典型IgG4相关性垂体炎1例

患者女,60岁,因口干、眼干1年就诊;既往糖尿病史5年,血糖控制欠佳。查体:双侧颌下腺肿大,无压痛。实验室检查:红细胞沉降率60 mm/h,免疫球蛋白G(immunoglobulin G,IgG)2230.0 mg/dl,IgG111.2 g/L,IgG215.0 g/L,IgG426.9 g/L;类风湿因子、抗双链DNA抗体及抗Sm抗体阴性。行经皮唇腺穿刺活检,见小叶腺泡萎缩,多量淋巴浆细胞浸润,间质导管增生扩张(图1A);免疫组织化学染色:IgG4(散在+;20个/HPF),CD138(+),IgG(+),CD38(+);提示IgG4相关性疾病。垂体MRI:垂体形态饱满,约1.3 cm×1.8 cm×1.1 cm,垂体柄(约0.4 cm)增粗,T1WI垂体后叶未显示,T2WI垂体信号不均匀,增强后垂体及垂体柄明显强化;左侧海绵窦、三叉神经节及圆孔区不规则软组织信号,明显强化,邻近脑膜及基底动脉管壁增厚,均匀强化(图1B^1D);考虑IgG4相关性疾病累及垂体、基底动脉。予静脉滴注环磷酰胺0.6 g,降糖治疗3天后,患者症状明显减轻;复查红细胞沉降率2 mm/h。     

垂体Rathke囊肿1例

患者女,28岁.因溢乳,泌乳素升高就诊.MR,示病变呈椭圆形,T2W1呈高信号,T1WI呈略低信号,无强化,边缘清晰,垂体柄弯曲(图1～4).     

肺癌垂体转移一例报告

1临床资料男,55岁。因多饮、多尿伴头昏3个月入院。查体:意识清,双侧瞳孔等大、等圆,光反应灵敏,粗测视力正常,视野检查无缺损,眼球各方向活动到位。外院颅脑CT扫描示鞍区有类圆形高密度影,边界清。MRI扫描示鞍上及鞍区有哑铃状实性占位性病变,约1·1 cm×0·9 cm×2·2 cm大小,呈均匀的等T1等T2信号,边界清,鞍底下陷,视交叉受压上抬,双侧海绵窦无受累迹象,强化后呈轻度不均匀强化。查促黄体激素(LH)、泌乳素(PRL)、促卵泡激素(FSH)、促皮质激素(ACTH)均异常。行胸部X线透视及腹部B超检查均未见异常。诊断为垂体腺瘤,行手术治疗。…     

淋巴细胞性垂体炎1例

1病历摘要女,24岁。产后2个月余,视物不清1个月,间断性全头痛10 d余,于2006-09入院。体检:双眼视力0.7,双眼鼻侧上1/4象限盲,余未见异常。FSH 5.93 mIU(参考值:1.07~1.63mIU),LH 0.10 mIU/ml(参考值:1.0~5.0 mIU)泌乳素15.97ng/ml(参考值0~10 ng/ml)。MRI示,鞍区一1 cm×2 cm异常信号,T1WI呈等信号T2WI呈高信号。入院后,导航下行单鼻腔蝶窦入路占位切除术予以全切除,病理证实为淋巴样垂体腺炎。术后患者双眼视力恢复,痊愈出院。2讨论淋巴细胞性垂体炎是稀少的垂体病变之一,是一种少见的自身免疫内分泌疾病,男女患病率为10∶1。1962…     

硬化性睾丸支持细胞瘤1例

患者男,42岁,因"阴囊不适感5年余,发现右侧睾丸肿物2年"入院.超声;右侧睾丸内低回声病灶,约0.91 cm×0.82 cm,内回声不均,见点状强回声,后方回声伴衰减,可探及血流信号.MRI;右侧睾丸后上部异常信号,界清,约0.81 cm×0.60 cm×0.92 cm,T1WI呈等信号,T2WI压脂呈相对低信号,与肌肉信号相似(图1);增强后明显均匀强化(图2).影像诊断;右侧睾丸后上部小结节病灶,考虑纤维瘤、黑色素瘤或其他疾病.     

