自体外周血干细胞动员和采集并联合化疗方案治疗儿童神经母细胞瘤及原始神经外胚层肿瘤35例

背景：自体外周血干细胞移植是目前治疗恶性实体瘤的重要方法之一,干细胞动员与采集是决定造血重建的重要因素。目的：主要评价环磷酰胺,吡柔比星,长春新碱动员方案对儿童神经母细胞瘤及原始神经外胚层肿瘤自体外周血造血干细胞移植动员采集的临床效果。方法：对35例患儿,确诊神经母细胞瘤30例,原始神经外胚层肿瘤5例,采用CDV化疗方案动员,观察采集干细胞效果。结果与结论：所有病例化疗后第4～9天（平均6.5d）白细胞〈2×109L-1,给予粒细胞刺激因子5～10mg/kg刺激造血,化疗后13～19d（平均15.5d）至白细胞〉5×109L-1后开始采集。所有病例均采集到足够的单个核细胞数和CD34＋细胞,总采集次数1～4次,平均2.1次,单个核细胞：（6.1±1.2）×108/kg,CD34＋细胞为（5.3±0.8）×106,锥虫蓝拒染率：99.5%（99%～100%）,动员并发症少,患儿均能耐受。其中25例进行自体外周血干细胞移植后均获快速造血功能重建,白细胞开始回升（中性粒细胞绝对值〉0.5×109L-1）时间为移植后10～20d（平均14d）血红蛋白恢复（〉80g/L）的时间为移植后10～30d（平均18d）,血小板恢复（〉20×109L-1）时间为移植后12～35d（平均20d）。结果提示CDV方案可以安全有效地完成神经母细胞瘤及原始神经外胚层肿瘤患儿自体外周血干细胞动员和采集。     

影响恶性肿瘤患者造血系统自体外周血造血干细胞数量和质量的因素分析

背景:造血系统恶性肿瘤的造血重建除与疾病本身、预处理方案、移植后支持治疗手段等相关外,自体外周血造血干细胞的动员、采集和冻存是影响其移植后造血系统顺利重建的关键因素。目的:观察造血系统恶性肿瘤患者自体外周血造血干细胞经动员、采集和冻存后,重新回输至造血系统的重建情况,并分析影响外周血造血干细胞数量和质量的因素。设计:以造血系统恶性肿瘤为对象的病例分析。单位:解放军广州军区广州总医院血液科,南方医科大学珠江医院血液科。对象:选取2000-02/2004-12解放军广州军区广州总医院血液科收治的18例造血系统恶性肿瘤住院患者,年龄16～56岁,其中急性髓性白血病2例,急性淋巴细胞白血病1例,淋巴瘤白血病2例,慢性粒细胞白血病2例,多发性骨髓瘤4例,非霍奇金淋巴瘤7例。粒细胞集落刺激因子(Granocyte,中外制药产品,批号N3G31)。方法:①全部病例均采用对肿瘤有效的联合化疗方案 粒细胞集落刺激因子进行动员。联合化疗方案:白血病患者第1～3天每隔12h给予阿糖胞苷2g/m2,第1～5天给予足叶乙甙200mg/m2或氟达拉宾50mg/m2。多发性骨髓瘤患者给予阿糖胞苷方案同上,第1～2天给予环磷酰胺1g/m2。淋巴瘤患者第1～2天给予环磷酰胺2g/m2。各类型患者化疗后白细胞降至1.0×109L-1以下时开始进行粒细胞集落刺激因子动员,5μg/(kg.d)皮下注射至采集结束。②当白细胞恢复至(4.0～10.0)×109L-1时开始采集外周血造血干细胞,单个核细胞计数≥4.0×108/kg或CD34 细胞≥2.0×106/kg时结束采集,经程序降温仪处理置入-196℃液氮中保存,37～40℃水浴解冻。③患者病灶部位行局部照射预处理,200cGy/次,5次/周,连续4周,总剂量40Gy。结束后48h回输外周血造血干细胞(55.3±28.7)mL,回输日距采集日平均为(56.5±22.3)d。全部患者于干细胞移植后第1天起皮下注射粒细胞集落刺激因子300μg/d,至中性粒细胞≥0.5×109L-1时停止。检测冻存前及解冻后自体外周血造血干细胞的锥虫蓝拒染率、单个核细胞计数、粒-单系祖细胞集落数及CD34 细胞百分率。主要观察指标:①自体外周血造血干细胞的采集情况。②冻存后自体外周血造血干细胞存活率及相关指标检测。③自体外周血造血干细胞移植后造血系统重建情况。结果:18例造血系统恶性肿瘤患者全部进入结果分析。①18例患者自体外周血造血干细胞平均采集时间为化疗后12.6d,采集次数为1.9次,采集第1天白细胞总数为(8.93±1.27)×109L-1,单个核细胞采集率为(138.33±28.61)%。②冻存后18例自体外周血造血干细胞标本锥虫蓝拒染率与冻存前基本相似[(96.26±1.33)%,(92.75±2.04)%,P>0.05]。解冻后单个核细胞、CD34 、粒-单系祖细胞回收率分别为(91.96±1.37)%,(85.94±0.64)%,(87.69±4.53)%。骨髓瘤患者的单个核细胞采集率、CD34 细胞百分率及粒-单系祖细胞集落数均明显低于白血病和淋巴瘤患者(t=2.524～3.268,P<0.05)。③移植后15d,15例患者中性粒细胞恢复至≥0.5×109L-1;移植后20d,血小板恢复至≥20×109L-1。化疗疗程>10次的5例患者粒-单系祖细胞生长不良,为(18.67～26.82)×105/kg,其中3例出现自体外周血造血干细胞移植后造血重建延迟。结论:①重组粒细胞集落刺激因子与大剂量化疗联合的动员方案可缩短外周血造血干细胞采集时间,提高单个核细胞采集率。②移植前化疗次数增多可影响自体外周血造血干细胞的数量和质量,导致造血重建延迟。     

