Hepatic leiomyosarcomas: CT features with pathologic correlation

The purpose of this study was to determine the computed tomographic (CT) features of hepatic leiomyosarcoma and to correlate them with pathologic findings. CT examinations of 15 patients with pathologically proven leiomyosarcoma of the liver were retrospectively reviewed. Three patients had primary leiomyosarcoma of the liver and 12 patients had 43 distinct hepatic metastases originating from a primary gastrointestinal (n = 8), uterine (n = 2) or retroperitoneal (n = 2) leiomyosarcoma. In the 11 patients who had partial hepatic resection or surgical biopsy of their tumors, a correlation was made between CT imaging and pathologic findings. Primary leiomyosarcomas showed heterogeneous enhancement; two displayed internal and peripheral enhancement, and one showed peripheral enhancement with a pseudocystic pattern (i.e. enhancing thick wall with internal nonenhancing low attenuation area). Leiomyosarcomas metastatic to the liver were homogeneous, showing no or moderate enhancement (10 of 43 metastases, 23%) or heterogeneous and predominantly peripheral enhancement (33 of 43 metastases, 77%). A pseudocystic pattern was seen in 13 of the 43 metastases (30%). Homogeneous tumors were made of smooth fibrous-like tissue without area of necrosis. Heterogeneous tumors contained varying degrees of necrosis and hemorrhage or gelatinous tissue. We found that primary and secondary hepatic leiomyosarcomas of the liver can exhibit different features. A pseudocystic pattern is uncommon. Furthermore, purely cystic tumors were not seen in our series.     

Abdominopelvic actinomycosis involving the gastrointestinal tract: CT features.

PURPOSE: To assess the computed tomographic (CT) features of abdominopelvic actinomycosis involving the gastrointestinal tract. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CT scans were analyzed in 18 patients with pathologically proved abdominopelvic actinomycosis involving the gastrointestinal tract. Eight patients had a history of using intrauterine contraceptive devices. Bowel site, wall thickness, length, bowel involvement patterns, inflammatory infiltration, and features of peritoneal or pelvic mass, if present, were evaluated at CT. RESULTS: Of the gastrointestinal tract, the sigmoid colon was most commonly involved (50%). All patients showed concentric (n = 15) or eccentric (n = 3) bowel wall thickening, with a mean thickness of 1.2 cm and a mean length of 8.3 cm. The thickened bowel enhanced homogeneously in nine patients and heterogeneously in the other nine. Inflammatory infiltration was mostly diffuse and severe. In 17 patients, a peritoneal or pelvic mass (mean maximum diameter, 3.2 cm) was seen adjacent to the involved bowel and appeared to be heterogeneously enhanced in most cases; infiltration into the abdominal wall was seen in four patients. CONCLUSION: Actinomycosis should be included in the differential diagnosis when CT scans show bowel wall thickening and regional pelvic or peritoneal mass with extensive infiltration, especially in patients with abdominal pain, fever, leukocytosis, or long-term use of intrauterine contraceptive devices.     

胰腺转移性肿瘤的CT诊断

目的:探讨胰腺转移性肿瘤的CT表现.方法:回顾性分析经手术(6例)或超声导引下穿刺(5例)病理证实的共11例胰腺转移性肿瘤的CT表现,原发肿瘤肺癌3例,胃肠癌5例,腹膜后多形性未分化肉瘤1例,腹盆腔平滑肌肉瘤1例,肾透明细胞癌1例,胰腺转移性肿瘤无特异性临床表现.结果:胰腺转移性肿瘤以单发结节多见(9例),多发结节少见...     

不同病因所致化脓性腹膜炎的CT表现特征

目的 探讨不同病因所致继发性化脓性腹膜炎(SPP)的CT表现特征。资料与方法 搜集32例有CT检查资料的SPP病例,其中经手术病理证实24例,经腹腔穿刺和／或其他临床综合指标诊断8例。着重观察引起SPP的原发病灶及腹膜炎的CT表现。结果 32例除均具有SPP的CT表现外,它们的原发病灶的CT征象显示如下：无腹部手术史的25例腹膜炎中,胃肠道穿孔10例,急性阑尾炎7例,急性胆囊炎3例,腹、盆腔脓肿3例,升结肠炎症伴周围炎症2例;有腹部手术史的7例腹膜炎中,脓肿形成5例,引起腹腔感染2例。结论 应用CT扫描诊断SPP,有利于显示SPP原发病灶及腹膜炎CT征象以及二者的解剖关联性,对临床表现不典型病例的诊断和鉴别诊断有较大价值。     

