Monocrotaline-induced structural remodeling of the intra-acinar pulmonary arteries and pulmonary hypertension

Summary The monocrofaline-induced structural changes of small pulmonary arteries in rat and their relationship with pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy were observed by determining the right ventricular systolic pressure, and by light and electron microscope and morphometry. One to 38 days after last injection of monocrotaline (MCT), a medial thickening and lumen marrrowing of the circular muscular arteries (CMA), accompanying terminal (TB) and respiratory bronchioles (RB), were found. And there after the lumen of CMA, accompanying TB, became dilated, and its medial thickness (MT) decreased, whereas the histopathologic changes of the partially muscular arteries (PMA), accompanying RB, became severe, their MT increased continuously, and finally reached the peak value on Day 50. At the first day after last MCT treatment, inflammation and muscularization were found in PMA and nonmuscular arteries (NMA), and became more severe with the cause of disease. Therefore, the intra-acinar pulmonary arteries, both CMA and PMA, increased in number while the NMA decreased in number significantly because of the structural remodeling. Four days after MCT treatment, the right ventricular systolic pressure began to rise, and reached its peak value on Day 50. Eight days after MCT injection, right ventricular hypertrophy developed, and became most significant from Day 23 to Day 30. The results suggest that structural remodeling, i.e. muscularization, of intra-acinar pulmonary arteries plays an important role in the development of pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy.     

The dynamic study of the pulmonary artery obstruction degree and the right ventricular function in massive pulmonary embolism on CT pulmonary angiography

Objective: To analyze the value of CTPA in assessing the dissolve of embolus and the function of the right ventricle dynamically. Methods:Twenty-three cases of massive pulmonary embolism were analyzed retrospectively. The pulmonary artery obstruction index and the right ventricular function parameters were collected and analyzed on CTPA before thrombolytic therapy, 24 hours and 14 days after therapy, respectively. Results:The pulmonary artery obstruction index decreased gradually, and there was significant difference before therapy, 24 hours and 2 weeks after therapy. Twenty-four hours after therapy, the maximal short axes diameter and the maximal transverse area of right ventricle(RVd, RVs) decreased significantly, the maximal short axes diameter and the maximal transverse area of left ventricle(LVd, LVs) increased significantly, and the RVd/LVd, RVs/LVs decreased apparently. The pulmonary artery symbolic pressure before and 24 hours after therapy were apparently different. There was no significant difference between azygos vein, the super vena cava, the main pulmonary artery and vein reflux before and after therapy. Conclusion:CTPA can evaluate the pulmonary artery obstruction degree and right ventricular function dynamically.     

伏立康唑对慢性阻塞性肺疾病合并肺部真菌感染患者肺顺应性及肺功能参数的影响观察

目的:观察与探究伏立康唑对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(慢阻肺)合并肺部真菌感染患者肺顺应性及肺功能参数的影响。方法:选取82例慢阻肺合并肺部真菌感染患者为研究对象,将所有患者根据随机数字表法分为对照组41例和观察组41例。对照组采用氟康唑进行治疗,观察组采用伏立康唑进行治疗。统计与比较两组的临床总有效率、不良反应发生率、治疗前后不同时间的症状体征评分、肺顺应性及肺功能参数。结果:观察组的临床总有效率高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),治疗前两组患者的症状体征评分、肺顺应性及肺功能参数比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后不同时间观察组的症状体征评分均低于对照组,肺顺应性及肺功能参数均好于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组的不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:伏立康唑对慢阻肺合并肺部真菌感染患者肺顺应性及肺功能参数的影响较好,在本类患者中的应用价值较高。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者气道壁厚度与肺功能的关系

目的研究慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者支气管壁厚度与肺功能的相关性。方法用高分辨率CT扫描14例COPD患者和16例对照组。测量右上叶尖段支气管起始部位的管壁内径及外径,算出管壁厚度、管壁厚度与外径比值、气道壁总面积及总面积的比值。评估这些指标与肺功能的相关性。结果慢性阻塞肺疾病组与对照组比较,上述指标较对照组明显增厚。且与肺功能各项指标有显著的相关性。结论高分辨率CT可测量气道壁厚度,并能评估气流受限的程度。     