不同大剂量环磷酰胺联合移植或不移植自体外周造血干细胞治疗重型系统性红斑狼疮23例

选择2004-10/2009-01桂林医学院附属医院风湿免疫科住院的23例重型系统性红斑狼疮患者,男3例,女20例,中位年龄(28±11)岁.分为4组:环磷酰胺10 mg/(kg·d)组12例,环磷酰胺20 mg/(kg·d)组5例,环磷酰胺30 mg/(kg·d)组4例,环磷酰胺40mg/(kg·d)组2例.对每组患者实施不同预处理剂量的环磷酰胺,×3d,存预处理前均采集自体外周血造血干细胞,保存细胞数为(1.7～3.8)×108/kg.所有受试者在任何时间点着白细胞低于0.5×109 L-1,血小板低于10×109 L-1即进行干细胞颈内静脉移植,回输细胞昔为(2.1～3.4)×108/kg.结果显示:环磷酰胺10 mg/(kg·d)组9例血小板和白细胞无下降,3例血小板和白细胞第7～9天下降,但能自行恢复.环磷酰胺20 mg/(kg·d)组1例血小板和白细胞无下降,4例血小板和白细胞第5～9天下降,但能自行恢复,均无需自体外周造血干细胞移植支持.环磷酰胺30mg/(kg·d)组4例血小板和白细胞第3～7天下降,其中1例于第5天回输干细胞,白细胞在移植后10,14 d最低值分别为2.47×109 L-1,18.8×109 L-1;移植后30 d血小板为134×109 L-1.环磷酰胺40 mg/(kg·d)组2例血小板和白细胞第3,5天下降,其中1例于第4天回输干细胞,白细胞在移植后10,14 d最低值分别为1.67×109 L-1,9.8×109 L-1;移植后30 d血小板为215×109 L-1.1例于第6天回输自体外周造血干细胞,白细胞在移植后10,14 d最低值分别为2.18×109 L-1,16.5×109 L-1;移植后30 d血小板为96×109 L-1.所有移植病例均无移植物抗宿上病、肝静脉闭塞病、出血性膀胱炎和感染的发生.与环磷酰胺10 mg/(kg·d)组比较,环磷酰胺20,30,40 mg/(kg·d)组完全的临床缓解率明显升高.提示以自体外周血干细胞移植为后盾,采用移植或不移植干细胞的方法,将很可能使重型系统性红斑狼疮达到长期的完全临床缓解.     

