秦皇岛地区汉族人群亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶 C677T基因多态性分析

目的研究分析亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase,MTHFR)C677T在秦皇岛地区汉族人群的基因多态性和分布特征。方法采用Taqman-MGB技术检测秦皇岛民利众和健康管理中心2018年12月至2019年2月425例体检者MTHFR C677T基因型,并基于性别特征分析MTHFR C677T的基因型和等位基因频率,同时回顾性分析秦皇岛地区和其他地区汉族人群MTHFR C677T基因多态性的差异。结果秦皇岛地区人群677CC、677CT、677TT基因型频率分别为29.41%,42.59%和28.00%;MTHFR 677 C/T等位基因型频率为50.71%和49.29%,基因型和等位基因频率在男性和女性之间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。基因型和等位基因频率与其北方其他地区差异有统计学意义(P0.05),其中等位基因频率与北京地区相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论秦皇岛地区人群MTHFR C677T基因多态性无性别间差异,区别于北方其他地区,具有自身特点。     

陕西西安地区汉族孕龄女性MTHFR基因多态性的分布研究

目的探讨西安地区孕龄女性亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)的基因多态性构成频率及地域空间分布特征。方法随机抽取本地区1 966名汉族健康孕龄女性为研究对象,应用全血基因组DNA提取、PCR扩增、芯片杂交和芯片识读仪扫描出患者基因型,统计分析MTHFR C667T位点的基因型频率和等位基因频率,与已报道的其他地区汉族女性的数据进行比较,采用地域经纬度空间分布相关分析,并采用系统聚类法和K-means聚类法分析不同地域的突变频率差异。结果西安地区汉族孕龄女性MTHFR C677T位点突变型T的频率为53.3%,显著高于我国南方9个地区,但却明显低于北方的山东(63.1%)、河南(60.2%)及河北(57.7%)地区。MTHFR C677T基因型分布在我国北方地区可明显聚为一类,南方地区聚为另一类,我国汉族孕龄女性MTHFR C677T基因型的人群分布存在南北差异,T等位基因频率和中国的地域纬度呈现显著性正相关(r=0.868,P0.001),该突变频率随着我国地域纬度的增加而显著性升高。结论西安地区汉族孕龄女性MTHFR C677T位点突变型T的频率较高,该基因多态性分布具有区域特异性;我国北方地区突变频率高于南方地区,并随着地域纬度的增加而升高。在我国北方地区提高叶酸的干预剂量,将有可能获得更理想的一级预防效果。     

泸州汉族人群MTHFR基因多态性分布及育龄妇女该基因多态性与复发性流产相关性的研究

目的了解泸州市亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)基因多态性分布情况以及该单核苷酸多态性与复发性流产的相关性。方法选取2016-2018年在西南医科大学附属医院进行MTHFR基因检测的泸州汉族人群691例为研究对象,利用PCR-微阵列基因芯片法检测其C677T单核苷酸多态性,统计得出3种基因型的频率以及等位基因频率,并与全国其他地区已报道的多态性分布特征进行比较。结果泸州汉族人群CC、CT与TT基因型频率分别为39.2%、46.7%、14.0%,T等位基因频率为37.4%。其中女性T等位基因频率为38.1%,基因分布与纬度相近地区(N25°~31°)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),与南方的海南、惠州及北方的西安、银川、赤峰、烟台人群差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在泸州育龄妇女中,复发性流产与MTHFR C677T基因多态性暂未发现存在直接关联。结论泸州地区汉族人群的MTHFR基因分布具有西南地区的分布特征,T等位基因频率整体呈现出随着纬度升高而升高的趋势。     