鼻咽部EBV阳性小细胞神经内分泌癌伴颈部淋巴结转移1例

<正>患者,男性,54岁,因“回吸涕血1+年,发现颈部包块3+月”入院。MRI示:鼻咽右侧壁增厚,边界不清,向右后咽旁间隙呈铸形生成,向上累及右侧海绵窦,较大层面大小约3.1 cm×1.8 cm×5.4 cm,T1WI呈等低信号,T2WI呈等高信号,DWI水分子明显弥散受限,增强扫描明显强化;右侧颈血管鞘旁胸锁乳突肌深面见一团块状异常信号影,较大层面大小约2.9 cm×2.8 cm×3.8 cm,T1WI呈低信号,T2WI呈稍高信号,中央见结节影更高信号,DWI水分子明显弥散受限,增强扫描明显强化(图1,图2)。     

侵袭性垂体腺瘤1例

患者女,31岁.右眼痛,头痛鼻塞1月余.临床查体及实验室检查均无阳性结果.MRI检查:蝶鞍扩大,鞍区内见一等T1、长T2的实质性占位(图1),大小约3.3 cm×2.8 cm×3.1 cm,肿块内见一小圆形长T1、长T2信号.肿块向前侵及蝶窦,向两侧侵及海绵窦,包绕颈内动脉.枕骨斜坡信号弥漫性减低,肿瘤与斜坡界限不清,但骨皮质无膨胀及破坏.增强后肿瘤和斜坡一致性明显强化,小圆形低信号无强化(图2).术后病理诊断:垂体瘤(嫌色细胞瘤).     

垂体脓肿的MRI表现

目的:分析垂体脓肿的MRI表现,以提高垂体脓肿诊断的准确性。材料与方法:对经过手术及临床治疗确诊的6例垂体脓肿的MRI资料并结合文献,进行回顾性分析。结果:6例垂体均增大,垂体高度0.9cm-3.3cm不等,6例中,病灶内部T1WI呈等信号2例,稍低信号1例,等、稍低混杂密度2例,1例呈高信号。T2WI呈高信号1例,稍高信号2例,等信号1例,2例信号表现不均匀,以高信号为主。6例均呈周边环形强化,强化环厚约0.2cm-0.4cm,2例呈多房表现。结论:MRI增强检查对垂体脓肿的诊断及鉴别具有重要意义。     

肾上腺表皮样囊肿一例

患者女,56 岁,因"体检发现左侧肾上腺占位1 个月余"入 河北省人民医院,无明显临床症状.查体:一般状况良好. 影像表现:超声示左肾后方可探及一低回声团,大小约 4.4 cm×4.0 cm×3.4 cm,边界欠清,内回声欠均.彩色多普 勒及能量图:左肾后方低回声团未见明显血流信号.MRI 示 T1WI (图1A)呈高低混杂信号,病变于T1WI 反相位较同相位信 号未见明显变化(图1B),T2WI 呈混杂稍高信号(图1C),扩散加 权成像(diffusion weighted imaging,DWI)呈不均匀高信号 (图1D),增强扫描病灶内部强化不明显,包膜可见轻度延迟强 化( 图1E).CT 示左侧腹膜后区可见团块状稍低密度影 (图1F),大小约4.2 cm×3.9 cm×4.0 cm,密度欠均匀,病变 内可见散在小点片状脂肪密度影,形态欠规则,局部可见两处 类圆形脂肪密度影突起,边缘可见斑点状钙化,病变与左侧肾 上腺外侧肢分界欠清,增强扫描未见明显强化(图1G).     

侧脑室内罕见胶质肉瘤一例

<正>患者女,48岁,持续性头痛4个月,突发言语不清伴右侧肢体无力3个月入院。发病初始外院CT示:脑出血,行"颅内血肿钻孔引流术",术后即出现言语不清,右侧肢体偏瘫症状。入我院MR扫描:左侧侧脑室三角部扩大,内见类圆形混杂信号影,大小约3.7 cm×3.4 cm,T1WI稍低信号为主(图1A),T2WI呈不均匀稍高信号,夹杂斑片状短T1信号,周边可见低信号环绕(图1B,     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.