自体外周血干细胞移植联合干扰素治疗慢性粒细胞白血病

目的:观察自体外周血干细胞移植联合干扰素治疗慢性粒细胞白血病的疗效,评价所用外周血干细胞动员方案的效果、预处理方案的耐受性及移植后造血重建。方法:选择1999-08/2003-12在兰州大学第二医院血液科住院的慢性粒细胞白血病患者7例,年龄31～57岁,中位年龄36岁,无心、肺、肝、肾等脏器功能损害。动员方案为环磷酰胺 重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子 地塞米松,预处理方案为环磷酰胺 阿糖胞苷 6-硫甙鸟嘌呤,用CS-3000plus血细胞分离机采集干细胞,-80℃低温冰箱冻存,并作单个核细胞计数及CD34 细胞测定,42℃水浴快速解冻,经静脉快速回输。移植后抗白血病治疗用干扰素300万u皮下注射,隔日1次。观察造血重建时间(中性粒细胞恢复至0.5×109L-1,血小板恢复至20×109L-1);预处理后并发症(感染、出血性膀胱炎、肝静脉闭塞病、间质性肺炎等);细胞遗传学反应及生存情况。结果:7例患者全部进入结果分析。①7例患者均获造血重建,中性粒细胞恢复至0.5×109L-1的时间为移植后第9～14天(中位数时间为第10天),血小板恢复至20×109L-1的时间为移植后第8～15天(中位数时间为第10天)。②7例患者出现口腔黏膜溃疡4例,腹泻2例,谷丙转氨酶升高2例,感染发烧6例,无出血性膀胱炎、肝静脉闭塞病及间质性肺炎等严重并发症。无移植相关死亡。③4例获得了部分或完全细胞遗传学反应,4例生存时间大于5年。结论:自体外周血干细胞移植造血重建快,移植并发症少,移植成功率高,α-干扰素用于自体外周血干细胞移植后,患者可产生一种类移植物抗宿主病反应,预防复发。自体外周血干细胞移植联合干扰素治疗慢性粒细胞白血病可延长患者生存期,对于无造血干细胞供者的患者,可争取在CR1期进行自体外周血干细胞移植。     

自体外周血干细胞移植治疗非霍奇金淋巴瘤的外周血干细胞动员方案临床分析

本研究比较CEP+G-CSF与CVP+G-CSF动员方案对非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL)患者外周血造血干细胞动员采集及造血恢复的效果。回顾性分析我科收治的57例NHL患者。分组采用CEP+G-CSF与CVP+G-CSF动员方案进行外周血干细胞动员采集,并于预处理结束后回输外周血干细胞,分析动员效果、不良反应及自身移植后造血恢复情况。结果表明:动员期间所有患者外周血白细胞(WBC)计数均降至1.0×109/L以下,血小板(Plt)数降至40×109/L以下。57例患者均采集成功,CEP+G-CSF动员方案组采集单个核细胞(MNC)数和CD34+细胞数明显高于CVP+G-CSF动员方案组(p=0.002和p=0.019)。预处理后所有病例均达到骨髓抑制,CEP+G-CSF和CVP+G-CSF动员方案组WBC数恢复到≥1.0×109/L的平均时间分别为11.4和12.3天(p﹥0.05),Plt数恢复到≥50×109/L的平均时间分别为18.6和19.3天(p﹥0.05)。结论:自体外周血干细胞移植治疗NHL疗效显著,CEP或CVP联合G-CSF方案行外周血干细胞动员均安全有效,临床效果满意,CEP+G-CSF方案动员外周血干细胞效果更好。     

