帕利哌酮缓释片对精神分裂症疗效及安全性的对照研究

目的 探讨帕利哌酮缓释片对精神分裂症的疗效及安全性.方法 选择精神分裂症患者分为研究组(31例,帕利哌酮缓释片治疗)和对照组(92例,利培酮治疗),共治疗4周,基线时、治疗后第2周末及治疗后第4周末应用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、住院病人观察量表(NOSIE)和副反应量表(TESS)分别评定疗效及安全性.结果 研究组在治疗后第2周末及第4周末的PANSS各因子分及总分均低于基线时,差异均具有显著性意义(P<0.05).在治疗后第2周末及第4周末,研究组的PANSS各因子分及总分均低于对照组,差异具有显著性意义(P<0.05).在治疗后第2周末及第4周末,研究组NOSIE评分的社会功能、社会兴趣、总积极因素因子分、激惹、精神病表现、抑郁、迟缓、总消极因素因子分以及病情总估分较对照组均有不同程度的改善,差异均具有显著性意义(P<0.05).研究组的不良反应与对照组相当,均未见严重不良反应.结论 帕利哌酮缓释片可有效改善精神分裂症患者的阳性症状、阴性症状以及社会功能.安全性较高.     

精神分裂症超高危人群认知行为治疗干预效果研究

目的 探讨认知行为治疗对精神分裂症超高危人群的干预效果。方法 将60例精神分裂症超高危人群随机分为两组各30例,研究组给予认知行为治疗,对照组仅予一般健康教育,分别于干预前及干预后第6、12、18、24周末进行阳性和阴性综合征量表（PANSS）和社会功能缺陷筛选量表（SDSS）量表评定。结果 研究组干预后第12、18、24周末PANSS总分和阳性因子分低于干预前（P〈0.05）;研究组干预后第12、18、24周末PANSS总分和阳性因子分低于对照组（P〈0.05）。两组干预前后SDSS评分比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论 认知行为治疗可明显改善精神分裂症超高危人群的阳性症状。     

团体绘画治疗对康复期精神分裂症住院患者阴性症状、社会功能和自知力的治疗效果

目的 探讨团体绘画治疗对康复期精神分裂症住院患者阴性症状、社会功能和自知力的 治疗效果。方法 选取 2023 年 2— 8 月在武汉市精神卫生中心睡眠障碍病区和康养病区住院的 130 例 康复期精神分裂症患者作为研究对象。采用随机数字表法分为对照组（n=65）和研究组（n=65）,分别实 施常规治疗护理和联合团体绘画治疗。在干预前和干预 4 个月后,采用阳性与阴性症状量表（PANSS）、 社会功能缺陷筛选量表（SDSS）和自知力及治疗态度测量问卷（ITAQ）比较两组患者临床症状、社会功 能和对疾病的自知力情况。结果 共 125 例患者完成研究,其中研究组 63 例、对照组 62 例。两组患 者干预前 PANSS 各分量表、SDSS 和 ITAQ 评分比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞ 0.05）。对照组患者干预后 PANSS 阴性症状分量表评分低于干预前,差异有统计学意义（P＜ 0.01）。研究组患者干预后 PANSS 阴性 症状分量表、SDSS 评分低于对照组和干预前,ITAQ 评分高于对照组和干预前,差异均有统计学意义（均 P＜ 0.01）。结论 团体绘画治疗有助于改善康复期精神分裂症住院患者的阴性症状、社会功能和自 知力。     

心理干预对首发精神分裂症患者的作用

目的:探讨心理干预对首发精神分裂症患者生活质量和社会功能的影响. 方法:120例首发精神分裂症患者随机分为观察组和对照组各60例.两组均给予阿立哌唑治疗,观察组在此基础上给予心理干预,观察8周,并随访6个月.采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、世界卫生组织生活质量量表(WHOQOL-100)及社会功能缺陷筛选量表(SDSS)分别于入组时及随访结束时进行评估. 结果:入组时PANSS、WHOQOL-100及SDSS评分两组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05);随访结束时,观察组PANSS总分、阴性症状、阳性症状和SDSS评分均显著低于对照组(P均<0.01);而WHOQOL-100中生活质量总评、独立性领域、社会关系领域评分均高于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01). 结论:心理干预有助于缓解首发精神分裂症患者的精神症状,提高生活质量及社会功能.     

家庭护理干预对精神分裂症患者康复的影响

目的 探讨家庭护理干预对精神分裂症患者康复的影响.方法 将163例精神分裂症患者随机分为2组,均于干预前和8周末采用简明精神病症状量表(BPRS)、自知力与治疗态度问卷(ITAQ)、社会功能筛选量表(SDSS)进行评价比较.结果 2组入组时各量表评分比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).干预8周末研究组BPRS总分及焦虑抑郁和缺乏活力因子分均明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);ITAQ评分研究组为(17.24±0.48),对照组为(9.56±0.42),2组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);SDSS总分及各因子分均明显高于对照组,2组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 家庭护理可有效促进精神分裂症患者康复.     

