其免疫力，控制传染病在船员间及国际间传播。     

Equity and efficiency in health care.

Adam Smith's belief that markets will make society more equitable and efficient is examined in the case of reforms to make health care more competitive. Eight ways in which health care does not often satisfy the requirements for competitive markets, and nine ways in which providers can manipulate markets are identified. The concept of 'embedded inefficiencies' is introduced to explain why competition may not increase efficiency.     

Equity and efficiency in Italian health care

Health care finance and provision in Italy is unusual by international standards: public financing relies heavily on both general taxation and social insurance, and although the vast majority of expenditure is publicly financed, the majority of care is provided by the private sector. The system suffers, however, from a chronic failure to control expenditures and its record on perinatal and infant mortality is poor. Hospitals in Italy have a low bed-occupancy rate by international standards and the per diem system of reimbursing private hospitals encourages unduly long stays. Costs per inpatient day are high by international standards, but costs per admission are close to the OECD average. Ambulatory care costs are extremely low, but this appears to be due to the fact that GPs see so many patients that their role is inevitably mainly administrative. Consumption of medicines is extremely high, but because the cost per item is low, expenditure per capita is not unduly high. Despite the emphasis on social insurance, the financing system appears to be progressive. There is evidence of inequalities in health in Italy, and some evidence that health care is not provided equally to those in the same degree of need.     

海船船员2200例听力学检查结果

目的分析船员海船船员噪声性听力损失的状况。方法选取2 200名海员在标准隔音室里,利用AC40纯音测听仪对其进行听力学检查,分析听力损失情况。结果船员听力损失检出率为27.05%(595/2 200),其中,甲板部船员听力障碍228人(20.73%),机舱部听力障碍367人(33.36%)。存在听力损失的595人中,有423人为单纯高频听力下降,有172人除高频听力下降外伴有不同程度的语频阈值升高现象。随着工龄增长,听力损失检出率明显增大,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),甲板和机舱船员听力损失检出率的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论噪音对听力的影响,主要表现在高频听力下降,听阈提高,听力损失的发生与接触噪音时间及噪音强度有密切关系。     

对卫生服务公平与效率问题的思考

公平与效率是世界各国卫生服务的核心问题和卫生经济研究的永恒主题。卫生服务公平与效率是一对矛盾,又是统一体。关于卫生服务公平与效率的关系事关卫生事业全局,意义重大,任何卫生政策不经过评价毫无意义。卫生政策的评价范