带血管蒂肌瓣转移用于胫腓骨骨肉瘤保肢术

目的 报告四肢恶性肿瘤广泛切除保肢手术,应用带血管蒂肌瓣修复和重建软组织成功的经验。方法 广泛切除小腿骨肉瘤及瘤周软组织,得用人工假体或吻合血管游离腓骨和移植等方法重建骨骼,局部转移带血管蒂的腓骨肌或比目鱼肌肌瓣,欠组织缺损。结果 临床应用７例,带血管蒂的肌瓣成活良好,无切口并发症,膝关节活动度提高,假体表面皮肤移动性良好。结论 带血管蒂的肌瓣在胫腓骨恶性肿瘤的保肢术中,对于重建软组织缺损和保证切     

无内固定自体腓骨移植修复肱骨近端肿瘤性骨缺损

目的 探讨无内固定自体腓骨对肱骨近端肿瘤切除后骨缺损的修复重建方法。方法 1991年6月～2003年12月对26例肱骨近端骨肿瘤患者行病灶囊内刮除或瘤段切除，患者年龄6～41岁。其中骨巨细胞瘤5例，骨囊肿9例，骨纤维结构不良8例，内生软骨瘤4例。采用肱骨近端肿瘤病灶刮除自体腓骨支撑内固定15例，肱骨近端瘤段切除自体腓骨重建肩关节11例。根据手术类型和肿瘤切除后骨缺损的大小，用不带血管蒂的自体近端腓骨3～10cm（平均6cm），移植重建肩关节或联合异体骨填充骨缺损。结果 26例术后经1～12年，平均3．4年随访，2例术后2年内出现肿瘤原位复发，二期行截肢术，其中1例肺转移死亡。15例保留肱骨肩关节面，腓骨支撑填充骨缺损，术后肩关节外观及功能恢复良好，其中3例患儿术后3周肩关节恢复正常活动。11例瘤段切除后近段腓骨修复重建肩关节，术后肩关节保留部分功能。结论 无内固定不带血管的自体腓骨移植对肱骨近端肿瘤切除后的骨缺损是一种有效的修复方法。     

游离腓骨复合移植重建上肢关节功能及骨缺损

目的：吻合血管的腓骨复合移植适用于一期修复上肢长骨骨缺损及重建关节功能。方法：自１９８５年以来，采用折叠腓骨段及复合组织瓣修复尺桡骨同时骨缺损４例；小儿肱骨近端肿瘤瘤段切除后采用吻合血管带腓骨小头的腓骨移植重建肩关节功能９例；桡骨远端肿瘤瘤段切除后取吻合血管带腓骨小头的腓骨移植重建桡腕关节６例。结果：经术后２～１０年随访，重建的肩关节、桡腕关节功能恢复令人满意，尺桡骨骨缺损一期修复，骨愈合良好。结论：复合的游离腓骨移植是扩大应用于关节功能重建的有效方法。     

肱骨近端恶性肿瘤切除后重建研究进展

肱骨近端是常见的骨肿瘤发病部位之一,该部位的恶性肿瘤保肢手术需切除大量骨性结构及软组织,因此修复重建肩关节结构和功能对手术医师而言具有极大挑战性。常见的手术重建方式包括解剖型肱骨近端假体置换、肱骨假体-异体骨复合体重建、生物学重建、反式肩关节置换等,各种术式均具有相应的优缺点。其中,解剖型肱骨近端假体置换是目前应用最广的重建术式之一,生物学重建的总体效果尚满意,而反式肩关节置换和网片的使用越来越受到青睐,为改善肱骨近端肿瘤切除后的修复重建提供了新选择。     

