颈动脉粥样硬化与非酒精性脂肪肝的关系探讨及中医证型分析

目的探讨颈动脉粥样硬化（CAS）与非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）的相关机制,即腹型肥胖、胰岛素抵抗（IR）。探讨腹型肥胖、IR相关指标与CAS伴NAFLD患者中医证型的关系。并为其辨证论治提供参考。方法筛选CAS伴NAFLD的病例74例及单纯CAS对照组25例,进行体重指数（BMI）、腰围（WC）、胰岛素低抗指数（HOMA-IR）检查,并进一步在CAS伴NAFLD患病组进行指标间双变量相关分析;对比CAS伴NAFLD各中医证型组的BMI、WC、HOMA-IR的差异。结果CAS伴NAFLD患病组BMI、WC、HOMA—IR高于单纯CAS对照组（P〈0．01）。CAS伴NAFLD患病组BMI、WC与HOMA-IR值呈显著直线正相关（r分别为0．637、0．583,P〈0．01）。CAS伴NAFLD患者中医证型构成比不同,BMI、WC、HOMA-IR值均以脾虚痰湿组最高,与其他两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论CAS与NAFLD的相关机制与腹型肥胖、IR有关,可以认为NAFLD是动脉粥样硬化的一个新的危险因素。CAS与NAFLD的相关机制之间腹型肥胖、脂联素异常与IR分别存在关联。BMI、WC、HOMA—IR可作为CAS伴NAFLD中医辨证论治的参考．尤其是脾虚痰湿组辨证论治的参考。     

影响酒精性脂肪肝患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的因素探讨

[目的]探讨影响酒精性脂肪肝患者颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的因素。[方法]选取经B超诊断符合酒精性脂肪肝的99例、无脂肪肝的53例患者作为研究对象。根据颈动脉斑块超声检测结果将152例患者分为无颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的酒精性脂肪肝组(A组)、有颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的酒精性脂肪肝组(B组)、既无颈动脉粥样硬化斑块亦无脂肪肝组(C组)、有颈动脉粥样硬化斑块但无脂肪肝组(D组);对各组年龄、血脂、载脂蛋白、体质指数(BMI)、血糖、尿酸(UA)及肝肾功能进行比较。[结果]B组患者年龄高于A组和C组,D组年龄高于A组;A组BMI、总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)和极低密度脂蛋白(VLDL)均明显高于C组,A组TG和VLDL较D组明显升高,B组TG明显高于C组和D组;A组、B组载脂蛋白B较C组明显升高;A组UA较B组、C组和D组均明显升高,B组UA较C组和D组均明显升高;B组谷丙转氨酶明显高于C组,A组谷草转氨酶、γ-谷氨酰转移酶(γ-GT)均明显高于C组和D组,B组γ-GT高于C组和D组,B组碱性磷酸酶高于A组;A组肌酐明显低于C组。[结论]酒精性脂肪肝有促进颈动脉粥样硬化斑块提早发生的倾向,可能与其引起的BMI、脂质、UA增加及肝肾功能代谢紊乱有关。     

颈动脉粥样硬化与冠状动脉粥样硬化的关系

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老年男性非酒精性脂肪肝和颈动脉粥样硬化的关系

非酒精性脂肪肝（nonalcoholic fatty liver，NAFL）和颈动脉粥样硬化（carotid atherosclerosis,CAS）是老年人的常见病，但二者之间关系的研究鲜有报道。本研究初步探讨老年人NAFL和CAS的关系及其临床意义。     

通心络胶囊对颈动脉粥样硬化、血脂及C反应蛋白的影响

目的 探讨通心络胶囊对颈动脉粥样硬化及血脂、高敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)的影响.方法 选择2005 年 6 月-2007 年 9月于我科就诊的颈动脉粥样硬化患者109例为研究对象.随机分为两组,对照组54例,口服洛伐他汀 20 mg ,每晚1次;治疗组55例,口服通心络胶囊3粒,每日3次.两组均服药3个月.分别于治疗前、治疗后3个月检测血脂、hs-CRP的变化及颈动脉彩超.结果 两组治疗后颈动脉硬化斑块均有缩小(P<0.01),两组间比较无统计学意义(P>0.05);颈动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT)治疗后治疗组疗效明显(P<0.05),两组比较治疗组优于对照组(P<0.05).两组治疗后血浆总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)均显著下降(P<0.01);三酰甘油(TG)治疗组明显下降(P<0.05),对照组下降无统计学意义,两组比较治疗组优于对照组(P<0.05).hsCRP治疗后两组显著下降(P<0.05或P<0.01),两组比较治疗组优于对照组(P<0.05).结论 通心络胶囊抗颈动脉粥样硬化、降脂、抗炎作用明确,其效果优于洛伐他汀.     