急性肺血栓栓塞症炎性因子与肺损伤关系的实验研究

目的探讨白介素-4对实验性急性肺血栓栓塞(APTE)症炎性因子的影响。方法选取健康新西兰兔30只,随机分为3组,对照组颈静脉穿刺后注射生理盐水2 ml,模型组制备肺栓塞模型后经耳缘静脉注入生理盐水2 ml,干预组制备肺栓塞模型后经耳缘静脉注入白介素-4(1μg/kg)。观察栓塞前及栓塞后4h各组炎性因子(TNF-α、IL-1β)及动脉血气指标(pH、PO_2、PCO_2)水平的变化。结果与对照组比较,模型组栓塞后TNF-α、IL-1β及pH水平升高,PO_2、PCO_2水平下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01,P<0.05);与模型组比较,干预组TNF-α、IL-1β及pH水平下降,PO_2、PCO_2水平上升,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论外源性白介素-4通过下调APTE炎性因子水平,对肺损伤起保护作用。     

大蒜素抑制肺动脉结构变型和肺动脉发生发展作用的观察

目的　用野百合碱（MCT）诱发大鼠肺动脉高压作为动物模型,观察大蒜素治疗后肺动脉结构的变化及血流动力学的改变,并探讨其作用机制。方法　健康雄性Wistar大鼠,以80mg/kg剂量背部皮下一次注射MCT水溶液作为高压组;在此基础上按15mg/(kg*d)日注射大蒜素水溶液作为治疗组;按同等剂量背部皮下注射蒸馏水作为对照组。参考孙波等的右心导管术,测定或观察肺动脉压（PAP）,心输出量（CO）,全肺阻力（TPR）,以及一般血流动力学指标,包括心率（HR）、平均动脉压等。在此基础上,测定血管收缩剂去甲肾上腺素（NE）与血管舒张剂乙酰胆碱（Ach）所引起的肺动脉平均压的变化。随后测量动脉血氧分压、二氧化碳分压、pH值以及动、静脉血红细胞记数。采用微量生物学测定方法,观察离体血管环对乙酰胆碱的舒张反应。光镜测量泡内动脉中膜厚度并计算肌型动脉和非肌型动脉各占泡内动脉数的百分比;电镜观察内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞、胶原的变化以及血小板的变化情况。结果　野百合碱注射28d,高压模型组与正常对照组肺动脉压分别为(5.83±0.22)kPa和(2.91±0.04)kPa(P<0.01),有显著性差异,结果提示野百合碱诱发大鼠肺动脉高压模型成功。28d时,治疗组与高压组的肺动脉压、全肺阻力、对去甲肾上腺素和乙酰胆碱的反应性均有显著性差异（P<0.01）;与高压组相比,大蒜素治疗组的血气状况有明显改善。从形态结构来看,与高压组相比,治疗组大鼠肺动脉中膜增厚程度减轻,肌型化动脉减少,Ⅰ型胶原堆积减少,内皮细胞病变程度减轻,未见血小板聚集和粘附。结论　①大蒜素具有抑制血小板聚集和脱颗粒作用。②大蒜素具有抑制肺动脉结构变型,抑制PAP、TPR、血管反应性增高和改善血气的作用。③大蒜素治疗过程中,未发现任何副作用,因此,大蒜素可能成为一种较理想的治疗PAH药物。     

前列地尔联合肺表面活性物质治疗新生儿肺动脉高压的疗效观察

目的 观察前列地尔在新生儿持续肺动脉高压治疗中的临床疗效.方法 在机械通气治疗新生儿呼吸衰竭基础上通过调节呼吸机参数及药物治疗后,血氧饱和度仍低于83％的患儿通过心脏超声证实为新生儿持续肺动脉高压者41例,将其分成两组,对照组气管内滴注肺表面活性物质(200 mg/kg),治疗组气管内滴注肺表面活性物质(200 mg/kg)再加用前列地尔(5 ng·kg-1·min-1)持续静滴6h,连用3d,在治疗期间监测肺动脉压、血压及血气分析.结果 治疗24 h后患儿的SaO2开始上升,治疗48 h后肺动脉压下降PaO2上升,治疗72 h后PaCO2明显下降,与治疗前比较差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗中无一例出现低血压不良反应.对照组治愈率为65％,死亡率为10％,治疗组治愈率为85.7％,死亡率为4.8％.结论 前列地尔联合肺表面活性物质治疗新生儿持续肺动脉高压疗效较好,值得推广.     