Computed tomographic features of peritoneal carcinomatosis treated by intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia

PURPOSE: The purpose of this work was to describe the computed tomography (CT) features of peritoneal carcinomatosis after surgery combined with intraperitoneal chemohyperthermia (IPCH). METHOD: Between 1999 and 2001, 51 consecutive patients (33 women and 18 men, with a mean age 45 years) were treated in our institution with IPCH for peritoneal carcinomatosis. Patients that were symptomatic (33 patients) underwent contrast enhanced helical CT of the abdomen and the pelvis during the first 15 postoperative days. The CT scans were reviewed retrospectively by two blinded observers. Computed tomography abnormalities were compared with surgical, biochemical, and clinical findings. RESULTS: None of the CT scans were completely normal. Most postsurgical CT findings, including bowel and peritoneal thickening (14 and 13 cases, respectively), increased intraperitoneal fat density (13 cases), and compartmentalized ascites (8 cases), resulted from an inflammatory mesenteric reaction or inflammation of the small bowel or the peritoneum and did not require specific treatment. Major complications requiring appropriate treatment were intra-abdominal abscesses (5 cases), hemoperitoneum (5 cases), urinary fistula (2 cases), acute pancreatitis (1 case) and abdominal wall abscesses (2 cases). CONCLUSION: Knowledge of early CT findings after therapy with surgery combined with IPCH for peritoneal carcinomatosis is useful for accurate posttreatment management of these patients.     

Role of chest CT in the follow-up of ovarian adenocarcinoma

OBJECTIVE: We describe the prevalence of metastatic chest disease in ovarian adenocarcinoma as seen on CT. We sought to determine whether routine chest CT added any pertinent information to the follow-up examination of patients with ovarian adenocarcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of our tumor registry yielded 96 patients with ovarian adenocarcinoma who had only a single primary malignancy and at least one CT scan of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis. CT scans were reviewed to assess the presence of metastatic chest disease in relation to disease activity in the abdomen and pelvis. Chest CT findings were correlated with the physical examination findings and CA-125 levels and were reviewed in consultation with a gynecologic oncologist to select only those patients with chest abnormalities attributable to metastatic disease. RESULTS: A total of 266 CT scans were obtained. Forty (41.7%) of the 96 patients had abnormalities attributable to metastatic chest disease on one or more scans. In the absence of disease progression in the abdomen and pelvis, chest disease progression was seen in only six (2.7%) of the 226 follow-up CT scans. Five of the six patients had rising CA-125 levels. CONCLUSION: Correlation of the findings of abdominal and pelvic CT with the physical findings and the CA-125 levels serves as effective follow-up in patients with ovarian adenocarcinoma. The contribution of additional chest CT in these patients is small.     

Peritoneal carcinosis

Abdominal CT yields several pieces of information for the diagnosis of secondary neoplastic involvement of the peritoneum (peritoneal carcinosis). Peritoneal carcinosis may be the first clinical sign of an occult primary tumor. CT scans of 120 patients with peritoneal carcinosis confirmed by pre/peri-operative biopsy or at autopsy, were retrospectively reviewed. The CT patterns of peritoneal carcinosis were detected in 20 of 44 patients with an occult malignancy. In 16 of 76 cases with a known malignancy there was no evidence of secondary peritoneal involvement. The incidence of CT findings and their correlation with the primary tumor are critically discussed. The authors have assessed the utility of CT in detecting peritoneal carcinosis, even though in their experience CT findings of secondary neoplastic peritoneal involvement could not be correlated with primary tumor.     

胃肠道平滑肌瘤和平滑肌肉瘤的CT表现

目的：探讨CT在胃肠道平滑肌瘤和平滑肌肉瘤诊断中的应用价值。方法：本文收集了12例（男8例,女4例,平均年龄56．1岁）经手术病理证实的胃肠道平滑肌瘤（5例）和平滑肌肉瘤（7例）。12例均作CT检查,其中3例作了胃镜检查,6例作了胃肠道钡餐造影检查。结果：胃是胃肠道平滑肌瘤和平滑肌肉瘤最好发部位,除直接浸润和远处转移提示为恶性外,肿瘤大、分叶状、不均匀强化及溃疡形成均提示平滑瘤可能性大。结论：CT在胃肠道平滑肌瘤和平滑肌肉瘤的诊断与鉴别诊断中优于胃镜和胃肠道钡餐造影检查。     

Primary leiomyosarcoma of the greater omentum: CT findings

Three cases of primary leiomyosarcoma arising from the greater omentum are described. On CT the tumors were multilobulated, flat, and pancake-like, with enhancing solid and multicystic densities. The masses in all cases were located in the most anterior part of peritoneal cavity. These CT findings are useful in the preoperative diagnosis of omental leiomyosarcoma.     