颈动脉粥样硬化与非酒精性脂肪肝的关系

非酒精性脂肪肝(NAFLD)通常与代谢综合征(MetS)的特征密切关联,是MetS在肝脏的表现.范建高和徐铭益~1提出脂肪肝与动脉粥样硬化及冠心病关系密切.Brea等[2]发现NAFLD独立于其他典型的MetS特征,而与颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)、斑块形成存在紧密联系,可独立预测颈动脉粥样硬化(CAS),并与其进展相关联.     

初诊2型糖尿病伴非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者颈动脉粥样硬化的临床分析

目的:探讨初诊2型糖尿病患者伴非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系。方法:收集146例初次诊断为2型糖尿病住院患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。2型糖尿病合并NAFLD患者为A组84例,无合并NAFLD为B组62例,比较2组患者各项临床生化指标及颈动脉粥样硬化程度的差异。结果:2型糖尿病合并NAFLD患者与无合并NAFLD患者相比,体重指数、血压、甘油三酯、空腹胰岛素、餐后2h胰岛素和C肽、颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT)、稳态模型的胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)等临床指标更高,胰岛素敏感性指数(ISI)水平更低,动脉硬化、动脉斑块形成及动脉狭窄发生率更高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:初诊2型糖尿病患者合并NAFLD时,发生颈动脉粥样硬化的机会明显升高,而且硬化病变更加严重。     

血清同型半胱氨酸水平与H型高血压伴颈动脉粥样硬化患者炎症反应及斑块稳定性的关系

目的探讨血清同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平与H型高血压伴颈动脉粥样硬化患者炎症反应及斑块稳定性的关系。方法收集137例原发性高血压合并颈动脉粥样硬化患者为研究对象,以血清Hcy的10μmol/L为临界值将患者分为H型高血压伴颈动脉粥样硬化患者(A组,n=59)和普通型高血压伴颈动脉粥样硬化患者(B组,n=78),并于同期随机选取60例健康体检者为C组。采用全自动生化仪测定血清Hcy,酶联免疫吸附试验测定炎症细胞因子及斑块稳定性指标,全自动动脉硬化检测仪检测臂踝动脉脉搏波传导速度(baPWV),多普勒超声诊断仪检测颈动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT)。结果 A、B组血清Hcy水平明显高于C组,且A组明显高于B组(P0.05)。A、B组血清肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、白细胞介素(IL)-1β、人类软骨糖蛋白(HCGP)-39、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)水平明显高于C组,且A组明显高于B组(P0.05)。A、B组脂蛋白相关磷脂酶(Lp-PL)A2、基质金属蛋白酶(MMP)-9、五聚素(PTX)3、人成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)23水平明显高于C组,且A组明显高于B组(P0.05);A、B组baPWV、IMT水平高于C组,且A组高于B组(P0.05)。H型高血压伴颈动脉粥样硬化患者血清Hcy与炎症因子TNF-α、IL-1β、HCGP-39、hs-CRP呈不同程度正相关性(r=0.724、0.761、0.658、0.635,均P0.05),与斑块稳定性指标Lp-PLA2、MMP-9、PTX3、FGF23呈不同程度正相关性(r=0.672、0.694、0.729、0.643,均P0.05),与baPWV、IMT呈正相关性(r=0.795、0.806,均P0.05)。结论血清Hcy介导了H型高血压伴颈动脉粥样硬化患者炎症反应和斑块稳定性,早期检测血清Hcy可评估患者动脉粥样硬化病情严重程度。     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病患者的血浆Ghrelin水平与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性

目的:探讨非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)患者血浆Ghrelin水平与颈动脉粥样硬化是否有关.方法:NAFLD患者(101例),按是否有颈动脉粥样硬化分为2组,对患者年龄、病程、体质量指数(BMI)、体脂肪含量(Fat%)、血压(SBP、DBP)、空腹血糖(FBG)、血清胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、瘦素(LEP),Ghrelin水平等动脉粥样硬化危险因素进行多变量分析.结果:两组在年龄(60.1±10.7 vs 41.9±11.6,t=8.13,P<0.01)、DBP(11.5±2.4 vs 10.1±3.5,t=2.39.P<0.05)、Fat%(30.8±8.4 vs 26.7±7.1,t=2.58,P<0.05)、病程(96.2±61.3 vs 69.4±58.9,t=2.20,P<0.05)方面经统计学处理有显著性差异.血清生化指标两组在TC(7.4±O.8 vs 5.1±0.7,t=2.61,P<0.05)、LDL-C(3.3±0.6 vs 2.8±0.5,t=4.41,P<0.001)、LEP(7.1±2.2 vs 5.8±2.5,t=2.76,P<0.01)、Ghrelin水平(5.97±1.26 vs 6.59±1.16,t=2.54,P<0.05)方面比较有显著性差异.NAFLD患者发生颈动脉粥样硬化危险因素多变量分析:与Ghrelin水平下降(r=-0.565,P<0.05)、舒张压(r=-0.615,P<0.01)和LDL-C(r=-0.571,P<0.05)独立相关.结论:血浆Ghrelin水平下降可能是NAFLD患者颈动脉粥样硬化发生的重要因素.     

