Predictive factors underlying the restoration of macular binocular vision in adults with acquired strabismus.

PURPOSE: To investigate whether macular binocular vision can be permanently lost following acquired strabismus and to identify predictive factors underlying its restoration. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-three patients with strabismus acquired after binocular vision maturation were enrolled. Factors studied included duration of eye misalignment, age at treatment, pre-surgical strabismus type, pre-surgical diplopia, and pre-surgical capacity for binocularity. The restoration of macular binocular vision was evaluated between 1 and 3 years following successful eye re-alignment and was defined as 60 seconds of arc stereopsis or better on the Titmus circles and/or the Preschool Randot Stereoacuity test. RESULTS: Sixteen of 23 (70%) or 7/23 (30%) of patients achieved macular binocular vision following successful surgical eye realignment using the Titmus circles versus the Preschool Randot Stereoacuity test. Patients with < or =12 months constant eye misalignment were more likely to achieve macular binocular vision following treatment than patients with >12 months constant eye misalignment. CONCLUSIONS: Macular binocular vision continues to be susceptible to permanent loss in adult patients. Factors that are predictive of the restoration of macular binocular vision include duration of constant eye misalignment and the pre-surgical capacity for binocularity.     

On a binocular vision testing in concomitant strabismus

Character of vision in 105 children with strabismus (with regular eye position) was tested using four dot test on different distance (5.0, 2.5, 1.0 m) and "Phorbis" device comprising phoropter and a set of light filters, that let us perform examination in the conditions of colour, polaroid and bitmapped division of visual fields. Stereoscopic vision was examined using original method based on anaglyph haploscopy. Binocular vision in strabismus was found to become more frequent as the distance and dissociating effect of light-filters decrease, and turned to be maximal in near testing in conditions of bitmapped haploscopy. Visual stereoscopic acuity in children with concomitant strabismus even on reaching regular eye position and binocular vision is significantly lower compared with healthy children of the same age.     

特发性黄斑裂孔术后的黄斑区视网膜厚度变化的远期观察

目的:对特发性黄斑裂孔患者进行玻璃体切割手术(pars plana vitrectomy,PPV)及内界膜(inner limiting membrane,ILM)剥除、气体眼内填充后,应用频域光学相干断层扫描仪(spectral domain optical coherence tomography,SD-OCT)观察黄斑裂孔术后的闭合黄斑孔的黄斑区视网膜厚度(retinal thickness,RT)变化。方法:非随机、回顾性临床病例研究。筛选我院2011-03-01/2013-06-30入院诊断为“特发性黄斑裂孔”的患者17例17眼,均为同一术者行25G-PPV和ILM剥除、短效气体填充、黄斑孔闭合良好、随访观察超过6mo以上者。所有患者术后均使用Topcon公司SD-OCT进行术眼及对侧正常眼的黄斑区线性扫描检测黄斑区视网膜厚度变化。黄斑区视网膜厚度根据ETDRS分成9个区域。术后观察随访时间分别为术后3~5wk(A期)、术后2~3mo(B期)、术后>6mo(C期)。结果:在A期中,OCT检查的黄斑区视网膜厚度:术眼C,IS,II,IN,OS,OI和ON较对侧眼相应区域的厚度增加(P<0.01),而IT和OT(291.58±18.97μm,250.83±21.21μm)较对侧眼(280.33±20.82μm,242.08±24.02μm)的差异无统计学意义(P>0.01)。在B期中,术眼II,IN,OS和ON区域较对侧眼相应区域视网膜厚度增加(P<0.01),而术眼C,IS,IT,OI和OT区域较对侧正常眼相应区域的视网膜厚度值差异无统计学意义(P>0.01)。C期中,除术眼IN区较对侧眼厚度增加外(P<0.01),余C,IS,II,IT,OS,OI,ON和OT较对侧眼相应区域厚度均无明显变化(P>0.01)。另外,C期的术眼ON和IT视网膜厚度较A期有明显下降(P<0.01)。结论:特发性黄斑裂孔术后出现黄斑区视网膜厚度的持续变化,可能与ILM的剥除导致黄斑区显微组织结构的变化有关。SD-OCT为黄斑裂孔术后随访观察提供了客观便捷的观察工具,为进一步研究ILM剥除对黄斑区视网膜的远期结构及对视功能的影响提供了依据。     