Radiological features of acute gastric volvulus in adult patients

ObjectiveTo evaluate the radiological features of acute gastric volvulus in adults and correlate these features with operative findings.Materials and MethodsThe clinical, radiological and operative findings of five adult patients (four males and one female with mean age of 50.4 years) who presented or referred to King Abdullah University hospital over 4 year’s period with symptoms of acute gastric volvulus were reviewed retrospectively. All patients underwent upper gastrointestinal barium study and two of them had computed tomographic (CT) scans preoperatively. The radiological features demonstrated on upper gastrointestinal barium exams and CT scans were analyzed and compared with operative findings.ResultsRadiological and operative findings revealed organo-axial gastric volvulus in all patients in our study. All of them had associated diaphragmatic defect or hiatal hernia. The upper gastrointestinal barium studies demonstrated the classic radiological features of organo-axial volvulus. CT done on two of our patients confirmed the diagnosis.ConclusionUpper gastrointestinal barium study is an accurate way to diagnose and characterize acute gastric volvulus in adult patients. CT scan can also be used to diagnose this clinical entity.     

Imaging findings of pulmonary vascular disorders in portal hypertension

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to demonstrate and compare the imaging findings of hepatopulmonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the imaging findings of five patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome and four patients with portopulmonary hypertension. We evaluated chest radiographs, chest and abdominal computed tomography (CT) scans, 99mTc-macroaggregated albumin (MAA) lung perfusion scans, and pulmonary angiograms. RESULTS: In patients with hepatopulmonary syndrome, the presence of peripheral pulmonary vascular dilatation was detected by chest radiograph, chest CT scan, and pulmonary angiogram, especially the basilar segment. 99mTc-MAA lung perfusion scan showed extrapulmonary tracer distribution (brain, thyroid, and kidney), which revealed pulmonary R-L shunting. In patients with portopulmonary hypertension, chest radiographs and chest CT scans showed the classic findings of primary pulmonary hypertension. In patients with both disorders, extrahepatic features of portal hypertension including ascites, splenomegaly, and portosystemic collateral vessels were seen on abdominal CT. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, chest radiographs and CT in hepatopulmonary syndrome usually showed peripheral pulmonary vascular dilatation, whereas those in portopulmonary hypertension showed central pulmonary artery dilatation. The extrahepatic features of portal hypertension might be helpful for the diagnosis of both disorders.     

Evaluation of suspected appendicitis in children and young adults: helical CT

PURPOSE: To evaluate the accuracy of helical computed tomography (CT) for the diagnosis of appendicitis in children and to assess the utility of CT in establishing alternative diagnoses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of 154 children (median age, 12 years; age range, 1-20 years) who were suspected to have appendicitis and who underwent CT were reviewed. The gastrointestinal tract was opacified in 151 of 154 patients: Only orally administered contrast material was used in 126 patients; only rectally administered contrast material, in 21 patients; and both oral and rectal contrast material, in four patients. CT findings were correlated with surgical and histopathologic findings or with clinical follow-up findings. RESULTS: Sixty-four CT scans were interpreted as positive for appendicitis and included 58 true-positive and six false-positive scans. Ninety scans were interpreted as negative and included 87 true-negative and three false-negative scans. CT had a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 94% for the diagnosis of appendicitis. In addition, in 32 (34%) of 93 patients without appendicitis, an alternative diagnosis was established on the basis of CT findings. CONCLUSION: Helical CT is useful in a pediatric population to diagnose or exclude appendicitis and to establish an alternative diagnosis.     

胃肠道间质瘤的CT诊断

目的：分析胃肠道间质瘤（GIST）的CT表现特点，探讨CT对该肿瘤的诊断价值。资料与方法：回顾性分析经手术病理证实的GIST21例，术前均行CT平扫和增强扫描。结果：肿瘤发生于胃部11例，十二指肠1例，空肠5例，回肠4例，病灶多呈圆形或类圆形，平扫：肿瘤呈均匀等密度者8例，肿块周边呈等密度，中间呈略低密度或低密度者12例，呈高，等，低混杂密度者1例，增强扫描：病灶中度或明显强化者10例；不均匀强化，其内可见多数小囊状坏死者5例，病灶中央坏死，液化，周边强化者6例，21例GIST中，良性7例，肿块直径多小于5cm，边界清楚，多均匀强化，恶性14例，肿块直径大于5cm,边界多不清楚，10例肿块内有坏死，5例出现转移灶。结论：CT检查对于GIST的定位准确，对肿瘤良恶性的判断亦很有价值，但CT表现无特异性，确诊仍有赖于病理学检查。     