肱骨近端骨肉瘤的保肢治疗

[目的]对肱骨近端骨肉瘤病例的临床及影像资料进行回顾性分析,总结保肢治疗效果,以及局部复发与切除范围和影像评估的关系.[方法]对38例肱骨近端骨肉瘤患者进行新辅助化疗及保肢治疗,平均随访43.2个月.其中5例接受关节外切除,33例接受关节内切除;重建方法包括定制型肱骨近端假体置换31例、人工假体异体骨复合物4例、骨水泥临时假体1例,2例自体骨移植.分析关节内切除病例的影像资料,以判断肩胛盂及三角肌是否可能受到侵犯.[结果]5例(13.2%)患者发生局部复发.关节外切除的复发率为20%(1/5),关节内切除为12.1%(4/33).在接受关节内切除的患者中,7例影像评估显示肩胛盂及三角肌受侵犯,其中4例局部复发.患者总体5年生存率为56.4%,无瘤生存率为40.5%.并发症包括2例自体移植骨骨折,1例上肢动脉栓塞合并桡神经损伤,4例关节内切除人工假体重建的患者出现肩关节不稳定,总体并发症发生率18.4%(7/38).MSTS上肢功能评分平均22.7分(75.6%).关节外切除患者肩部主动外展活动均未能超过30°,关节内切除患者为平均45°.[结论]对影像检查没有肩胛盂或三角肌侵犯的肱骨近端骨肉瘤病例进行关节内切除,可获得较好的肿瘤学和功能结果.肱骨近端人工假体重建的并发症发生率低,较好的维持了上肢和手部的功能.     

吻合血管的近段腓骨移植重建肩腕关节

目的 探讨带血管蒂的近段腓骨移植重建肩、腕关节炎的疗效。方法 对近端肱骨和桡骨远端骨巨细胞瘤病例彻底切除瘤段骨及周围反应组织,采用带血管蒂的游离近段腓骨移植重建肩关节和腕关节。结果 经术后6个月－2年随访,2例重建肩、腕关节外观和功能恢复良好,肿瘤无复发。结论 带血管蒂近段腓骨移植是治疗肱骨近端和桡骨远端肿瘤切除后骨缺损和重建肩、腕关节的理想方法。     

肩胛带区骨肿瘤的保肢治疗

目的探讨肩胛带区骨肿瘤的保肢手术方法及相关的临床效果。方法35例肩胛带骨肿瘤患者,男24例,女11例,平均年龄34岁(12～74岁)。肿瘤部位:肱骨上段21例,肩胛骨12例,锁骨2例;肿瘤类型:骨肉瘤10例,软骨肉瘤7例,恶性纤维组织细胞瘤3例,尤文肉瘤3例,纤维肉瘤1例,骨髓瘤1例,骨巨细胞瘤7例,转移瘤3例。按照Malawer等提出的手术分类方法进行分类。保肢手术方法:肿瘤假体置换8例,瘤段骨灭活回植4例,异体骨关节移植3例,自体腓骨移植2例,髓针骨水泥假体置换1例,Tikhoff-Linberg手术3例,瘤段肢体切除、上肢短缩再植2例,全肩胛骨或关节盂切除、肱骨头悬吊4例,部分肩胛骨切除6例,锁骨瘤段切除2例,其中16例作了化疗。结果本组患者平均随访71个月(6～186个月),局部复发4例,远处转移6例,死亡9例,无瘤存活22例。按MSTS上肢功能评分标准,35例患者上肢功能评分平均为77%(40%～100%),上肢功能与手术切除范围密切相关。并发症:切口感染裂开4例,移植骨骨折2例,暂时性桡神经麻痹2例,肩关节半脱位3例。结论肩胛带区骨肿瘤的治疗应根据患者情况、肿瘤类型及侵袭范围等因素决定切除范围并选择应用肿瘤假体置换、自体或异体骨关节移植、瘤段骨骨灭活回植及Tikhoff-Linberg手术等重建方法,可以达到控制肿瘤、稳定无痛的肩关节重建和保留良好的肘部与手部功能的目的。     