日间医院工作站康复模式对精神分裂症患者功能康复的作用

目的探讨日间医院工作站康复模式对精神分裂症患者康复的作用。方法将出院的85例精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组(42例)和对照组(43例)。研究组在日间医院进行康复训练。定期采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、世界卫生组织生活质量评定量表简表(WHOQOL-BERF)[1]、社会功能缺陷筛选量表(SDSS)对两组患者进行评定并进行比较。结果康复训练后,研究组PANSS阴性症状分、SDSS总分显著降低,并与对照组有显著统计学差异,而对照组PANSS阴性症状分、SDSS总分研究前后无明显差异;研究组WHOQOL-BERF评分显著升高,与对照组有显著统计学差异,而对照组研究前后WHOQOL-BERF评分则无明显差异。结论科学、系统、有针对性的康复训练能明显改善精神分裂症患者的阴性症状,并提高其社会功能和生活质量,日间医院工作站康复模式值得进一步探讨和推广。     

团体心理治疗对女性精神分裂症患者康复影响研究

目的 探讨团体心理治疗对女性慢性精神分裂症患者的康复效果的影响.方法 选取经抗精神病药治疗大部分阳性症状消失的120例女性慢性精神分裂症患者随机分成研究组和对照组各60例,研究组患者在药物治疗基础上进行团体心理治疗,对照且参加一般药物治疗,治疗前及治疗后第8周末用简明精神病量表（BPRS）、阴性症状量表（SANS）、社会功能缺陷筛选量表（SDSS）进行测评分析.结果 治疗后两组BPRS、SANS总分均较治疗前显著降低（P＜0.05,P＜0.01）;治疗后SDSS 4项因子分研究组较治疗前显著减低（P＜0.05）.治疗后研究组BPRS、SANS总分及SDSS4项因子评分显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）.结论 团体心理治疗对女性慢性精神分裂症患者的康复有显著的效果.     

激励模式对社区精神分裂症患者社会功能的影响

目的 探讨激励模式对社区精神分裂症患者社会功能的影响.方法 400例精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组（200例）和对照组（200例）,研究组患者在药物干预的基础上以激励模式干预2年,对照组患者仅给予药物干预.入组时和入组后每3个月使用阳性和阴性综合征量表（PANSS）评定疾病严重程度,以个人和社会功能量表（PSP）评定社会功能.结果 研究结束时研究组PANSS总分及各分量表评分比入组时显著降低（P＜0.05）,研究组PANSS总分及各分量表评分显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）.与入组时比较,研究结束时研究组PSP总分显著升高,各分量表评分均显著降低（P＜0.05）.研究结束时研究组PSP总分显著高于对照组,各分量表评分显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）.结论 激励模式能够改善社区精神分裂症患者的病情与社会功能.     

社区干预对康复期精神分裂症患者社会功能的影响

目的评价一种社区干预方法对康复期精神分裂症患者社会功能的影响。方法采用分层抽样的方法在白银市抽取20个社区,采用随机数字表法将186例生活在社区的康复期精神分裂症患者分为研究组和对照组各93例,两组实际完成研究的例数分别为90例和84例。对研究组给予社区管理和系统的社会功能康复训练,对照组仅采用原有的个案管理的模式。分别在干预前、干预3月末和干预6月末进行阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)、社会功能缺陷筛选量表(SDSS)和日常生活能力量表(ADL)评定。结果干预前两组PANSS、SDSS、ADL评分差异均无统计学意义(P均0.05);干预后经重复测量方差分析,PANSS总评分和阴性症状量表、一般精神病理量表评分的组间主效应、时间主效应有统计学意义(P均0.01),阳性症状量表评分的时间主效应有统计学意义(P0.05);SDSS、ADL的组间主效应和时间主效应有统计学意义(P均0.01),SDSS的交互作用有统计学意义(P0.01),研究组SDSS评分在不同时间点差异有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论与个案管理比较,社区干预方法能够更有效地改善康复期精神分裂症患者的社会功能和部分残留的精神症状。     

音乐节奏训练对慢性精神分裂症患者疗效和社会功能影响的研究

目的评价音乐节奏训练对精神分裂症患者临床症状的改善及对社会功能恢复的作用。方法将90例慢性精神分裂症患者随机分为研究组及对照组,研究组在原来药物治疗的基础上合并无错化学习模式的音乐节奏训练3个月。对照组在原来药物治疗的基础上合并普通工娱治疗3个月。在治疗前后用阳性和阴性综合征量表（PANSS）、个人和社会功能量表（PSP）评估患者临床症状和社会功能变化。结果研究组PANSS总分、阴性症状、一般精神病理、反应缺乏因子、激活因子及抑郁因子评分均较治疗前下降（P〈0.05）,对照组仅PANSS阴性症状评分较治疗前下降（P〈0.05）;治疗后研究组PANSS总分、阴性症状、反应缺乏因子评分低于对照组（P〈0.05）。研究组治疗后PSP总分较治疗前显著升高（P〈0.05）,治疗后研究组PSP总分高于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论音乐节奏训练对慢性精神分裂症阴性症状及社会功能的改善作用优于普通工娱治疗。     