超声心动图与肺灌注/通气显像综合评价肺栓塞严重程度

目的 分析超声心动图与肺灌注/通气显像在肺栓塞(PTE)血流动力学中的相关性.方法 选择符合PTE诊断患者493例,行超声心动图检查,测量右/左心室前后径比值(RV1/LV1)、右/左室横径比值(RV2/LV2)、右心室壁运动幅度(RVWM)、右/左房横径比值(RA/LA)、主肺动脉内径(MPA)、三尖瓣反流压差(TRPG)、下腔静脉深吸气时最小径(IVC),估测肺动脉收缩压(PAPS).再进行肺灌注/通气显像检查,对灌注缺损程度进行评分,将评分相加得肺灌注缺损指数(PPI),并依据PPI分为肺灌注正常组(Ⅰ组)、肺灌注轻度减低组(Ⅱ组)、肺灌注明显减低组(Ⅲ组).结果 三组间超声参数中RVWM、TRPG、PAPS有显著性差异(P<0.05).肺灌注正常组与轻度减低组之间TRPG、PAPS有显著性差异;正常组与明显减低组之间TRPG、PAPS和RVWM均有显著性差异;轻度减低组与明显减低组之间RVWM有显著性差异.BV2/LV2、RVWM、TRPG、PAPS与PPI之间有弱相关,r分别为0.159、-0.170、0.165、0.172(P均<0.01).结论 肺栓塞患者肺动脉与右心的改变可以通过超声心动图与肺灌注/通气显像共同评价.     

心血管造影对肺动脉闭锁肺动脉发育情况的评价分析

目的评价分析数字减影血管造影术(DSA)显示肺动脉闭锁合并室间隔缺损的肺动脉发育情况。方法回顾分析18例肺动脉闭锁合并室间隔缺损患者的临床资料,包括X线平片、心电图、超声心动图和DSA,重点分析DSA对显示肺动脉发育情况的优缺点。结果 DSA采集电影图像显示,所有病例均显示右心室充盈,肺动脉闭锁,正常之右室流出道及肺动脉均未见显影,右心室血流均经室间隔缺损流入左心室充盈,升主动脉均有不同程度扩张,3例肺动脉血供主要由未闭动脉导管供给,其中2例由细小动脉导管供血,左右肺动脉融合并发育较好,可见主肺动脉盲端,1例左肺动脉发育不良,明显变细,且由降主动脉2支细小侧支血管补偿供血于左下肺;2例肺动脉血供由共干完成,其余所有肺动脉血供均来自体-肺侧支血管,其中3例来自升主动脉,8例来自降主动脉,2例来自右头臂干和左锁骨下动脉侧支血管。小体-肺侧支和网状细小血管供血,肺动脉发育细小。结论 DSA能有效显示肺动脉发育情况,主动脉造影能全面了解体-肺侧支血管分布,选择性侧支血管造影术是术前栓塞所必要的。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病肺康复实践中的障碍调查及多重对应分析

目的 了解医患双方在肺康复实践中的障碍并探索应对策略.方法 对区域内公立医疗机构的医务人员和慢性阻塞性肺疾病(简称慢阻肺)患者进行随机抽样,对其认为肺康复实践可能存在的障碍进行问卷调查.结果 265位医务人员和120例慢阻肺患者最终进入调查.医务人员在临床工作中阻碍肺康复工作开展的障碍为患者及家属参与配合度差(84.2...     

经皮球囊肺动脉瓣成形术治疗儿童肺动脉瓣狭窄合并

目的:评估经皮球囊肺动脉瓣成形术(percutaneous balloon pulmonary valvuloplasty,PBPV)治疗先天性肺动脉瓣狭窄(pulmonary stenosis,PS)合并先天性肺动脉瓣下狭窄(轻度)和肺动脉瓣上狭窄的临床疗效。方法:总结近10年经临床、心电图、胸片、超声心动图证实为肺动脉瓣狭窄合并瓣下狭窄(轻度)和瓣上狭窄共45例。行瓣膜扩张术前先确定瓣环大小、瓣口面积、跨肺动脉瓣压差。球囊直径选择比瓣环直径大20%~40%,扩张后即刻测肺动脉-右心室的跨瓣压差(△P),观察比较PBPV术后肺动脉瓣的开放、心电图及肺动脉瓣、三尖瓣的返流情况。结果:45例肺动脉瓣狭窄合并肺动脉瓣下狭窄(轻度)或瓣上狭窄患儿中,42例扩张成功,成功率为93.333%。在肺动脉瓣狭窄合并肺动脉瓣下狭窄(轻度)病例组及肺动脉瓣狭窄合并肺动脉瓣上狭窄病例组中,术前、术后跨肺动脉瓣压差均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。在肺动脉瓣狭窄合并瓣下狭窄(轻度)或瓣上狭窄病例组中,对于瓣环发育良好和轻中度肺动脉瓣环发育不良的患儿,术前、术后跨肺动脉瓣压差均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:当右室流出道血流速度小于3.810 m/s时,PBPV术是治疗肺动脉瓣狭窄合并肺动脉瓣下(轻度)狭窄有效方法。对于肺动脉瓣狭窄合并肺动脉瓣上狭窄的患儿(肺动脉瓣上狭窄内径大于5 mm),PBPV术是比较安全、有效的方法。在肺动脉瓣狭窄合并瓣下狭窄(轻度)或瓣上狭窄病例组中,对于瓣环发育良好和轻中度肺动脉瓣环发育不良的患儿,PBPV术治疗效果较好。     

