腰椎椎体后缘骨内软骨结节所致腰椎管狭窄症16例CT分析

目的　总结腰椎椎体后缘骨内软骨结节 (LPMN)所致腰椎管狭窄症临床、CT诊断及鉴别诊断 ,探讨有关的发病因素。方法　对经手术证实的 16例PLMN所致腰椎管狭窄症的临床表现、CT表现、手术方式进行回顾性分析总结。结果　典型的CT改变为 (1)椎体后上缘类圆形骨质缺损 ,边缘较致密硬化 ;(2 )缺损后方有一骨块突入椎管 ,(游离或部分与椎体相连 ) ;(3)硬膜囊及神经根受压 ,可伴有椎间盘突出。结论　CT检查能明确诊断腰椎椎体后缘骨内软骨结节 (LPMN)所致腰椎管狭窄症 ,并为制订治疗方案提供可靠依据。     

胸椎椎体后缘骨内软骨结节的发生特点与手术治疗

目的探讨胸椎椎体后缘骨内软骨结节的特点以及软骨结节切除术与改良全脊髓减压术的疗效。方法1978年5月至2005年5月,手术治疗胸椎椎体后缘骨内软骨结节32例,男18例,女14例;年龄23～70岁,平均47.8岁。X线片可见损伤终板后上或后下缘的骨赘、游离骨块、缺损;CT轴位片可见突向椎管的环形或块状骨化影,其内为低密度区;MRI可见脊髓受压,但无法分辨骨性终板与软骨终板。前20年的6例分别采用传统全椎板减压术、侧前方减压术、整块半关节突全椎板减压术治疗各2例;后6年采用软骨结节切除术治疗21例、改良全脊髓减压术治疗5例。结果32例中31例发生于胸腰段、1例位于T8。共发生胸椎椎体后缘骨内软骨结节37处,椎体上终板30处、下终板7处;单一椎体终板发病者27例、相邻椎体上下终板同时发病者4例、跳跃性两处发病者1例。32例中合并胸椎黄韧带骨化者16例,7例与胸椎椎体后缘骨内软骨结节发生于同一椎间、9例发生于与软骨结节上下相邻及其以远椎间。黄韧带骨化按CT分型,棘状型与结节型11例、板块型与隆突型5例。随访26例,随访时间1～27年,平均3.8年。按Otanni分级方法,优22例(84.6%)、良3例(11.5%)、可1例(3.9%)。结论胸椎椎体后缘骨内软骨结节多发于胸腰段椎体的上终板,且常常合并胸椎黄韧带骨化;软骨结节切除术与改良全脊髓减压术是治疗该病的安全、有效术式。     

小切口手术治疗腰椎椎体后缘离断症

目的：探讨腰椎椎体后缘离断症的有效手术方法。方法：将腰椎椎体后缘离断症分为侧方型及中央型,采用椎板拉钩法的小切口手术治疗腰椎椎体后缘离断症12例,均为男性;年龄23～40岁,平均30岁;病程17.9个月。侧方型10例,其中离断骨块位于L4椎体后下缘1例,L5椎体后上缘3例,S1椎体后上缘6例,均合并同侧椎间盘突出;中央型2例,离断骨块均位于S1椎体后上缘。侧方型采用单侧椎板间开窗,摘除突出的椎间盘髓核,摘除椎体后缘骨块;中央型采用双侧椎板间开窗,摘除突出的椎间盘髓核,摘除椎体后缘骨块。结果：所有患者获得随访12～36个月,平均22.5个月,按照Macnab术后评定标准：优10例,良2例。结论：小切口手术治疗腰椎椎体后缘离断症具有手术创伤小、操作方便的优点,可完整摘除椎体后缘骨块,是一有效的手术方法。     

腰椎椎体后缘骨块物特点及手术方法

目的分析腰椎椎体后缘骨块物的特点及手术方法。方法1955年5月～2002年12月手术治疗腰腿痛患者115例，将其中42例腰椎CT片上表现为椎体后缘骨块物影的患者，结合临床特点，分析其病因，针对不同病因及CT特征进一步诊断，采用单或双侧扩大开窗，或半椎板充分显露，运用特殊器械、特殊方法治疗。结果42例中，腰椎间盘突出钙化19例(45．2％)，椎间盘软骨板破裂14例(33．3％)，腰椎间盘突出伴椎体后缘骨赘7例(16．7％)，椎间盘突出并后纵韧带骨化1例(2．4％)。随访6个月～6年，平均2年3个月。42例患者的下肢痛、间歇性跛行全部消失，恢复原有工作和正常生活，但有2例足趾及小腿麻木未完全消失。根据改良的Macanab疗效评定标准，优28例(66．8％)，良ll例(26．2％)，可2例(4．8％)，差1例(2．4％)，优良率达92．8％。结论腰椎椎体后缘骨块物的病因有：突出椎间盘钙化，腰椎软骨板破裂，椎间盘突出并椎体后缘骨赘，椎间盘突出合并后纵韧带骨化。     

