前蛙跳式自体预贮血在猪心脏体外循环手术模型中的应用（英文）

背景：同种异体输血在相同血型的人类中已经得到实现,但关于猪的血型类型及如何异体输血国内外无确切报道。目的：探讨术前蛙跳式自体预贮血在猪心脏体外循环手术模型中应用的可行性。方法：16只家猪随机区组法分为2组,自体预贮血组、同种异体输血组。另4头猪放血供同种异体输血组异体输血应用。两组猪均在体外循环下行心脏手术。自体预贮血组手术全程仅输自体血,同种异体输血组手术全程输注等量异体血。记录自体预贮血组放血前后的血红蛋白及血细胞压积,两组术前基础值、体外循环过程中、体外循环结束后及术后1d的血红蛋白值。结果与结论：20只实验猪全身血容量（2500±428）mL;自体预贮血组第1次预计放血量为（501±86）mL,实际放血量为（493±93）mL;第2次预计放血量为（750±128）mL,实际放血量为（719±98）mL。自体预贮血组猪采血前后血红蛋白计数及血细胞压积差异有显著性意义（P〈0.01）。自体预贮血组术后1d时点血红蛋白数值明显高于同种异体输血组（P〈0.01）,两组其余术前基础值、体外循环过程中、体外循环结束后时点血红蛋白数值差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05）;与术前比较,两组术后1d时点血红蛋白值显著低于术前基础值（P〈0.01）。自体预贮血组存活率明显高于同种异体输血组（P〈0.01）。结果说明与同种异体输血相比,术前蛙跳式自体预贮血安全有效,术后猪成活率更高。     

自体输血综合措施在体外循环心脏手术中的应用

<正>1993年1月～1994年12月本院共实施体外循环心脏直视手术256例。1994年7月后用库血量明显减少,主要因为手术期间对病人采取了综合性自体输血措施,现报告如下。     

自体输血在心脏手术中的应用

目的：探讨术中自体输血对心血管直视手术的影响。方法：选择６０例风湿性心脏瓣膜病人，拟行首次瓣膜置换术，随机分成２组。Ａ组不行自体输血，Ｂ组于麻醉诱导后自颈内静脉放血，待体外循环停机后回输。结果：Ｂ组与Ａ组相比，围术期出血量及术后出血量明显减少（Ｐ＜００５），术后输异体血量显著减少（Ｐ＜００１），术中出血量无差别。Ｂ组放血前后动静脉血气分析除动脉血氧含量（ＣａＯ２）明显下降外，其余各项指标无明显变化。结论：术中放血自体回输可以减少心脏直视术后异体输血，还减少输血并发症和术后出血     

体外循环心脏手术围术期自体输血

自体输血是一项应用日渐广泛的临床技求。本文对自体输血所包含的内容及意义进行论述,并对体外循环(CPB)心脏手术围术期可采用的一系列自体输血措施进行了探讨。     

预贮式自体输血在外科手术中的应用

输血是临床上最重要的医疗手段之一,随着其技术的广泛应用,节约用血和安全输血成为输血工作中的一个重要研究课题,由于异体输血有传播疾病的危险和伴随多种输血不良反应,所以为了防止和减少此类疾病的发生,以自体血回输代替异体输血成为当前患者手术治疗的首选输血方案,笔者对60名择期手术的患者,某些稀有血型的患者,具有免疫性抗原抗体的患者,采用术前预存自体血手术中回输的方法,取得了良好的临床效果.     

自体血回输在骨科大手术中的应用

目的探讨术中回收式自体输血技术在骨科大手术中的应用。方法将78例行骨科大手术的患者按随机数字表法分为2组：试验组37例和对照组41例。试验组术中采用自体血回输技术,自体血不足时根据血红蛋白值酌情补充异体血。对照组术中采用常规异体输血。观察2组患者术前,术后1、3、5 d血红蛋白水平的变化及术中、术后失血量及术中输血量（异体、自体）、输血后有无并发症发生等情况。结果试验组患者术中、术后失血量与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）,术中异体输血量明显低于对照组（P〈0.01）,术中自体输血量明显高于对照组（P〈0.01）。2组术前,术后1、35、d血红蛋白水平比较差异均无统计学意义（均P〉0.05）。试验组中接受异体输血者出现1例输血后寒战;对照组出现输血后并发症有4例,其中荨麻疹1例,寒战、高热反应3例。结论自体血回输可使需输血的骨科手术患者避免了异体输血带来的潜在危险,且并发症少。     