氧化应急产物、炎症因子与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系探讨

目的探讨氧化应激产物氧化型低密度脂蛋白（ox—LDL）及丙二醛（MDA）、高敏C反应蛋白（hs—CRP）与颈动脉粥样硬化严重程度的关系。方法选择213例颈动脉粥样硬化或伴软斑块形成患者,按颈内-中膜厚度（IMT）或斑块形成分为单纯IMT增厚组（A组,71例）、单发斑块形成组（B组,69例）、多发斑块形成组（C组,73例）。另外选择IMT正常健康组（D组）70名。观察各组hs—CRP、OX—LDL、MDA与颈动脉粥样硬化严重程度的关系。结果随IMT增厚及宽块的增加,hs—CRP、OX—LDL、MDA浓度逐渐升高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论OX—LDL、MDA、hs—CRP与颈动脉粥样硬化严重程度有密切的相关性。     

Crosstalk between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiometabolic syndrome

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic condition characterized by fat accumulation combined with low‐grade inflammation in the liver. A large body of clinical and experimental data shows that increased flux of free fatty acids from increased visceral adipose tissue and de novo lipogenesis can lead to NAFLD and insulin resistance. Thus, individuals with obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidaemia are at the greatest risk of developing NAFLD. Conversely, NAFLD is a phenotype of cardiometabolic syndrome. Notably, researchers have discovered a close association between NAFLD and impaired glucose metabolism and focused on the role of NAFLD in the development of type 2 diabetes. Moreover, recent studies provide substantial evidence for an association between NAFLD and atherosclerosis and cardiometabolic disorders. Even if NAFLD can progress into severe liver disorders including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis, the majority of subjects with NAFLD die from cardiovascular disease eventually. In this review, we propose a potential pathological link between NAFLD/NASH and cardiometabolic syndrome. The potential factors that can play a pivotal role in this link, such as inflammation, insulin resistance, alteration in lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, genetic predisposition, and gut microbiota are discussed.     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病与代谢综合征指标变化的相关性分析

目的探讨中老年人群中非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)与代谢综合征相关指标变化的关系。方法收集2010—2011年暨南大学附属第一医院40岁以上体检人群腹部B超检查的数据,用多因素Logistic回归分析体重指数(BMI)、空腹血糖(FBG)、三酰甘油(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)及低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、血尿酸(UA)的变化值与NAFLD变化的关系。结果 2年内男性组和女性组NAFLD检出率都在增加,男性新增NAFLD总检出率为13.7%,明显高于女性新增NAFLD检出率7.5%(P<0.05);男性和女性的NAFLD消减率都是5.5%,且峰值都在60岁年龄组;BMI变化值与新增NAFLD密切正相关,BMI变化值的OR=1.474(95%CI 1.184～1.811),而TG和FBG的变化值与新增NAFLD无相关性;TG和BMI的变化值与NAFLD的消减呈负相关,TG变化值的OR=0.653(95%CI 0.508～0.838),BMI变化值的OR=0.628(95%CI 0.460～0.857),而FBG变化值未发现与NAFLD消减有相关性。结论 BMI变化值与NAFLD发生有密切相关性,TG和BMI的变化值与NAFLD的消减呈负相关,是影响NAFLD变化的重要因素之一。     

Treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a chronic illness with multiple consequences. The spectrum of disease ranges from simple steatosis, with benign prognosis, to a potentially progressive form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, which may lead to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis, leading to an increase in morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in NAFLD is comparable with that observed in hepatitis C-infected patients once cirrhosis is established. Current therapy is limited to lifestyle changes and control of associated metabolic disorders; however, new treatments are on the way from basic research to bedside. A review of the current literature on treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is presented in this article.     