自体骨髓间充质干细胞联合外周血干细胞移植治疗非霍奇金淋巴瘤2例（英文）

背景：为了解决造血微环境受损导致造血重建延迟或失败这一常见难题,国内外研究开始尝试外周血干细胞移植联合骨髓间充质干细胞治疗。目的：探讨自体骨髓间充质干细胞联合外周血干细胞移植治疗非霍奇金淋巴瘤的安全性和疗效。方法：对2例确诊为非霍奇金淋巴瘤的患者,采用R-CHOP方案（利妥昔单抗、环磷酰胺、长春新碱、泼尼松）化疗5或6个周期。在自体外周血干细胞动员前取自体骨髓培养骨髓间充质干细胞。动员方案为环磷酰胺、粒细胞集落刺激因子或利妥昔单抗、环磷酰胺、粒细胞集落刺激因子。预处理方案为利妥昔单抗、环磷酰胺、足叶乙甙或利妥昔单抗、环磷酰胺、脂质体阿霉素、地塞米松。回输单个核细胞2.98×106/kg,3.84×108/kg,骨髓间充质干细胞为3.8×106/kg,3.96×106/kg。结果与结论：例1移植后10d白细胞下降至最低值,为0.1×109L-1,中性粒细胞为0×109L-1,移植后12d血小板下降至最低值45×109L-1,外周血象恢复正常时间为移植后15d。例2移植后白细胞和血小板低谷时间为移植后5d,外周血象恢复正常时间为移植后9d。移植相关并发症为急性上呼吸道感染,外痔感染,经过相应处理感染控制。结果说明自体骨髓间充质干细胞联合外周血干细胞移植治疗后造血重建快,肿块或肿大淋巴结消失,近期疗效可,长期疗效有待进一步观察。     

国产与进口粒细胞集落刺激因子动员外周血造血干细胞的效果对照

为评估国产重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子在动员外周造血干细胞的效果,选择2001/2005收治的20例自体外周血造血干细胞移植患者,男11例,女9例,其中急性髓细胞白血病11例,急性淋巴细胞白血病5例,恶件淋巴瘤3例,多发性骨髓瘤1例.根据患者对约价承受能力分为2组:国产重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子动员组、进口重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子动员组,每组各10例,除急性髓细胞白血病采用大剂量阿糖胞昔动员外,其他均应用大剂量环磷酰胺动员,当白细胞降全低谷开始回升时加国产与进口重组人粒细胞集落刺激因子,白细胞升至5×109L-1以上开始采集外周血造血干细胞.所有患者均移植成功,两者在给药剂量、用约天数,采集干细胞质量、造血功能重建及药物毒副反应等方面差异均无显著性意义.     

自体造血干细胞移植治疗Ⅳ期神经母细胞瘤患儿23例术后并发症预防及护理

目的:探讨自体造血干细胞移植治疗Ⅳ期神经母细胞瘤患儿术后并发症预防及护理方法。方法:对23例Ⅳ期神经母细胞瘤患儿实施自体造血干细胞移植治疗,并加强基础护理、无菌操作和心理护理。结果:本组23例患儿全部移植成功,术后并发症均痊愈,安全出仓。结论:Ⅳ期神经母细胞瘤患儿行自体外周血造血干细胞移植过程中,需严格无菌操作、消毒隔离和认真细致的病情护理,确保移植顺利进行,促进患儿康复。     