肱骨近端恶性肿瘤的保肢治疗

目的 探讨肱骨近端恶性肿瘤切除术后的重建方法。方法 36例肱骨近端恶性肿瘤,其中骨肉瘤 11例、软骨肉瘤 6例、皮质旁骨肉瘤及纤维肉瘤各 3例、原始神经外胚层瘤及恶性纤维组织细胞瘤各 2例、转移性骨肿瘤 5例、恶性骨巨细胞瘤 4例。骨肉瘤、原始神经外胚层瘤与恶性纤维组织细胞瘤患者均接受了新辅助化疗。肿瘤关节内切除 33例,关节外切除 3例。 21例采用异体半关节移植, 4例采用人工假体置换, 6例行游离锁骨移植, 5例行带骨膜血管蒂锁骨移植。结果 随访 6～ 118个月,平均 62.7个月。死亡 11例,局部复发 3例。按 Enneking功能评价标准, 21例采用异体半关节移植的患者,平均得分 24分; 4例人工假体置换的患者,平均得分 26分; 11例采用同侧锁骨重建肱骨近端的患者,平均得分 23分。结论 肱骨近端恶性肿瘤保肢手术的重建以人工假体置换和异体半关节移植为首选,儿童的保肢可选用同侧锁骨移植。保肢术后的功能与肩袖和肩外展肌的修复密切相关。     

胫骨上段缺损的功能重建

胫骨上段是骨原发恶性肿瘤第二多见的解剖部位,骨肿瘤外科手术后造成节段缺损且合并伸膝装置损伤是其治疗的难点.目的 综合比较胫骨上段缺损和伸膝装置重建的方法 ,为临床治疗提供借鉴.方法 根据多中心临床研究和文献资料回顾,胫骨上段缺损重建主要有以下几种方法 :同种异体骨大段移植;同种异体骨+人工假体复合物;自体灭活骨+人工假体复合物;人工假体内植物;带血管蒂的自体腓骨+同种异体骨移植;伸膝装置重建包括:宿主髌腱缝合附着于异体骨肌腱;宿主髌腱缝合附着于异体骨孔;宿主髌腱缝合附着于假体预制隧道;宿主髌腱缝合附着于假体外周Mesh;宿主髌腱与人工材料缝合重建;自体组织移植重建伸膝装置等.结论 胫骨上段缺损的重建方法 较多,报道效果不一.感染是假体重建的最主要并发症;异体骨移植、异体骨+假体复合物重建还存在不愈合、骨吸收和异体骨骨折的风险;随着假体设计逐渐完善及工艺的不断改进,人工假体内植物重建胫骨上段缺损的运用日趋广泛.     

下肢远端原发恶性骨肿瘤患者的生存和肢体功能分析

目的 分析下肢远端原发恶性骨肿瘤患者的生存情况,评估保肢后的肢体功能.方法 2003年11月至2010年1月,20例下肢肢体远端原发恶性骨肿瘤接受保肢或截肢手术.男性15例,女性5例,平均年龄20岁.肿瘤位置:胫骨远端14例,腓骨远端3例,跟骨3例.肿瘤分期:ⅠB期3例,ⅡB期16例,Ⅲ期1例.除3例胫骨下端肿瘤截肢外,其他11例胫骨远端肿瘤行自体骨(4例)或异体骨(7例)踝关节融合手术,6例腓骨远端和跟骨肿瘤行自体骨重建手术.平均随访36.4个月.结果 5例异体骨踝关节融合和1例跟骨自体骨重建患者伤口延迟愈合,自体骨和异体骨对伤口愈合的影响差异有统计学意义(P=0.036).2例异体骨出现吸收和不愈合(其中1例截肢,另1例更换为骨水泥临时假体),1例胫骨远端骨肉瘤术后11个月复发截肢,2例分别于确诊后22和48个月死于肺转移.患者2和5年的总生存率分别为92.9%和79.6%,12例高度恶性骨肉瘤的2和5年生存率分别为87.5%和70.0%.保肢患者功能MSTS评分为82%.结论 下肢肢体远端原发恶性骨肿瘤的整体生存情况相对较好,保肢可以获得良好的肿瘤控制和肢体功能.     