Angiomyolipoma with minimal fat: differentiation from renal cell carcinoma at biphasic helical CT

PURPOSE: To compare various computed tomographic (CT) features of angiomyolipoma (AML) with minimal fat with those of size-matched renal cell carcinoma (RCC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-one patients (19 with AML with minimal fat [mean diameter, 2.8 cm; range, 1.5-4.5 cm] and 62 with RCC [mean diameter, 3.1 cm; range, 1.8-4.5 cm]) who had undergone biphasic CT (ie, CT with unenhanced, corticomedullary, and early excretory phase scanning) were evaluated. Two reviewers who were unaware of the diagnosis retrospectively recorded tumor attenuation on unenhanced scans, enhancement characteristics (ie, homogeneity of enhancement, amount of enhancement, enhancement pattern over time), tumor margin, location of tumor center, intratumoral calcification, perinephric changes, and patient age and sex. The predictive value of each CT finding was determined by using multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Homogeneous enhancement (observed in 79% of AMLs vs 5% of RCCs; odds ratio, 37) and prolonged enhancement pattern (observed in 58% of AMLs vs 10% of RCCs; odds ratio, 42) were valuable predictors for differentiating AML with minimal fat from RCC at multivariate analysis (P <.05 for both). When both CT findings were used as a criterion for differentiating AML from RCC, positive and negative predictive values were 91% (10 of 11 tumors) and 87% (61 of 70 tumors), respectively. Fifty-three percent of AMLs versus 13% of RCCs showed high tumor attenuation on unenhanced scans (P =.04), whereas RCCs showed greater mean enhancement than AMLs (114 HU +/- 44 [SD] vs 73 HU +/- 30 in corticomedullary phase and 66 HU +/- 24 vs 49 HU +/- 20 in early excretory phase) and a male predominance (male-to-female ratio, 50:12 vs 8:11; P =.001). CONCLUSION: Biphasic helical CT may be useful in differentiating AML with minimal fat from RCC, with homogeneous tumor enhancement and prolonged enhancement pattern being the most valuable CT findings.     

CT在胃癌诊治中的作用

探讨ＣＴ在胃癌诊断和治疗中的价值。对２５例术后作ＣＴ随访及５６例术前经ＣＴ检查的胃癌患者资料分别进行手术近，远期疗效和手术切除率分析。另对４７例胃癌ＣＴ所见进行术前手术切除可能性预测。分析同期１３例胃肠造影和／或内镜未能确诊的ＣＴ检验结果，对照手术以探讨ＣＴ对胃癌的诊断价值。     

Penetrating torso trauma: triple-contrast helical CT in peritoneal violation and organ injury--a prospective study in 200 patients

PURPOSE: To assess the accuracy of computed tomography (CT) in demonstrating the presence or absence of peritoneal violation and type of intraperitoneal organ injury, if any, in hemodynamically stable patients with penetrating torso trauma but without definite peritoneal signs or radiographic evidence of free intraperitoneal air. MATERIALS AND METHODS: During a 29-month period, helical CT with oral, rectal, and intravenous contrast material (triple-contrast) was performed in 200 hemodynamically stable patients, including 169 men (age range, 15-85 years; mean age, 31 years) and 31 women (age range, 17-45 years; mean age, 28 years) with penetrating torso trauma. The study group included 86 patients with gunshot wounds, 111 with stab wounds, and three impaled by sharp objects. CT scans were evaluated prospectively by three trauma radiologists for evidence of peritoneal violation to determine injury to intra- or retroperitoneal solid organs, bowel, mesentery, vascular structures, diaphragm, and urinary tract. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of CT in the diagnosis of peritoneal violation were determined. RESULTS: CT findings aided diagnosis of peritoneal violation in 34% of patients (68 of 200) and were negative for peritoneal violation in 66% of patients (132 of 200). Two patients with negative CT findings failed to improve with observation and underwent therapeutic laparotomy. CT had 97% sensitivity (66 of 68 findings), 98% specificity (130 of 132 findings), and 98% accuracy (196 of 200 findings) for peritoneal violation. CT aided diagnosis of 28 hepatic, 34 bowel or mesenteric, seven splenic, and six renal injuries. Laparotomy based on CT findings in 38 patients was considered therapeutic in 87% (33 of 38) and nontherapeutic in 8% (three of 38) and had negative results in 5% (two of 38). CONCLUSION: Triple-contrast helical CT accurately demonstrates peritoneal violation and visceral injury in patients with penetrating torso wounds.     