非酒精性脂肪性肝病常见中医证候类型及证候要素的现代文献研究

目的:探讨非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)常见中医证候类型与证候要素的分布特点.方法:通过检索文献,选取1979年-2011年有关NAFLD中医辨证的文献,建立数据库,进行统计分析.结果:从纳入分析的文献中共获取168个证候类型,规范为53个,出现频率＞5％的证候依次为:肝胆湿热、肝郁脾虚、肝气郁结、肝肾阴虚、脾胃虚弱、肝都痰阻.提取证候要素共计18个,其中病位类8个,频率＞5％的依次为肝、脾、胆、胃、肾;病性类10个,频率＞5％的依次为湿、热(或火)、气滞、痰、虚、血瘀.结论:目前NAFLD临床辨证分型复杂多样,而证候要素相对简约,从构成证候的要素入手对本病进行常见证候的研究,可起到执简驭繁的作用,并为临床治疗本病奠定理论基础.     

Non-invasive diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in the USA and many other parts of the world. Its prevalence continues to rise; currently affecting about one in four adults and 10% of children in the USA. NAFLD represents a wide spectrum of conditions ranging from fatty liver, which in general follows a benign, no-progressive clinical course, to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a more serious form of NAFLD that may progress to cirrhosis and end-stage liver disease. Currently, the diagnosis of NASH requires an invasive liver biopsy with drawbacks of sampling and interpretation error. Clinical risk factors for NASH include diabetes and the metabolic syndrome; however, these are not sufficiently predictive of the condition by themselves. Routine liver enzyme levels are not reliable; however, novel plasma hepatocyte cell death markers either alone or in combination with clinical risk factors are potential non-invasive diagnostic tools for the future. This review provides a concise overview of the role non-invasive diagnostic tools for the differentiation of fatty liver from NASH as well as for the determination of presence and extent of fibrosis.     

Current concepts in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly recognized cause of chronic liver disease, representing the leading cause of hepatology referral in some centres. However, its pathophysiology is not completely understood. Insulin resistance is one of the major mechanisms involved in disease prevalence and progression. Owing to the lack of an effective pharmacological therapy, recommendations on treatment are scarce and are based mainly on lifestyle changes, including diet and exercise. A review of the current literature on pathogenesis of NAFLD is presented in this article.     

Sampling variability of liver biopsy in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

BACKGROUND & AIMS: In nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the distinction between steatosis and steatohepatitis (NASH) and the assessment of the severity of the disease rely on liver histology alone. The aim of this study was to assess the sampling error of liver biopsy and its impact on the diagnosis and staging of NASH. METHODS: Fifty-one patients with NAFLD underwent percutaneous liver biopsy with 2 samples collected. The agreement between paired biopsy specimens was assessed by the percentage of discordant results and by the kappa reliability test. RESULTS: No features displayed high agreement; substantial agreement was only seen for steatosis grade; moderate agreement for hepatocyte ballooning and perisinusoidal fibrosis; fair agreement for Mallory bodies; acidophilic bodies and lobular inflammation displayed only slight agreement. Overall, the discordance rate for the presence of hepatocyte ballooning was 18%, and ballooning would have been missed in 24% of patients had only 1 biopsy been performed. The negative predictive value of a single biopsy for the diagnosis of NASH was at best 0.74. Discordance of 1 stage or more was 41%. Six of 17 patients with bridging fibrosis (35%) on 1 sample had only mild or no fibrosis on the other and therefore could have been under staged with only 1 biopsy. Intraobserver variability was systematically lower than sampling variability and therefore could not account for most of the sampling error. CONCLUSIONS: Histologic lesions of NASH are unevenly distributed throughout the liver parenchyma; therefore, sampling error of liver biopsy can result in substantial misdiagnosis and staging inaccuracies.     

糖耐量低减合并非酒精性脂肪肝患者颈动脉硬化的探讨

目的探讨糖耐量低减（IGT）合并非酒精性脂肪肝（NAFLD）与动脉硬化（AS）的相关关系及导致AS的独立危险因素。方法从查体人群中筛选出IGT患者,合并NAFLD 50例,不合并NAFLD 50例作对照,所有入选者均测量身高、体质量、腰围、臀围、血压等,检测空腹血糖（FPG）及糖负荷后2 h血浆血糖（2hPG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、血脂、丙氨酸氨基转移酶（ALT）和天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶（AST）,并计算体质量指数（BMI）、腰臀比（WHR）、胰岛素抵抗（IR）指数（HOMA-IR）。采用高分辨率多普勒超声检测颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）。两组间进行相关的统计学比较和分析。结果与不合并NAFLD组比较,合并NAFLD组BMI、WHR、FPG、FINS、HOMA-IR、TG、LDL-C、颈动脉IMT、ALT、AST均明显增高（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）。多元逐步回归分析显示,HOMA-IR、年龄、WHR为颈动脉IMT的独立危险因素。结论NAFD与颈动脉IMT具有相关性,但不是其独立的危险因素,可能是通过IR、中心型肥胖介导所致。