术前肺功能与肺切除术后并发症的关系

肺切除术后并发症风险性与术前肺功能和预期术后肺功能指标明显相关。在术前选择合适的病人手术，对于降低术后的死亡率和并发症率十分重要，其中最具代表性的指标为FEV1％、DLCO％、FEV1％PPO、DLCO％PPO等。     

Characteristics of pulmonary inflammation in combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema

Background  The condition of concomitant upper lobe emphysema and lower lobe fibrosis as identified by computer tomography is known as combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema (CPFE). CPFE has distinct clinical characteristics compared with emphysema alone (EA) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) without emphysema. However, the pulmonary inflammation characteristics of CPFE are not well known, and the differences between CPFE and the other two diseases with regards to pulmonary inflammation need to be explored. The pulmonary inflammatory characteristics were investigated in CPFE patients and compared with EA and IPF.

Methods  Fraction exhaled nitric oxide (Fe,NO) and differential cell counts, the concentrations of monokine induced by interferon gamma (MIG/CXCL9), interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10/CXCL10), and interferon-inducible T cell alpha chemoattractant (I-TAC/CXCL11) were measured in induced sputum obtained from subjects with CPFE (n=22), EA (n=22), IPF (n=14), and healthy volunteers (HV, n=12). In addition, immunohistochemistry was used to quantify the expression of nitric oxide synthases in alveolar macrophages in 23 lung tissues from patients and control subjects.

Results  The CPFE group had higher alveolar NO than subjects in the EA and HV groups (P=0.009, P=0.001, respectively) but not than the IPF group (P >0.05). Numbers of sputum eosinophils were significantly elevated in CPFE and IPF groups compared with the HV group (P=0.001, P=0.008). In contrast, eosinophil counts in EA group did not differ from those in the HV group. Compared with the EA and HV groups, the CPFE group had a lower concentration of I-TAC/CXCL11 in sputum supernatants (P=0.003, P=0.004). Immunoreactivity for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was higher in the CPFE group than in the EA group (P=0.018).

Conclusions  The pulmonary inflammation of CPFE group is more similar to IPF group, while the distal airway inflammation is more significant in CPFE and IPF groups than in EA group. Lung eosinophil cell infiltration and high NOS expression in alveolar macrophage might participate in this pathogenesis.

     

术前肺功能与肺切除术后并发症的关系

肺切除术后并发症风险性与术前肺功能和预期术后肺功能指标明显相关.在术前选择合适的病人手术,对于降低术后的死亡率和并发症率十分重要,其中最具代表性的指标为FEV1%、DLCO%、FEV1%PPO、DLCO%PPO等.     

原发性肺动脉肉瘤并肺栓塞、肺结核患者1例报道并文献复习

报告1例原发性肺动脉肉瘤(primary pulmonary artery sarcoma,PPAS)并肺栓塞、肺结核的病例。本例为48岁女性患者,起病初期被诊断为肺结核,经抗结核治疗后病情好转,后因症状再发最终确诊为PPAS并肺栓塞、肺结核。PPAS是一种非常罕见的,通常起源于肺动脉内膜或内膜下层的恶性肿瘤。PPAS临床表现多样且缺乏特异性,可表现为呼吸困难、胸痛、咳嗽、咯血等。增强CT、增强MRI扫描、正电子发射计算机体层显像仪(PET/CT)有助于PPAS的鉴别诊断,但最终确诊需通过血管内穿刺活组织检查(以下简称活检)或者外科手术活检。因PPAS通常可有肺栓塞表现,故该类患者常被误诊为肺栓塞,从而延误诊治。PPAS表现为肺栓塞合并肺结核的情况国内外报道极少,且容易被误诊,而该病恶性程度高,晚期缺乏有效的治疗方案,患者生存时间短、预后差,故重视PPAS多样的临床表现、早期明确诊断及治疗是影响PPAS患者预后的关键。