Gunshot wounds of abdomen: evaluation of stable patients with triple-contrast helical CT

PURPOSE: To assess helical computed tomography (CT) with contrast material administered intravenously, orally, and rectally (triple contrast helical CT)) in the prospective evaluation of stable patients with abdominal gunshot wounds in whom there is no clinical indication for immediate exploratory laparotomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was conducted for 19 months. All patients met the following inclusion criteria: age of 16 years or older, hemodynamic stability, no clinical signs of peritoneal irritation, and signed consent to participate. Patients with obvious indications for laparotomy, such as gastrointestinal bleeding or evisceration, were excluded from the study. Forty-seven patients fulfilled the criteria and underwent abdominal triple-contrast helical CT. CT findings were evaluated by one of four radiologists for evidence of peritoneal penetration and injury to solid organs or hollow viscera. Patients were followed up clinically for 13 weeks. CT findings were compared with those at surgery and/or clinical follow-up. RESULTS: CT demonstrated abnormalities in 27 (57%) patients. Laparotomy was performed in 11 (23%) patients; 10 procedures were therapeutic and one was nontherapeutic. The remaining 20 patients had a negative CT scan. These patients were treated conservatively. One injury was missed at CT. For prediction of the need for laparotomy, sensitivity of CT was 96%; specificity, 95%; positive predictive value, 96%; negative predictive value, 95%; and accuracy, 96%. CONCLUSION: In stable patients with gunshot wounds to the abdomen in whom there is no indication for immediate surgery, triple-contrast helical CT can help reduce the number of cases of unnecessary or nontherapeutic laparotomy (negative laparotomy) and can help identify patients with injuries that may be safely treated without surgery.     

军团菌肺炎的胸部CT表现（附14例分析）

目的：了解军团菌肺炎的ＣＴ表现特点及ＣＴ能否提供较平片更多有利于本病诊断及治疗的信息，材料与方法，收治１４例经临床及血清学证实的军团菌肺炎患者，分析其胸部ＣＴ表现特点，并与平片进行对比分析，结果：ＣＴ扫描示病变呈多叶段受累者１１例，大片及斑片状阴影为最常见的表现，见于本组１０例患者，空洞病变３例，其中１例似金葡萄菌肺炎表现余１列表现双肺弥漫毛玻璃密度及索条影，在本组病例中，１０例伴胸腔积及胸膜肥厚     

Admission perfusion CT: prognostic value in patients with severe head trauma

PURPOSE: To assess the prognostic value of admission perfusion computed tomography (CT) in patients with severe head trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study included 130 patients with severe trauma, aged 19-86 years, admitted with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 8 or less. They underwent perfusion CT as part of their admission CT survey. Clinical data, unenhanced cerebral CT findings, and perfusion CT scans were evaluated with respect to the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) score at 3 months. Perfusion CT features were evaluated in patients with intracranial hypertension, cerebral contusions, and juxtadural hematomas. Ordered logistic regression was used to determine risk factors for an unfavorable GOS score at 3 months. RESULTS: Perfusion CT was more sensitive than conventional unenhanced CT in the detection of cerebral contusions. Perfusion CT featured specific patterns with respect to patient outcome, with normal brain perfusion or hyperemia in patients with favorable outcome, and oligemia in patients with unfavorable outcome. The number of arterial territories with low regional cerebral blood volume at perfusion CT was an independent prognostic factor (P =.008), as were mean arterial pressure at the scene of accident (P =.083), base excess at admission (P =.002), presence of skull fractures (P =.041), and signs of herniation (P =.013) at admission unenhanced cerebral CT. Perfusion CT also showed a range of brain perfusion alterations in patients with juxtadural collections, cerebral edema, or intracranial hypertension. CONCLUSION: Perfusion CT in patients with severe head trauma provides independent prognostic information regarding functional outcome.     

原发性十二指肠肿瘤的CT诊断

回顾性分析了14例经病理证实的原发性十二指肠肿瘤的CT表现,病变包括十二指肠腺癌11例,平滑肌肉瘤、平滑肌瘤和腺瘤各1例。相对正常的胰头或钩突结构移位、肿块密度不均匀及十二指肠内外侧壁增厚有助于原发性十二指肠恶性肿瘤与胰头癌的鉴别。CT扫描能较好地确定肿瘤的分期,对临床治疗有重要意义。