腰椎间盘突出症手术失败原因和再手术方法的探讨

目的探讨腰椎间盘突出症手术失败的原因及再手术的时机和方法。方法对腰椎间盘突出症手术失败患者的初次术前诊断、手术方法、再手术前临床表现、影像学检查进行评估。分析初次手术失败原因及再手术治疗的适应证、手术方法、手术入路及疗效。在获得随访的患者中,行开窗、扩大开窗法腰椎间盘摘除术46例,行半椎板切除减压、椎间盘摘除术12例,行全椎板切除减压、椎间盘摘除、神经根管松解术22例,行全椎板切除减压、椎体后缘骨赘及软骨结节切除术16例,行后路经椎弓根螺钉固定、椎管减压、神经通道松解、后外侧植骨或椎间融合术47例。结果143例患者初次手术后获得随访,随访时间24～144个月,平均62个月。再手术后29例出现并发症。采用日本骨科学会(JOA)腰背痛29分评分标准对患者进行评分。患者再手术前JOA评分平均11.3分,术后随访时JOA评分平均24.2分,平均改善率72.9%。结论腰椎间盘突出症再手术的原因包括手术适应证选择不当、多间隙突出遗漏、术中定位错误及髓核摘除不彻底、双侧型或中央型突出只切除一侧、椎体后缘软骨结节未切除、未处理中央椎管狭窄及神经根管狭窄、术后腰椎间盘突出复发、全椎板减压术后腰椎节段性不稳定。正确选择再手术时机及方法仍可以获得较为满意的疗效。     

腰椎椎体后缘骺环离断症的诊治

[目的]了解腰椎椎体后缘骺环离断症的发病机理、临床表现和手术治疗。[方法]对16例患有腰椎椎体后缘骺环离断症病人进行随访，对其临床表现、影像学检查进行分析，并对手术治疗的效果进行评估。[结果]此病发病年龄较轻，临床表现为腰椎间盘突出及椎管狭窄的症状，根据突出的范围和类型可采取不同的手术方法，手术治疗效果良好。[结论]通过CT检查可把腰椎椎体后缘骺环离断分为软骨板破裂后移型、Schmorl结节型、撕脱骨折型3种类型，手术治疗可取得良好效果．     

侧后方经关节突入路治疗胸腰段椎间盘突出及椎体后缘软骨结节等引起的椎管狭窄症

目的:对胸腰段椎间盘突出、椎体后缘软骨结节等疾病利用侧后方经关节突入路进行减压治疗,探讨该疗法的优缺点。方法:本组14例患者,男9例,女5例;年龄33~60岁,平均46.4岁。病史1周~6年。椎间盘突出或伴有钙化11例,椎体后缘软骨结节3例。病变部位在T10,111例,T11,123例,T12L16例,L1,24例。有腰部外伤及扭伤史6例,其中有2例为急性车祸外伤。均行侧后方经关节突椎间盘、钙化椎间盘或者椎体后缘软骨结节切除,植骨及内固定术。结果:本组1例出现术后神经损害加重,经过治疗后逐渐恢复。14例均获随访,时间为1.0~4.5年,平均2.8年。参考Otani疗效评定标准,本组优5例,良5例,可3例,差1例,优良率为71.4%。13例术后症状获改善,胸腹部束带感消失5例,括约肌功能恢复正常2例。结论:侧后方经关节突入路对脊柱的损伤较小,本术式视野清晰,多数手术医师对此入路非常熟悉,并且可以切除椎弓根及部分肥厚关节突或椎板及黄韧带以充分减压。     

腰椎椎体后缘离断合并椎间盘突出症

目的 分析腰椎椎体后缘离断合并椎间盘突出症的发病机理，探讨手术治疗方法。方法 回顾总结10例腰椎后缘离断合并椎间盘突出症患的临床表现、影像学资料及手术方法选择。结果 10例患中，6例表现为单侧腰腿痛，4例为双侧；4例合并间歇性跛行，其中2例伴有马尾神经受压。CT检查显示全部病例腰椎椎体后缘形成突向椎管内的骨块，其相应的椎体后角骨缺损区为椎间盘髓核组织，其中7例椎间盘突出物超过椎体后缘骨。10例均行手术切除突出的椎间盘组织，其中6例同时行离断骨块切除。全部病例经3～36个月随访取得满意效果。结论 本病发病机理主要还是由于青少年时期椎体后缘环状骨骺变异或损伤逐步引起椎间盘突出的继发改变，最终造成神经根和硬膜囊的压迫。椎体后缘骨块仅部分参与神经根压迫。椎管内神经根及硬膜囊的彻底减压才能达到满意效果。     