The use of cement in osteoarticular allografts for proximal humeral bone tumors

In a proximal humerus resection for a bone tumor, the use of an osteoarticular allograft is considered the best restoration of shoulder function. We retrospectively reviewed the outcomes of 31 patients who had an intraarticular resection of the proximal humerus for a bone tumor. Twenty-three of the allografts were filled with cement. The average followup was 5.3 years. Of the 31 patients with more than 24 months followup, seven had revision surgery or removal of the allograft. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the probability of survival of the reconstruction was 78% at 5 years. Fracture was the main complication in 11 patients (37%) of whom seven were in the noncemented group. Four of these patients had successful surgery for conversion to an allograft-prosthetic composite, whereas one patient had a new allograft. Allografts that were filled with cement had four fractures (18%); three were subchondral fractures discovered by routine CT scans. None of these patients had pain or needed revision surgery. Osteochondral allograft in proximal humerus replacement is a reliable reconstructive technique if the allograft is augmented by filling the intramedullary space with cement. Moreover, cement augmented allografts are less expensive and technically easier than allograft-prosthetic composites.     

肩胛带骨肿瘤的外科治疗结果及评价

目的 探讨肩胛带骨肿瘤的手术切除方式、重建方法,观察术后功能恢复情况及临床结果.方法 回顾性分析1998年7月至2006年7月收治的71例肩胛骨周围骨肿瘤患者的病例资料,其中恶性肿瘤61例,骨巨细胞瘤10例.15例恶性肿瘤起源于肩胛骨,56例起源于肱骨近端.男42例,女29例;年龄11～62岁,平均36.5岁.手术方法:肩胛带离断术10例,单纯肩胛骨切除3例,肩胛骨切除、人工肩胛骨置换3例,部分肩胛骨及肱骨近端切除、假体置换8例,肱骨近端切除、假体置换47例.结果 10例骨巨细胞瘤患者肩周肌肉保留较好,术后MSTS功能评分平均28分.起源于肱骨近端的原发恶性骨肿瘤患者三角肌止点处均予以切除,术后肩外展30°～60°,MSTS功能评分平均23分.37例肱骨骨肉瘤患者中4例(10.8%)局部复发,2例骨转移,5例肺转移.7例转移患者均死亡.1例恶性骨巨细胞瘤患者出现肺转移死亡.3例尤文肉瘤患者出现肺转移死亡.5例肱骨及5例肩胛骨软骨肉瘤患者术后未见局部复发及转移.结论 肩胛带骨肿瘤切除、人工肱骨近端假体重建能保留完整肘部及手部功能、并发症少,是肩部恶性肿瘤的首选术式;肱骨近端骨肉瘤和下肢骨肉瘤比较预后较好;肱骨近端恶性肿瘤行关节内肿瘤切除和关节外肿瘤切除肿瘤的局部复发率接近,提示对多数肱骨近端恶性肿瘤可以采用关节内切除.     

Clavicula pro humero--a new surgical method for malignant tumors of the proximal humerus]

In the majority of cases with malignant tumors in the proximal part of the humerus a limb saving tumor resection is possible. Reconstruction of the defect is necessary to maintain the length of the arm and to create a fulcrum for elbow flexion and extension. Several methods of reconstruction have been described in the literature including the fixation of distal humerus to the second rib or to the clavicle by means of Küntscher-nails, the implantation of a proximal humerus prosthesis without or with accompanying bone transplantation, a bridging of the defect using an allograft or an arthrodesis of the shoulder joint using free or vascularized bone transplants. The following paper describes a new surgical procedure whereby the vascularization of the clavicle is preserved and the clavicle used to bridge the defect. Although the follow-up period of the patients operated on so far in this way is relatively short, the functional advantages of this operation over the other forms of reconstruction can already be observed.     