Denervation study of synapses of organ of corti of old world monkeys

Fine structural characteristics of synapses in the spiral organ of Corti were examined, with reference to differences between inner and outer haircell systems, and to location of neurons of origin of efferent axons. Surgical interruption of crossed olivocochlear bundle, of vestibular nerve, of facial nerve, and excision of superior cervical ganglia were used to determine the pathways of efferent axons. Interruption of the vestibular nerve near the brainstem results in degeneration of all efferent terminals on outer hair cells. Mid-line lesions at, and caudal to, the facial colliculus result in degeneration of about half of these efferent terminals. Efferent synaptic bulbs to the inner hair-cell system are small, of the order of one micron, and form type 2 junctions with afferent dendrites. They tend to have more large dense-core vesicles (about 80 nm) than the large efferent terminals of the outer hair-cell system, and appear to be the terminals of axons in the habenula perforata, which exhibit varicosities laden with large dense core vesicles. The varicosities are unaffected by excision of the superior cervical ganglia. So far as our material can reveal, it appears that the varicosities in the habenula perforata do not survive vestibular root interruption, nor do the efferent processes in the internal spiral bundle or at the base of inner hair cells. Most interestingly, the afferent processes of the inner hair-cell system, as identified for example by their relation to pre-synaptic bodies in the inner hair cells, are subject to a trans-synaptic reaction after severance of the vestibular root. They undergo a dramatic cytological transformation, characterized by increase of volume, engorgement with microtubules, microfilaments, microvesicles of various sizes, and clusters of lysosomes. Thus, both the efferent and afferent terminals of the inner hair-cell system show marked cytological differences from the corresponding terminals of the outer hair cell system.     

Mechanism of action of tubocurarine on nicotinic cholinoreceptors of neurons of the sympathetic ganglia of rats

Tubocurarine (Tc) effect on membrane currents elicited by acetylcholine (ACh) was studied in isolated superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat using patch-clamp method in the whole-cell recording mode. The "use-dependent" block of ACh current by Tc was revealed in the experiments with ACh applications, indicating that Tc blocked the channels opened by ACh. Mean lifetime of Tc-open channel complex, tau, was found to be 9.8 +/- 0.5 s (n = 7) at -50 mV and 20-24 degrees C. tau exponentially increased with membrane hyperpolarization (e-fold change in tau corresponded to the membrane potential shift by 61 mV). Inhibition of the ACh-induced current by Tc (3-30 microM/1) was completely abolished by membrane depolarization to the level of 80-100 mV. Inhibition of ACh-induced current was augmented at increased ACh doses. It is concluded that the open channel block produced by Tc is likely to be the only mechanism for Tc action on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in superior cervical ganglion neurons of rat.     

The effect of age of onset of PD on risk of dementia

Background Dementia occurs in the majority of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). Late onset of PD has been reported to be associated with a higher risk for dementia. However, age at onset (AAO) and age at baseline assessment are often correlated. The aim of this study was to explore whether AAO of PD symptoms is a risk factor for dementia independent of the general effect of age. Methods Two community-based studies of PD in New York (n = 281) and Rogaland county, Norway (n = 227) and two population-based groups of healthy elderly from New York (n = 180) and Odense, Denmark (n = 2414) were followed prospectively for 3–4 years and assessed for dementia according to DSM-IIIR. All PD and control cases underwent neurological examination and were followed with neurological and neuropsychological assessments. We used Cox proportional hazards regression based on three different time scales to explore the effect of AAO of PD on risk of dementia, adjusting for age at baseline and other demographic and clinical variables. Findings In both PD groups and in the pooled analyses, there was a significant effect of age at baseline assessment on the time to develop dementia, but there was no effect of AAO independent of age itself. Consistent with these results, there was no increased relative effect of age on the time to develop dementia in PD cases compared with controls. Interpretation This study shows that it is the general effect of age, rather than AAO that is associated with incident dementia in subjects with PD. Received in revised form: 22 December 2005     

Limits of deinstitutionalization--perspectives of relatives of psychiatric patients

After a hopeful beginning, the social process of the reintegration of those with severe mental illness has come to a standstill. I am led to wonder whether "the community" really wants to live together with people suffering from severe mental illness, and if so, how closely? As long as the medical treatment of mental illness provided by the general practitioners is fundamentally deficient, as they are not able to prescribe the necessary interventions--such as out-patient psychiatric nursing, and service providers in the out-patient sector are content with offering increasingly intensive forms of care for the less seriously ill at the cost of the Social Welfare System--the reintegration of those with serious mental illness remains an illusion--which is mainly to the benefit of providers of residential care in homes and hostels.