Exposure of the porcine spine to mechanical compression: differences in injury pattern between adolescents and adults

Recent studies of the spine in adolescents who have sustained trauma have shown injuries to the growth zone, whereas injuries to the vertebral body have been described in other studies of only adults. There are also reports on different clinical signs and radiological findings in adolescents with lumbar disc herniation when compared to adults. In order to find an explanation for these differences between adolescents and adults, this experimental study was performed. Six cadaveric lumbar motion segments (vertebral body-disc-vertebral body) obtained from three young male pigs and six lumbar motion segments obtained from three mature male pigs were tested in axial compression to failure. All units were examined with plain radiography and magnetic resonance imaging before and after compression. After the compression, histological samples were taken from the injury site. In the adolescents, a fracture was consistently found in the endplate through the posterior part of the growth zone, displacing the anulus fibrosus with a bony fragment at the point of insertion to the vertebra. This type of injury could not be detected in any of the adults; instead, there was a fracture of the vertebra in four cases, and in two cases, a rupture of the anulus fibrosus without a bony fragment was seen. This study showed that, when compressed to failure, the weakest part of the lumbar spine of the adolescent pig differs from that of the mature pig in the same way that studies on human spinal units have shown. Received: 18 November 1999 Revised: 2 March 2000 Accepted: 30 March 2000     

腰椎椎体终板后缘骨坏死病理演变过程的观察

目的：研究腰椎椎体终板后缘骨坏死的病理演变过程和Schmorl结节的形成机制。方法：对13例腰椎椎体终板后缘骨坏死症患者腰椎后路减压术中切除的完整病灶标本行组织病理学检查，观察不同年龄和不同阶段病变的组织学变化。结果：1例儿童和6例成人患者发病时间较短，其病灶的组织学特征表现为软骨终板明显增厚、变性，软骨终板下的骨组织坏死，部分坏死区为纤维组织替代，局部出现修复性新生骨。另6例成人患者发病时间较长，其病灶的组织学特征表现为软骨终板下的成熟骨组织。结论：腰椎椎体终板后缘先发生软骨终板下的骨组织坏死，然后出现修复性新生骨，新生的骨组织由于硬度较低，在压力的作用下发生塌陷，随着爬行替代的完成及骨骼的成熟，逐渐形成凸向椎管内的骨块，表明病变已发展至晚期，处于相对静止状态。腰椎椎体终板后缘骨坏死的病理演变过程实际上也是发生于腰椎椎体终板后缘Schmorl结节的形成过程。     

腰骶椎椎体后缘离断症的手术治疗

目的:探讨腰骶椎椎体后缘离断症的临床治疗方法及疗效。方法:2004年2月～2010年6月共收治腰骶椎椎体后缘离断患者34例,行X线、CT、MRI检查确诊。均行游离骨块及相应节段椎间盘切除。先行椎间盘切除,扩大椎间隙,构建与离断骨块相适应的沟槽,采用咬、刮、凿等技术切除骨块。Takata分型中13例Ⅲ型离断患者行扩大开窗或半椎板切除。Ⅰ、Ⅱ型离断患者,单侧出现神经根症状者行患侧扩大开窗或半椎板切除11例;双侧出现神经根损害者行双侧开窗5例;椎管狭窄明显、伴有椎体滑脱行全椎板切除5例。若离断骨块较大,侧隐窝狭窄,脊柱不稳患者同时行后路腰椎椎体间融合术(posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF)11例。随访时摄正侧位X线片观察植骨融合情况,应用腰椎JOA评分系统评价近期疗效。结果:随访11个月～4.6年,平均2.7年,术前JOA评分平均12.4分,末次随访时平均27.2分,除1例Ⅱ型、1例Ⅲ型离断患者外,其他患者均获得满意疗效,优良率94%。未出现术中术后并发症,植骨均融合。结论:椎体后缘离断症经保守治疗无效者应尽早手术治疗。正确的术前诊断及对离断骨块类型、位置的准确掌握及切除是外科手术成功的关键。     