台州市健康体检人群MTHFR C677T基因和MTHFR A1298C基因多态性研究

目的了解台州市健康体检人群亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)C677T基因和MTHFR A1298C基因多态性的分布。方法以2016年9月—2017年9月在台州市中心医院进行健康体检者为研究对象,采集血液应用荧光定量PCR法检测MTHFR C677T以及MTHFR A1298C基因型,比较不同性别和地域人群MTHFR C677T和MTHFR A1298C等位基因和基因型频率分布差异。结果体检人群MTHFR 677CC、677CT、677TT基因型频率分别为40.09%、44.53%和15.39%,677T等位基因频率为37.65%;MTHFR 1298AA、1298AC、1298CC基因型频率分别为65.69%、30.47%和3.83%,1298C等位基因频率为19.07%。男女性体检者的MTHFR C677T基因型分布差异有统计学意义(P=0.036),但MTHFR A1298C基因型分布差异无统计学意义(P=0.278)。台州市健康体检人群MTHFR C677T等位基因和基因型频率分布情况与河南、乌鲁木齐和北京比较,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);与武汉比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论台州市健康体检人群MTHFR C677T基因多态性分布受性别影响,且具有一定的地域特点。     

丹阳市汉族女性叶酸代谢关键酶基因多态性分布特征研究

目的 研究丹阳市汉族女性叶酸代谢关键酶MTHFR和MTRR的基因多态性分布特征。方法 选取2015—2020年在丹阳市妇幼保健院进行孕期检查的汉族健康女性6 074名,采集口腔黏膜上皮细胞,提取基因组DNA,通过荧光定量PCR检测MTHFR C677T、A1298C及MTRR A66G基因位点情况。结果 入组人群的MTRR A66G和MTHFR C677T、A1298C位点基因多态性分布均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡分析(均P>0.05)。丹阳市汉族女性MTHFR C677T位点野生基因型CC型占比为30.3%,杂合突变型CT型占比为48.4%,纯合突变型TT型占比为21.3%;MTHFR A1298C位点AA基因型占比为68.8%,AC基因型占比为28.1%,CC基因型占比为3.1%;MTRR A66G位点AA基因型占比为56.7%,AG基因型占比为37.3%,GG基因型占比为6.0%。丹阳市汉族女性MTHFR C677T位点等位基因C、T频率分别为54.5%和45.5%,MTHFR A1298位点等位基因A、C频率分别为82.9%和17.1%,MTRR A66G位点等位基因A、G频率分别为75.3%和24.7%。丹阳市汉族育龄女性MTHFR A1298C和C677T位点有8种组合,频率最高的是AA/CT(33.5%),两位点间存在连锁不平衡(D’=0.992,r^(2)=0.17)。结论 丹阳市汉族女性叶酸利用能力中等,高风险人群还需加强孕期管理。     

河北省9地区汉族育龄期女性MTHFR C677T、A1298C和MTRR A66G基因多态性分布研究

目的　分析河北省9个地区汉族育龄期女性亚甲基四氢还原酶（MTHFR）C677T、A1298C和甲硫氨酸合成酶还原酶（MTRR）A66G基因多态性的分布特征,以指导河北省地区汉族育龄女性叶酸的增补以及出生缺陷的预防。方法　共计1267位汉族育龄期女性位研究对象,采集静脉血,提取基因组DNA,采用KASP基因分型技术进行MTHFR和MTRR基因多态性检测,统计分析9个地区的基因多态性频率分布特征。结果　9地区MTHFR A1298C 位点基因型频率和等位基因频率比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,9地区MTHFR C677T 位点等位基因频率比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,9地区MTHFR C677T 位点基因型频率、MTRR A66G位点基因型频率和等位基因频率比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论　河北地区汉族女性MTHFR和MTRR基因多态性存在差异,具有一定的地域特异性。     

佛山市汉族人群叶酸代谢通路关键酶基因MTHFR C677T多态性分布特征调查

目的 调查佛山市体检人群叶酸代谢障碍关键酶基因5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)C677T位点基因多态性分布情况。方法 以佛山市182位女性和120位男性为研究对象,均为汉族人群,检测其MTHFR C677T基因位点多态性,分析性别、地域与基因多态性分布特征的关系。结果 调查的302例佛山市汉族人群MTHFR C677T位点CC、CT、TT基因型所占比例分别为62.6%、31.8%、5.6%,等位基因C、T所占比例分别为78.5%、21.5%。佛山市汉族男性与汉族女性MTHFR C677T位点多态性分布情况差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。佛山市汉族人群与已有数据报道的武汉、西安、长治、青岛、北京、乌鲁木齐等地的汉族人群的MTHFR C677T位点基因型、等位基因的分布情况差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。佛山市汉族人群与回族、蒙族、维吾尔族、苗族MTHFR C677T位点基因型、等位基因的分布情况差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),与布依族差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05)。结论 佛山市汉族人群MTHFR C677T位点多态性分布情况与其他地区、其他民族有显著差异,在实施个性化日常保健措施时可将遗传因素纳入考虑。     