嗅鞘细胞与神经干细胞共培养后增殖及向神经元的分化

背景: 影响神经干细胞增殖分化的外在因素包括细胞因子和微环境,嗅鞘细胞能分泌多种细胞因子,与神经干细胞共培养时改变其微环境.目的: 观察不同浓度嗅鞘细胞对神经干细胞增殖及分化的影响.方法: 体外分别培养Wistar大鼠神经干细胞和嗅鞘细胞,5×107L-1神经干细胞分别和1×107L-1,1 ×109L-1,1×1011L-1嗅鞘细胞共培养,同时设立正常对照组,不加嗅鞘细胞.倒置荧光显微镜下观察神经干细胞增殖情况,诱导7 d后行NSE免疫细胞化学染色,计算阳性细胞,细胞总数得出阳性细胞百分比.结果与结论: ①3种浓度嗅鞘细胞与神经干细胞共培养3 d后,均促进了神经干细胞增殖,以1×109L-1嗅鞘细胞共培养组作用最显著,明显优于1×107L-1嗅鞘细胞组、1×1011L-1嗅鞘细胞组.②神经干细胞与1×109L-1嗅鞘细胞共培养7 d后,神经干细胞分化为神经元样细胞的百分比最高,与正常对照组相比差异有显著性意义(P<0.01).     

急性移植物抗宿主病患者白细胞介素21水平的变化

回顾性分析2003-03/2007-01哈尔滨市第一医院骨髓移植科行异基因造血干细胞移植治疗的白血病患者20例,男8例,女12例,年龄8~55岁。其中慢性粒细胞白血病4例,急性粒细胞白血病(M2)5例,急性粒单细胞白血病(M4)2例,急性单核细胞白血病(M5)3例,急性淋巴细胞白血病6例。15例外周血干细胞移植只有1例HLA-CW位点亚型不合,其余HLA全部相合,1例无关骨髓移植HLA全部相合。观察全部患者急性移植物抗宿主病的发病情况,移植前后定期采集20例患者外周血,采用双夹心酶联免疫吸附法检测其细胞因子白细胞介素21的水平。结果显示异基因造血干细胞移植后20例患者全部获得造血功能重建,中性粒细胞恢复到0.5×109L-1,血小板恢复到20×109L-1的中位时间分别为移植后13.5d及18d。发生急性移植物抗宿主病患者的白细胞介素21水平较移植前及未发生患者明显升高(P<0.01)。提示检测异基因造血干细胞移植后患者血清白细胞介素21水平有助于预测急性移植物抗宿主病的发生。     

A comparison of chemo-free strategy with G-CSF plus plerixafor on demand versus intermediate-dose cyclophosphamide and G-CSF as PBSC mobilization in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients: An Italian explorative cost Analysis

BackgroundUpfront single or tandem ASCT still represents an integral part of treatment for patients with multiple myeloma. The combination of intermediate dose (ID) - cyclophosphamide plus G-CSF, has been considered the standard method as mobilization regimen. No prospective randomized clinical trials have compared efficacy and costs using ID - cyclophosphamide against a chemo-free mobilization strategy with G-CSF and plerixafor on demand.MethodsA prospective single arm of 20 patients enrolled in three Italian Centers mobilized with G-CSF plus plerixafor on demand was compared with a retrospective historical control arm of 30 patients mobilized with ID - cyclophosphamide (4 g/sqm) and G-CSF. Costs of the prospective arm was compared with the ones of the retrospective control arm with the aim to collect ≥4 × 10⁶/kg CD34 + . The exploratory cost analysis was performed using microcosting specific inputs of G-CSF plus plerixafor on demand versus ID - cyclophosphamide + G-CSF considering pre-apheresis, peri-apheresis and post-apheresis session.ResultsMobilization with ID - cyclophosphamide and G-CSF resulted in a significantly higher CD34+ peak mean on day 1 yield (119 CD34+ μL vs 67.3; p = 0.06) and in total average CD34+ yield (mean collection 10.6 × 10⁶/kg vs 5.8 × 10⁶/kg; p = 0.004) compared to patients mobilized with G-CSF and plerixafor. There was no significant differences (p = 0.36) in the two groups of patients collecting ≥ 4 million CD34+/Kg with ID - cyclophosphamide and G-CSF (93.3 %) vs G-CSF and plerixafor (90.0 %). None of the patients undergoing G-CSF and plerixafor mobilization had febrile neutropenia compared with 7 patients who received ID - cyclophosphamide and G-CSF (0% vs 23 %, p = 0.03) who had a median of 5 days hospitalization (range 4–6). All patients proceeded to ASCT with a mean of 3.6 CD34+/kg infused for G-CSF and plerixafor arm and 4.4 CD34+/kg for the ID - cyclophosphamide + GCSF group (p = 0.37) with a median time to ANC and PLT engraftment not different in the two groups. Total costs of a mobilizing strategy using a combination of G-CSF and plerixafor on demand was 12.690 euros compared to 16.088 euros with ID - cyclophosphamide and G-CSF (p = 0.07); in particular, mobilization cost components were significantly lower for G-CSF and plerixafor vs G-CSF and ID - cyclophosphamide for hospital stay (3080 euros vs 9653 euros; p < 0.001) whereas for mobilizing agent, there was a significative difference with 5470 euros for G-CSF and plerixafor use due to the cost of plerixafor compared with 1140 euros for ID - cyclophosphamide and G-CSF treatment (P = 0.001).ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that in patients with multiple myeloma eligible for ASCT, a chemo-free mobilization with G-CSF and plerixafor on demand is associated with efficacy in PBSC collection and optimal safety profile with similar average costs when compared to a chemo-mobilization with ID - cyclophosphamide. A prospective randomized multicenter study could address which is the most cost-effective strategy for this setting of patients.Clinical Trial RegistryEudract Number EudraCT 2013−004690-27.     