Traumatic lumbosacral dislocation: four cases and review of literature

Diagnosis, physiopathology, and treatments of four patients with traumatic lumbosacral dislocations are described. This is a rare but severe lesion of the lumbosacral junction that usually occurs in patients with multiple trauma. It often is not thought of and the diagnosis may be missed. Evidence of lumbosacral dislocation should be examined and confirmed by computed tomography scans in patients with multiple fractures of transverse lumbar processes, asymmetric lumbosacral joints on frontal images, or slipping of L5 over S1 on lateral images. Treatment consists of reduction of the dislocated and fractured parts, lumbosacral arthrodesis, a posterolateral graft, and posterior instrumentation. Instrumentation may be short, extending from L5 to S1, or long, from L4 to S1, depending on the extension of the lesion. In some cases, reduction can be done intraoperatively, when the L4-S1 instrumentation is inserted, provided L5 transpedicle screws are pulled posteriorly. It usually is preferable to explore the vertebral canal to ensure that there is no disc lesion compressing the dura before proceeding with reduction. Compression of the dura could be avoided with a preoperative magnetic resonance imaging scan on which a lesion of the L5-S1 disc is sought. Additional interbody vertebral arthrodesis should be considered when the L5-S1 disc is affected severely. This lesion should be looked for preoperatively with a magnetic resonance imaging scan and intraoperatively by exploring the canal. This can be done at the time of the posterior surgery or during a second anterior surgical procedure.     

Lumbar disc herniation associated with separation of the ring apophysis: is removal of the detached apophyses mandatory to achieve satisfactory results?

There are three questions to be addressed in lumbar disc herniation with separation of the ring apophysis: does this lesion occur only in adolescents, does any trauma predispose this lesion, and is removal of the detached apophyses mandatory to achieve satisfactory results? We prospectively investigated 32 consecutive patients (22 men, 10 women; mean age, 25.4 years; mean followup, 4 years 8 months). This lesion occurred not only in adolescents, but also in adults older than 30 years. Eight patients (25%) were younger than 20 years, whereas 14 patients (43.8%) were in the third decade, and 10 (31.2%) were in the fourth decade. Only five patients (15.6%) had antecedent traumatic episodes. Resection of the fragment did not influence the clinical results. Excision of the herniated disc and mobile bony fragment was done in 11 patients (34.4%). Discectomy alone was done in 21 patients (65.6%) with immobile bony fragments. Satisfactory results were obtained in both groups. Lumbar disc herniation with detachment of the ring apophysis can occur, without any relationship to trauma, in adults and adolescents. Removal of the bony fragment is not always needed to achieve satisfactory results.     

Clinical aspects and therapy of fibular ligament ruptures in childhood

Injuries to the lateral ligament of the ankle are frequently encountered in adolescence and require just as much care in diagnosis and management as in adults. There is a strikingly high rate of tears with an avulsion of the bony or cartilaginous insertion of the anterior talo-fibular ligament in younger children. The most likely causes are the higher elasticity and strength of ligaments, as well as the special situation of ligament insertion during growth. Experience has shown operative treatment to be superior to conservative measures. Only a surgical procedure can allow exact adaptation of the ruptured ligaments and especially a reinsertion of cartilaginous or bony fragments after avulsion injury. Old tears often make a reinsertion very difficult if not impossible. In these cases, resection of the fragments and reconstruction of ligaments are suggested if necessary. For more operative and technical details, the recently edited monograph from Zwipp should be consulted; it also contains many interesting points regarding the physiology, pathology and clinical importance of injuries to the lateral ligament of the ankle.     

非典型性脊柱结核影像学分型与表现形式

 目的 探讨成人非典型性脊柱结核的影像学分型与表现形式。方法 回顾性分析并总结2000年2月至2012年10月经病理确诊的45 例成人非典型性脊柱结核患者资料,男29例,女16例;年龄20~71岁,平均46.2岁;25例有潮热、乏力及消瘦表现,20例无明显全身结核中毒表现;37例红细胞沉降率为25~107 mm/1 h,8例正常。所有患者均摄脊柱X 线片,并行CT扫描及MR检查, 其中12例辅加脊柱螺旋CT三维重建,2例辅加PET-CT检查。45例患者均行外科手术治疗,其中3例术前行CT引导下病灶穿刺活检;均经病理检查证实为脊柱结核。结果 非典型性脊柱结核的影像学分型包括,单椎体型（9例）,MRI T2WI示单一椎体病灶呈不均匀高信号,CT扫描示老年人病变椎体以虫蚀样、溶骨性破坏为主,青年人病变椎体内呈单个均匀透光的圆形溶骨性骨质破坏区;单脊椎椎体附件型（2例）,MRI T2WI示椎体附件呈高信号改变,CT扫描示椎板及椎弓根呈虫蚀样骨质破坏;单脊椎全椎骨型（8例）,CT扫描示单脊椎的椎体及附件均呈虫蚀样广泛骨质破坏;椎间盘型结核（5例）,MRI示椎间盘信号减低,团状的椎盘组织突入椎管压迫脊髓;多发性相邻型脊柱结核（14例）,螺旋CT示多个相邻椎体虫蚀样骨质破坏;多发性非相邻型（跳跃型）脊柱结核（7例）,MRI示非相邻多个椎体在T2WI上呈现椎体骨质结构破坏的混杂信号,其中个别病例T2WI示高信号的椎旁脓肿通过流注方式波及多个非相邻椎体。结论 非典型性脊柱结核有多种影像学表现形式且极不典型,但虫蚀样骨质破坏、骨髓水肿、前和（或）后纵韧带高信号等影像学改变均为非典型性脊柱结核影像学的特征性表现。
     