育龄女性叶酸代谢相关酶基因多态性分析

目的对N5,N10-亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)的MTHFR C677T基因位点与胱硫醚β合酶(CBS)的CBS T833C、CBS G919A基因位点的基因多态性进行分析,了解其在山西省长治地区育龄女性人群中的分布情况。方法采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术对MTHFR C677T进行基因多态性分析;采用扩增阻碍突变系统(ARMS)对CBS T833C、CBS G919A进行基因多态性分析。结果长治地区育龄女性50人中MTHFR C677T基因为CC、CT和TT分别有6,24和20人;C、T等位基因出现的频率分别为36%和64%,纯合突变率为40%;CBS T833C基因为TT、TC和CC分别有6,26和18人;T、C等位基因出现的的频率分别为38%和62%,纯合突变率36%;CBS G919A基因为GG、GA和AA分别有8,30和12人;G、A等位基因出现的频率分别为46%和54%,纯合突变率为24%。结论推测育龄女性人群MTHFR C677T与CBS T833C基因型分布与当地神经管畸形率较高的分布特点相一致。     

乌鲁木齐市汉族人群叶酸代谢通路关键酶基因MTHFR、MTRR单核苷酸多态性分布特征调查

目的调查乌鲁木齐市汉族人群叶酸代谢障碍关键酶基因5,10-亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(MTHFR)C677T、A1298C及甲硫氨酸还原酶(MTRR)A66G位点基因多态性分布情况。方法随机以乌鲁木齐市216位汉族女性、206位汉族男性为研究对象,检测MTHFR C677T、A1298C及MTRR A66G基因位点多态性,采用统计学方法分析性别、地域与基因多态性分布特征的关系。结果乌鲁木齐的汉族女性MTHFR 677TT纯合突变基因型频率为24.1%,显著高于南方城市湘潭、眉山、南宁、琼海和惠州(P0.05);MTHFR A1298C基因型分布情况与尚志、延边、廊坊、烟台地区的人群差异有统计学意义(P0.05);MTRR A66G位点的基因型频率和等位基因频率与延边、廊坊、济源和镇江等地区比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论乌鲁木齐市汉族女性与男性MTHFR、MTRR基因多态性分布无差异,该地区汉族女性的基因多态性频度分布具有地区特异性。     

武汉地区353例体检者MTHFR C677T基因多态性分布

目的研究武汉地区353例体检者亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶(methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase,MTHFR)C677T基因多态性的分布。方法采用PCR-芯片杂交法检测2015年4-8月武汉大学人民医院体检中心353例体检者MTHFR C677T基因型。根据体检者的性别和年龄特征分析MTHFR C677T基因型和等位基因频率分布特点,并与其他地区汉族健康体检人群的数据进行比较。结果体检人群MTHFR 677CC、677CT、677TT基因型频率分别为36.3%(128/353)、48.4%(171/353)和15.3%(54/353),677T等位基因频率为39.5%。男性和女性体检者的MTHFR C677T基因型分布差异无统计学意义(P=0.802)。不同年龄组(除年龄70~岁组外)中,677CT基因型均为优势基因型,所占比例分别为年龄~30岁组47.9%、30~岁组43.2%、50~岁组55.7%。各年龄组间的MTHFR C677T基因型分布差异无统计学意义(P=0.120)。与北京和青岛地区健康体检人群相比,武汉地区MTHFR C677T基因型和等位基因频率分布差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论武汉地区353例体检者MTHFR C677T基因多态性分布不受性别和年龄的影响,但具有地域特异性。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.