斜视矫正术对共同性斜视患者双眼视觉功能的影响

目的 探讨共同性斜视患者接受斜视矫正手术前后双眼视觉功能的改变及其影响因素。设计 回顾性病例系列。研究对象 北京同仁医院2013年12月至2014年8月进行斜视矫正术的共同性斜视患者191例。方法 将患者按斜视类型分为共同性内斜视组、恒定性外斜视组和间歇性外斜视组;按手术时年龄分为≤9岁组和＞9岁组。观察术前、术后1、3个月双眼视觉功能。主要指标 同视机双眼视觉三级功能及近立体视功能。结果 191例患者中,术前分别有26.7%、19.4%、11.0%及41.9%的患者具备同视机Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级及近立体视功能,术后1个月分别提高至90.1%、64.4%、33.0%及57.1%,术后3个月分别提高至94.8%、79.1%、37.7%及63.9%,与术前相比均有统计学差异（P均＜0.001）。术前,间歇性外斜视组38.1%、29.5%及72.4%的患者具备同视机Ⅰ、Ⅱ级及近立体视功能,高于另两组（P＜0.01）。术后3个月,间歇性外斜视组93.3%、48.6%及87.6%的患者具备同视机Ⅱ、Ⅲ级及近立体视功能,高于另两组（P均＜0.05）;恒定性外斜视组55.8%的患者具备近立体视功能,共同性内斜视组为14.0%（P＜0.001）。＞9岁组,术前28.1%、21.9%、14.6%及31.3%的患者具备同视机Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级及近立体视功能,术后3个月分别提高至93.8%、75.0%、37.5%及58.3%,与术前相比均有统计学差异（P＜0.01）。结论 斜视矫正术有助于共同性斜视患者双眼视觉功能的改善;间歇性外斜视患者术前术后双眼视觉功能优于其他类型斜视;大龄斜视患者术后也可能获得双眼视觉功能的改善。     

Disturbances of binocular vision in macular heterotopia]

BACKGROUND: Tractive translocation of the macula (secondary macular heterotopia) may result in disturbance of binocular vision. The report of a case shall discuss the sensorial problems of these patients. HISTORY AND SIGNS: We report of a 40-years old male who had decreased visual acuity and loss of binocular vision for several years due to episodes of uveitis with intravitreous hemorrhage and cataract formation. After bilateral vitrectomy and cataract extraction a good visual acuity was restored in both eyes. Postoperatively, the patient monocularly complained about disturbed egocentric localization (tilting of the visual environment, "past-pointing") and metamorphopsia. Binocularly he was confused by doubled vision with tilted images. Both maculae showed a tractive translocation of 15 degrees downward. Measurements of binocular alignment with the tangent screen showed an excyclotropia of 8 degrees and an exotropia of 7 degrees in all directions of gaze. Haploscopic examination with fusion images demonstrated that sensorial fusion was not possible even with perfect ocular alignment due to disturbed relative retinal localization (obligate fixation disparity). THERAPY AND OUTCOME: Initially, full time occlusion of the left eye was required. After improvement of symptoms occlusion therapy was slowly tapered. Within one year the patient had learned to suppress the image of his left eye and reported only minor residual visual disturbances even without occlusion of his left eye. CONCLUSIONS: Secondary translocation of the macula monocularly results in a disturbance of egocentric localization and in metamorphopsia. Binocularly doubled vision with tilted images and a loss of sensorial fusion are seen. With monocular vision, perceptual adapting to the aberration in egocentric localisation is possible within weeks by reallocation of the retinal meridians in the central nervous system. Binocular improvement of symptoms is limited to the learning of suppression. Improvement of binocular symptoms by adaptation of retinal correspondence does not occur.     

正常人黄斑部视网膜神经上皮层厚度的分区测量

目的测量正常人黄斑部各分区的视网膜神经上皮层厚度(neurosensory retinal thickness,NRT)。方法应用光学相干断层成像术(optical coherence tomography,OCT3000)对60例(120眼)正常人的黄斑部进行扫描,扫描模式为快速黄斑厚度地形图(fast macular thickness map),分析模式为视网膜厚度/体积分析(retinal thickness/volume analysis),应用OCT3000自带软件分别测出9个分区和黄斑中心小凹的NRT及总黄斑体积。用SPSS11.0统计软件包分析不同年龄、眼别、性别组间上述指标有无统计学差异。结果不同年龄组间除黄斑中心小凹、上、下方外环区、总黄斑体积外(P<0.05),其余部位差异均无显著性;不同眼别间除鼻侧内环区、上、下方外环区、颞侧外环区外(P<0.05),其余部位差异均无显著性;不同性别间中央区、内环区各象限、鼻侧外环区、颞侧外环区、总黄斑体积差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论OCT3000可用于测量黄斑部各分区的NRT,其厚度值存在年龄、眼别及性别差异。     

共同性斜视手术后双眼视觉的临床分析

目的:对比分析共同性斜视手术后的双眼视觉差异。方法:收集75例共同性斜视患者,用同视机检查手术后的双眼视功能,Titmus检查近立体视。结果:共同性内外视患者术后Ⅰ,Ⅱ级功能恢复无差异,而远近立体视均有显著性差异,差异主要表现在大度数组和7岁以上儿童组。结论:手术矫正眼位有利于斜视患者术后立体视的重建,内斜视对立体视的损害更大。     