Differential mobilization of CD34+ cells and lymphoma cells in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients mobilized with different growth factors

Co-mobilization of CD34(+) cells and tumor has been documented in patients with different types of cancer undergoing peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT). Conflicting reports were published regarding the role of various growth factors in tumor cells mobilization, hence we studied the extent of CD34(+) cells and lymphoma cell mobilization in 35 non-Hodgkin's (NHL) patients primed by cyclophosphamide (Cy) in combination with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) (A, 13 patients), granulocyte-macrophage (GM)-CSF (B, 10 patients), or GM-CSF followed by G-CSF (C, 12 patients). CD34(+) cells were quantitated by flow cytometry and lymphoma cells by the TaqMan Real Time PCR for bcl-2 gene rearrangement. Successful collection in 4 days of > or = 2 x 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kg needed for prompt engraftment was obtained in 76%, 60%, and 58% of patients in arms A, B, and C, respectively. Lymphoma cell mobilization was detected in 35% patients tested, 78% of which had follicular lymphoma. Lymphoma cell mobilization was similar in the three arms of the study, however, presence of lymphoma cells was prevalent in patients who failed to mobilize the amount of 0.4 x 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kg in 2 days ("poor mobilizers") and reached 42%, compared to 17% in the "successful mobilizers" group of patients. Lymphoma cell contamination in PBSCs was detected proportionately in the peripheral blood and in the bone marrow. We conclude that bcl-2 gene rearrangement is prevalent in patients with follicular histology, and, in these patients, an inverse relationship was observed between mobilization of CD34(+) cells and lymphoma cells. Our results explain the high relative risk (1.98) for mobilization in patients with follicular histology.     

Kinetics of PBPC mobilization by cyclophosphamide, as compared with that by epirubicin/paclitaxel followed by G-CSF support: implications for optimal timing of PBPC harvest