高龄患者术前自体贮血的临床应用

目的探讨高龄手术患者自体贮血式输血的临床应用。方法对围手术期高龄患者28例（A组）进行自体贮血式输血与同期手术非自体贮血式输血的高龄患者26例（B组）进行对比观察。结果A组贮血200～800mL,平均600mL,贮血全部回输;除1例因贮血不足加输异体血200mL外,其余均未用异体血。血液采集、回输过程中均未出现任何不良反应。B组平均输异体红细胞悬液2．5U（200mL全血分离出的红细胞为1U）,输血过程中除1例发生轻微发热反应外,其余均无异常。两组患者术前、术后各项血液指标比较,A组血红蛋白、红细胞压积差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,白细胞、红细胞、血小板差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。B组各项血液指标差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论对符合条件的高龄手术患者进行术前自体贮血式输血,均未发生明显并发症和不良反应,且临床效果满意,它是一种简便、经济、安全、适用的输血方法。     

预存自体输血技术在心脏瓣膜置换术中的应用研究

目的观察心脏瓣膜置换手术采用预存自体血回输的临床疗效。方法按随机数字表将60例择期行心脏瓣膜置换手术患者分为观察组和对照组各30例,观察组采用预存自体血回输,对照组采用异体血输血,记录并比较两组患者的手术时间、术中失血量、术后引流量和输血量、血常规观察指标(红细胞计数、血红蛋白、红细胞压积)及输血相关不良反应。结果两组的手术时间、术中失血量、术后引流量和输血量比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);不良反应观察组未发生、对照组发生4例,比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);两组输血后第1天血常规各观察指标降低,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05),输血后第7天血常规各观察指标观察组高于对照组,比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论术前预存自体血回输安全有效,能降低输血不良反应发生率。     

自体输血在心脏直视手术中的效果及节约用血分析

目的分析自体输血在心脏直视手术中的应用效果。方法将43例心脏直视手术的患者作为实验组,采取术前预存和术中回收血液的方式回输自体血;并选择37例患者作为对照组。比较两组患者出血及输异体血情况、手术前后血液指标,以及术后不良反应等情况。结果两组患者术中出血量的差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;与对照组相比,实验组术后异体血用量显著下降（P0.05）;但两组患者术后这些血液指标的差异并无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。另外,对照组术后不良反应率明显高于观察组（P〈0.05）。结论心脏直视手术中,采用术前预存和术中回收的自体输血方式可明显减少输异体血量和术后不良反应的发生率,值得在临床推广应用。     

前置胎盘患者自体贮血式输血的临床应用

目的探讨前置胎盘患者术前自体贮血式输血的临床应用。方法对住院行剖宫产分娩的前置胎盘患者26例(A组)进行术前自体贮血式输血观察,并选择同期行剖宫产分娩非自体贮血的前置胎盘患者21例(B组)进行对比观察。结果 A组平均贮血640 mL,贮血全部回输。除1例因贮血不足分别加输异体血200 mL外,其余均未用异体血。血液采集过程中仅1例母体有心悸主诉,1例胎动频繁,予吸氧、补液后好转,其余均未发生任何异常。回输过程中亦均未出现任何不良反应。B组异体输血平均520 mL,输血过程中除1例发生轻微发热反应外,其余均无异常。两组患者采血前、采血后及行剖宫产分娩术前、术后各项血液指标对比差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。产妇及新生儿各项生理指标和生命体征均无明显异常。结论对符合条件的前置胎盘患者进行术前贮血式自体输血,均未发生明显并发症和不良反应,且安全可靠、临床效果满意,同时又可减轻患者的经济负担,是一种简便、经济、适用、可行的输血方法。     

New "leap-frog" technique for autologous blood donation

In order to obtain a sufficient volume of autologous blood for elective surgery, we used a Sterile Connection Device (SCD, DuPont, Mass. U.S.A.) and a liquid storage method that is called the leap-frog. From 300 to 2800 mL (mean 1158 mL) of blood were collected from 126 patients during an average of six donations over 14-125 days (mean 33 days). 101 patients (80%) required no homologous blood during their surgery. No bacterial contamination was observed in the connected tubes. We submit that it is possible to obtain an adequate volume of blood with a simple technique using this method.     

Banked and fresh autologous blood in cardiopulmonary bypass surgery

When 50 patients having autologous transfusions of two units of blood collected intraoperatively during coronary bypass surgery were compared with 50 patients receiving only homologous donor blood, it was found that a two-unit (20%) decrease in homologous blood usage per case occurred in the group receiving the autologous blood. No decrease occurred in total units of blood used per case. In 15 patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery, in addition to the two units of autolobous blood collected during surgery, two or four units of autologous blood were obtained preoperatively and administered intraoperatively. When four units were collected, the red blood cells were frozen until just prior to surgery. Total blood usage per case remained unchanged but a 4.6 unit (41%) decrease in homologous donor blood usage was noted. Patients phlebotomized preoperatively took 325 mgm of oral iron t.i.d. through the postoperative recovery period. These patients had an average decrease in hematocrit of 4.25 to 4.3 per cent following the final phlebotomy and just prior to surgery.     