共同性斜视手术前后双眼单视功能的临床观察

目的　观察非调节性内斜视、恒定性外斜视和间歇性外斜视患者手术前后双眼单视功能的变化。方法　将 5 2例共同性斜视患者分为 3组 :非调节性内斜视、恒定性外斜视和间歇性外斜视组。用同视机测定远双眼单视功能 ,用《颜少明立体视觉检查图》测定看近立体视锐度。观察术前、术后5天、 1月、 3～ 6月的斜视角度、远双眼单视功能、近立体视锐度变化。结果　三组斜视的视远双眼单视功能无统计学差异 (P >0 0 5 )。非调节性内斜视与恒定性外斜视组近立体视觉无统计学差异 (P<0 0 5 )。间歇性外斜视组近立体视觉损害较远立体视觉轻 (P <0 0 5 )。结论　非调节性内斜视、恒定性外斜视对双眼单视功能的影响一致。间歇性外斜视组对远双眼单视功能的影响与非调节性内斜视、恒定性外斜视组一致 ,而近立体视觉破坏较轻。     

Quantitative assessment of macular thickness in normal subjects and patients with diabetic retinopathy by scanning retinal thickness analyser

AIMS: To evaluate the scanning retinal thickness analyser (RTA), a novel non-invasive imaging instrument, in diagnosing and quantitatively characterising diabetic macular oedema, and to investigate the relation between central macula thickness measured by RTA and other clinical examinations. METHODS: Central macular thickness was measured using the RTA in 40 normal subjects and 60 patients with diabetic retinopathy. The reproducibility of the retinal thickness measurements was evaluated by calculating the mean of the inter- and intrasession variations. Central macular thickness was correlated with the results of visual acuity measurements, biomicroscopy, and fluorescein angiography. RESULTS: Intra- and intersession reproducibility of the RTA in normal subjects was plus or minus 5.2% (16 microns) and plus or minus 6.1% (19 microns), respectively. The mean central macular thickness was 182 (SD 16) microns in normal subjects, 283 (116) microns in diabetic eyes without clinically significant macular oedema (CSMO), and 564 (168) microns in diabetic eyes with CSMO. Central macular thickness was significantly greater (p < 0.001) in eyes with diabetic retinopathy than in normal subjects, even when macular thickening did not meet the standard for CSMO (p = 0.019) measured by biomicroscopy. Although greater fluorescein leakage at the macula results in greater central macular thickness, only eyes with diffuse leakage had statistically significant macular thickening compared with normal subjects (p = 0.022). Central macular thickness measured with the RTA was significantly correlated with the logarithmic converted visual acuity (r2 = 0.76) in diabetic eyes. CONCLUSION: Scanning RTA, which has good reproducibility, might be useful to quantitatively detect and monitor macular thickening in diabetic retinopathy. Central macular thickness was highly correlated with logarithmic converted visual acuity in diabetic macular oedema.     

State of cyclofusion reserves in subjects with normal binocular vision

The paper for the first time presents statistically processed data on the cyclofusion reserves of subjects with normal binocular vision (25) for different age groups: adolescents aged 12-14 and adults aged 18-35 years. Two types of tests for evaluating cyclofusion under conditions of haploscopy (sinoptophore) are offered. The results can be used as a criterion for evaluating cyclofusion in various oculomotor abnormalities: squint, diplopia, and cyclotropia.     

Evaluation of binocular vision in adults with strabismus treated by the localization method

The authors are continuing the work started last year and concerning the summing++ up of the results of treatment of the squint in adults according to a new classification. One hundred and sixty eight patients were subjected to the analysis; they were qualified to individual groups in dependence on the condition of their binocular vision. Six groups were separated: N--full effect, A--almost full effect, B--advanced, C--initial, D--vestigial and E--no effect. There was a larger percentage of persons effectively cured in the N-D groups in comparison with the previous year.     

Stability of retinal correspondence in normal binocular vision

Although many studies have suggested absolute stability of retinal correspondence, perhaps more have concluded that the correspondence of adult subjects with normal binocular vision is capable of small variation, particularly with strong sustained demands upon vergence, in order for binocular vision to be maintained. In this comprehensive review of the literature, the reasons for these differences are critically discussed and areas still to be resolved are pointed out.     

Cystoid macular oedema and changes in retinal thickness after phacoemulsification with optical coherence tomography

AIMS: To study the incidence of cystoid macular oedema and changes in retinal thickness after phacoemulsification with optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS: In all, 131 eyes of 131 patients were studied at the ophthalmology clinic at Tung Wah Eastern Hospital from September 2001 to October 2002. All the patients had clinical assessment and OCT preoperatively and at weeks 2, 4, and 8 postoperatively. The incidence of postoperative cystoid macular oedema (CMO) was evaluated. The foveal thickness (FT) and central 1 mm retinal thickness (CT) at different time intervals were analysed. RESULTS: Four (3.05%) patients developed CMO after phacoemulsification, which was evident clinically and tomographically. Fluorescein angiogram confirmed leakage in all cases. For other patients, the mean preoperative FT was 189.36 +/- 26.83 microm. The mean FT, were 175.74 +/- 26.79 microm, 180.25 +/- 27.13 microm, 176.58 +/- 26.45 microm at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks postoperatively, respectively. The preoperative FT was significantly thicker than those in the postoperative period. The same trend was noted for CT. CONCLUSION: OCT is useful for detecting and confirming clinical CMO after cataract surgery; however, its use in detecting subtle changes in retinal thickness is limited by the normal variation in retinal thickness. The measurement of retinal thickness with OCT may also be affected by the status of the lens.