BACKGROUND: Limited information is available on the mobilization kinetics of autologous PBPCs after induction with various chemotherapy regimens. With PBPC mobilization in patients with breast cancer used as a model for chemotherapy-induced PBPC recruitment, the kinetics of progenitor cells mobilized either with cyclophosphamide (CY) or epirubicin/paclitaxel (EPI-TAX) followed by the administration of G-CSF was compared. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The study included a total of 86 patients with breast cancer (stage II-IV) receiving either CY (n = 39) or EPI-TAX (n = 47), both followed by G-CSF support. The progenitor cell content in peripheral blood and apheresis components was monitored by flow cytometric enumeration of CD34+ cells. PBPC collection was started when the threshold of >20 x 10(6) CD34+ cells per L of peripheral blood was reached. RESULTS: The PBPC collection was begun a median of 9 days after the administration of EPI-TAX followed by G-CSF support, as compared to a median of 13 days after mobilization with CY plus G-CSF. After treatment with CY, the total numbers of PBPCs peaked on Day 1 of apheresis, and they rapidly declined thereafter. In contrast, treatment with EPI-TAX followed by G-CSF administration led to a steady mobilization of CD34+ cells during leukapheresis. The difference in the mobilization patterns with CY and EPI-TAX resulted in a greater yield of CD34+ cells per L of processed blood volume. Compared to EPI-TAX, mobilization with CY required the overall processing of 30 percent less whole-blood volume to reach the target yield of > or = 10 x 10(6) CD34+ cells per kg of body weight. After a median of three apheresis procedures, however, both CY+G-CSF and EPI-TAX+G-CSF were equally effective in obtaining this target yield. CONCLUSION: These results imply that specific PBPC mobilization as part of a given chemotherapy regimen should be taken into consideration before the planning of a PBPC harvest.     

Collection of peripheral blood progenitor cells: analysis of factors predicting the yields.

We retrospectively analyzed data on 628 leukapheresis from 160 consecutive patients with hematologic or solid malignancies to identify predictive factors affecting the achievement of optimal peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) collection, which was defined as > or = 5x10(6) CD34+ cells/kg. In univariate analysis, a diagnosis of multiple myeloma, no prior axial skeletal radiotherapy, absence of exposure to alkylating agents and cisplatin, fewer cycles of chemotherapy, and fewer number of previous chemotherapy regimens favored the achievement of target number of PBPC. In multivariate analysis, the absence of prior exposure to alkylating agents, especially cyclophosphamide, (P=0.003, RR=2.08) and cisplatin (P=0.015, RR=2.50) were independent predicting factors affecting the probability of achieving the target PBPC and the time to reach the target PBPC collection. In addition, the total dose of cyclophosphamide the patient received significantly alters the mobilization.     

A prospective randomized trial of two popular mononuclear cell collection sets for autologous peripheral blood stem cell collection in multiple myeloma

BACKGROUND: The COBE Spectra AutoPBSC collection set (AUTO-kit; CaridianBCT) is a popular dual-stage collection set for peripheral blood progenitor (PBPC) collection. Although the AUTO-kit is purportedly equivalent to the white blood cell (WBC) collection set (WBC-kit) for PBPC collection, improved CD34 yields after switching from the AUTO-kit to the WBC-kit were anecdotally observed, particularly in patients with higher WBC counts. A prospective, randomized trial of the AUTO- and WBC-kits for PBPC collection in multiple myeloma (MM) patients was therefore designed.
STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Sixty-eight MM patients were prospectively randomly assigned to either the WBC-kit or the AUTO-kit for PBPC collection. Primary study variables included the number of leukapheresis procedures per transplant, CD34/kg yield per procedure, and cumulative CD34/kg yield per mobilization cycle. Results were compared relative to collection kit and mobilization regimen. Statistics and graphics were performed with commercial software.
RESULTS: CD34/kg yields were higher with the WBC-kit, with 94% of chemotherapy-mobilized MM patients collecting 6 million CD34/kg in a single mobilization (p = 0.06). The WBC-kit also had a faster CD34 collection rate relative to peripheral CD34 counts. The AUTO-kit was significantly sensitive to high WBC counts, with a 50% decrease in CD34 collection efficiency and CD34 collection rate. This effect was specific to MM and not observed in lymphoma patients. Granulocyte–colony-stimulating factor mobilization and the AUTO-kit were associated with an increased incidence and severity of infusion reactions.
CONCLUSIONS: The WBC-kit performed consistently better than the AUTO-kit for PBPC collection in chemotherapy-mobilized MM patients, with fewer procedures per mobilization, superior collection rates, and a decreased incidence of infusion reactions.     