腰椎椎体后缘骨内软骨结节所致腰椎管狭窄症的临床特征

目的　总结腰椎椎体后缘骨内软骨结节 (LPMN)所致腰椎管狭窄症的诊断和治疗特点 ,探讨有关的发病因素。方法　对经手术证实的 16例LPMN所致腰椎管狭窄症的临床表现、影像学特征、手术方式进行回顾性分析总结。结果　 16例均有间歇性跛行 ,10例腰腿痛 ,直腿抬高试验阳性 4例。影像学检查见腰椎椎体后下缘骨缺损及游离骨块突入椎管内。采用单侧椎板扩大开窗 +骨块切除术 4例 ,优 3例 ,良 1例。双侧椎板扩大开窗 +骨块切除术 12例 ,优 9例 ,良 3例 ,随访 1～ 5年。结论　 1、LPMN的形成可能是在软骨板先天性缺陷的基础上 ,由于应力和创伤的作用 ,髓核经缺陷破裂的软骨板突出到椎体和骨突环之间 ,引起骨突环撕脱、后移 ,最终骨化。 2、手术时机愈早愈好 ,单侧椎板扩大开窗 +骨块切除和双侧椎板扩大开窗+骨块切除为有效术式     

腰椎椎体后缘离断症的影像学诊断与探讨

目的 :总结腰椎椎体后缘离断症的影像学诊断特点并探讨其价值。方法 :对 3 2例经手术证实的腰椎椎体后缘离断症患者的影像学表现进行回顾性分析。结果 :3 2例中X线平片显示腰椎椎体后缘离断症 2 1例 (65 6% )、CT平扫显示 3 2例 (10 0 % ) ,行MRI检查 2 1例 ,显示 2 0例 (95 2 % )。结论 :CT平扫是腰椎椎体后缘离断症最可靠的诊断方法 ,MRI可显示髓核退变后突和硬膜囊受压的程度 ,X线平片则是检查的基本方法     

钙化型腰椎间盘突出症与腰椎间盘突出并椎体后缘离断症的诊断及手术治疗疗效分析

目的 总结钙化型腰椎间盘突出症与腰椎间盘突出并椎体后缘离断症的诊断要点,探讨经椎间孔入路椎间孔镜下椎间盘切除术(percutaneous transforaminal endoscopic discectomy,PTED)在两种疾病治疗中的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2015年11月至2017年11月在我院行PTED手术治疗...     

Wrist arthroscopy and dislocation of the radiocarpal joint without fracture.

The authors report a rare case of dorsal dislocation of the radiocarpal joint without any bony lesion associated. The traumatic cause was a high energy motorbike accident. Fractures of the other limbs were associated. The authors report the clinical, radiological, and arthroscopic features. Wrist arthroscopy showed a complete tear of all the extrinsic ligaments, a radial avulsion of the triangular fibrocartilage complex, and the integrity of the intracarpal ligaments, which guided the treatment. The dislocation was treated by closed reduction and radiocarpal pinning. The authors propose wrist arthroscopy in radiocarpal dislocation for diagnosis of soft tissue and cartilaginous lesions to guide the treatment (close or open).     

腰椎后关节滑膜皱折韧带的神经末梢的病理观察

目的 观察腰椎后关节部位的痛觉感觉器-游离神经末梢,方法 对10例腰椎间盘突出伴有腰椎后关节紊乱患者,在其椎间盘手术中留取椎后关节及其滑膜标本,分别采用HE染色法、硝酸银染色法、氯化金染色法、免疫组化法作病理观察。结果 滑膜皱折、韧带部均具有游离神经末梢。结论 解释了腰椎后关节紊乱症的疼痛位、疼痛性质在患者主观描述中模糊不清的原因。