Preoperative autologous blood donation in hip surgeries

We evaluated the effectiveness of preoperative autologous blood donation in reduction of the need for transfusion of homologous blood in hip surgeries at our hospital. The cases of 55 patients who had 67 hip surgeries, including 17 total hip arthroplasties (THA) and 41 rotational acetabular osteotomies (RAO), were studied. The patients predeposited an average of 995 ml of blood for each procedure. The calculated blood loss was an average of 961 ml. Ninety-seven percent of the procedures for which autologous blood had been predeposited were performed without transfusion of homologous blood. In the group for THA, an average of 981 ml of autologous blood was transfused for a blood loss of 1417 ml; hemoglobin levels after operation averaged 103 g/l. From this data, a 1000 ml donation seemed to be an optimal blood deposit for THA and a 800 ml blood deposit seemed sufficient for RAO, where the patients are younger.     

Preoperative autologous blood donation in placenta previa patients

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the usability of preoperative autologous blood donation (PAD) in pregnant women with placenta previa.

Use of autologous blood as part of the perfusate for cardiopulmonary bypass: a priming technique

In an attempt to replace the oncotic and protein coating capabilities of serum albumin in the perfusate, we established a priming protocol that used autologous blood as part of the perfusate solution. Prior to March 1, 1999, our standard priming protocol was 1650 ml of crystalloid with 250 ml of 5% serum albumin and 5,000 units of heparin. After removing albumin from our prime, our standard protocol was altered to include 40 ml of the patient's autologous blood in 1,800 ml of crystalloid and 10,000 units of heparin. To determine the intraoperative effects of using albumin/crystalloid primes (Group A), autologous blood/crystalloid primes (Group B) and crystalloid primes (Group C), a total of 178 patients were sequentially evaluated. Intraoperative parameters evaluated were total protein (TP), colloid osmotic pressure (COP), platelets (Plts) and fluid requirements during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). During an overlapping 12-month period of time, 1,092 consecutive cardiac surgical cases using CPB (584 albumin prime; 508 autologous blood prime) were evaluated for clinical outcomes in terms of mortality and length of hospitalization. In addition, over a period of 15 months, 1,458 patients in both the autologous blood/crystalloid group and the crystalloid only group were evaluated for the incidence of high-pressure excursions (HPE) after going on bypass. Comparative reviews of TP, COP and Plts demonstrated no significant difference 10 min after the start of bypass between Groups A and B. However, in Group C, there was a statistically significant increase in the intraoperative fluid requirements during CPB, compared to both of the other groups. There was no significant difference in the incidence of HPE, with an occurrence of 1.04% in the crystalloid only group and 1.11% in the autologous blood/crystalloid group. Autologous blood perfusates were identical to albumin perfusates in their platelet protection and reduction of fluid shifts during the intraoperative period.     

Preoperative autologous blood donation by 1073 elderly patients undergoing elective surgery: a safe and effective practice

BACKGROUND: Preoperative autologous blood donation (PABD) aims at avoiding the risks associated with exposure to allogeneic blood. While its use is extremely common among adult patients in connection with elective surgery, it is still uncommon in elderly patients, because of a series of coexisting pathologies. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective study was made of 1073 consecutive elderly patients at a city hospital from 1990 to 1996.Their responses to the PABD program were evaluated by analysis of the incidence of complications and the demand for allogeneic blood. RESULTS: The PABD program was interrupted in 79 (7.4%) of 1073 patients because of the onset of anemia, vasovagal reactions, lack of accessible superficial veins, or cardiovascular complications. Seven hundred eighty-four (73.1%) of 1073 patients were given autologous blood; 151 (14.1%) patients also required allogeneic blood. CONCLUSION: The onset of anemia (6.5%) was the main contraindication for continuing the PABD program: incidence increased with age. PABD in connection with elective surgery is both feasible and effective in a high percentage of elderly patients.     

Magnesium levels in the blood of patients during surgery using cardiopulmonary bypass

The use of gelatinol as a basic diluent for perfusion caused hypermagniemia (an increase in total magnesium plasma level-MgT-to 1.72 and in its ionized fraction -Mg2+- to 0.93 mmol/l) which persisted in the early postoperative period. Normal or elevated MgT plasma level does not exclude possible lowering in Mg2+ level.