Poor mobilizer and its countermeasures

Mobilization failure is a major concern in patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation, especially in an autologous setting, as almost all donor harvests can be accomplished with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) alone. Poor mobilizers, defined as those with a peripheral blood CD34⁺ cell count ≤20 cells/μl after mobilization preceding apheresis is a significant risk factor for mobilization failure. We recommend preemptive plerixafor plus G-CSF (filgrastim, 10?μg/kg daily) as a first mobilization strategy, which yields sufficient peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs) in almost all patients and avoids otherwise unnecessary remobilization. Preemptive plerixafor is administered in patients with a day-4 peripheral blood CD34⁺ count <15, depending on the disease and the target PBPC amount. Cyclophosphamide is reserved for patients who fail the first PBPC collection. We recommend second mobilization for patients who could not achieve a sufficient PBPC amount with the first mobilization. In these patients, a second attempt with plerixafor plus G-CSF or mobilization with plerixafor in combination with cyclophosphamide and G-CSF is recommended. Increased dose and/or twice daily administration of G-CSF can be considered.     

Peripheral blood progenitor cell mobilization and collection in 42 patients with primary systemic amyloidosis

BACKGROUND: High-dose chemotherapy followed by an inoculum of autologous peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs) can improve survival in patients affected with primary systemic amyloidosis (AL). It has been documented, however, that the morbidity and mortality of PBPC mobilization and collection in this setting are higher than in patients with other diseases. To minimize the mobilization and collection-related risks, we developed a multidisciplinary approach involving different specialists to manage AL patients with predominant heart and renal involvement. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We report our experience in 42 patients (23 men, 19 women; median age, 51.2 years; range, 28-68 years) with AL who underwent PBPC mobilization and collection. Twenty of the 42 patients (47.6%) had cardiac involvement and 35 of 42 (83.3%) renal involvement. Thirty-three patients (78.5%) were mobilized with granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) alone (10 microg/kg) and 9 (21.4%) with cyclophosphamide (CTX) (3 g/m(2)) plus G-CSF (10 microg/kg). RESULTS: The median number of collections per patient after either G-CSF or CTX plus G-CSF was 1.8 (range, 1-3). The median number of CD34+ cells collected in patients mobilized with G-CSF alone was 8.2 x 10(6) per kg (range, 1.35 x 10(6)-21.3 x 10(6)/kg) and in patients mobilized with CTX plus G-CSF it was 8.9 x 10(6) per kg (range, 5.5 x 10(6)-14.9 x 10(6)/kg). Forty of the 42 (95.2%) patients produced the minimum required CD34+ cell target dose (4 x 10(6)/kg). The overall rate of morbidity during the collections was 50 percent (21/42 patients): 18 patients (42.8%) had asymptomatic hypotension, 1 (2.4%) had symptomatic hypotension with nausea and vomiting, and 2 (4.7%) experienced a life-threatening hypotensive episode. There were no procedure-related deaths. CONCLUSION: Our multidisciplinary approach was effective in limiting the serious side effects related to PBPC mobilization and collection in AL patients.     

Chemoinducible gene therapy: a strategy to enhance doxorubicin antitumor activity

A replication-defective adenoviral vector, Ad.Egr-TNF.11D, was engineered by ligating the CArG (CC(A/T)6GG) elements of the Egr-1 gene promoter upstream to a cDNA encoding human tumor necrosis factor-alpha. We report here that Ad.Egr-TNF.11D is activated by the clinically important anticancer agents cisplatin, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, gemcitabine, and paclitaxel. N-acetylcysteine, a free radical scavenger, blocked induction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by anticancer agents, supporting a role for reactive oxygen intermediates in activation of the CArG sequences. Importantly, resistance of PC-3 human prostate carcinoma and PROb rat colon carcinoma tumors to doxorubicin in vivo was reversed by combining doxorubicin with Ad.Egr-TNF and resulted in significant antitumor effects. Treatment with Ad.Egr-TNF.11D has been associated with inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. In this context, a significant decrease in tumor microvessel density was observed following combined treatment with doxorubicin and Ad.Egr-TNF.11D as compared with either agent alone. These data show that Ad.Egr-TNF.11D is activated by diverse anticancer drugs.