Functional outcomes and complications of reconstruction of the proximal humerus after intra‐articular tumor resection

Objective: To evaluate functional outcomes and complications of reconstruction of the proximal humerus after intra‐articular tumor resection. Methods: Twenty‐five patients who underwent Malawer I type resection and reconstruction of the proximal humerus for treatment of malignant or invasive benign tumors from August 1999 to August 2005 were evaluated. A variety of reconstructive procedures, including modular tumor prosthesis, osteoarticular allograft, and allograft‐prosthetic composite (APC), were performed after resection of tumor. Oncological and radiographic parameters were evaluated. The modified Musculoskeletal Tumor Society (MSTS) evaluation system was used to assess limb functional outcome. Results: The study group consisted of 10 male and 15 female patients, among which there were 20 malignant and 5 benign tumors. Restoration of shoulder function was achieved with a prosthesis in 6 patients, osteoarticular allograft in 12, and allograft‐prosthesis composite in 7. At a mean of 48 months follow‐up, 2 patients had died of disease. Two patients had local recurrence and 2 had metastatic disease. On the basis of the modified MSTS functional evaluation, the mean scores were 22.50 in the modular prosthesis group, 24.58 in the osteoarticular allograft group, and 27.00 in APC group, respectively. Joint instability and subluxation were serious complications affecting shoulder function in 10 patients. Conclusion: Reconstruction of the proximal humerus is an option that provides good relief of pain and preserves manual dexterity. Functional outcomes are better for APC and allograft than for modular prosthesis, due to retention of the rotation cuff. Complications in the APC group were less than in the allograft one.     

Complex segmental elbow reconstruction after tumor resection

Twenty-three patients were reviewed retrospectively to determine their oncologic and functional outcomes after resection of 15 primary or eight metastatic tumors about the elbow between 1985 and 2000. The indications for resection were dictated by the histologic features of the tumor, location of the lesion, and extent of bone destruction. A total humeral reconstruction was done in 12 patients. Of this group, an endoprosthesis was used in seven patients and a total humeral allograft with a proximal humeral prosthesis and osteoarticular elbow reconstruction (allograft-prosthetic composite) was used in five patients. Eleven additional patients had a segmental total elbow replacement after resection of the distal humerus or proximal ulna. Local disease control was achieved in 17 patients (74%). Fourteen patients presented with (48%) or had (13%) distant metastasis develop, but only eight (35%) died of their disease. Periprosthetic lysis or allograft resorption was present in five patients (22%), and two (18%) humeral components of total elbow prostheses required revision for loosening. The mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society functional score was 23 of 30 points (77%) in the 12 living patients followed up for a mean of 46 months (range, 24-124 months). It was 83% in patients with a segmental total elbow reconstruction and 71% in patients with a total humeral reconstruction. Aggressive limb salvage of the humerus or elbow or both provides a satisfactory functional outcome without jeopardizing overall survival.     

The versatility of massive allografts in the treatment of bone tumours of the proximal humerus

Endoprosthetic replacement (EPR) of the proximal humerus following tumour resection has resulted in proximal subluxation, pain, instability and poor function. Alternative reconstructive options to EPR include leaving the shoulder flail, insertion of a passive spacer and arthrodesis. Five patients were treated using massive cadaveric allografts as the method of reconstruction following tumour resection. The pathology was three osteosarcoma, one chondrosarcoma and one metastasis from a renal primary. The patients were evaluated clinically using the Musculoskeletal Tumour Society (MSTS) and Constant shoulder assessments. All four patients with primary tumours were alive and disease free at review after a median follow-up of 23 months (range 14–112). No patients suffered immediate complications. Three of the four patients were pain free. Function was limited, causing at least partial occupational restriction in three of four patients. Allograft remains a viable alternative to EPR in reconstruction following tumour resection. Costs are favourable, and patients gain good analgesia. Function is sacrificed (as it is in EPR), especially if tumour resection necessitates nerve sacrifice. In our patients, the allograft was used either as a passive spacer, arthrodesis or arthroplasty, demonstrating its versatility.     

吻合血管带腓骨头腓骨移植重建肩腔关节

目的：扩展活腓骨移植在骨肿瘤保肢手术中的应用,特别涉及关节端骨肿瘤保肢治疗的应用。方法：采用吻合血管带腓骨头的腓骨移植重建10例肱骨头周,5例桡骨远端骨肿瘤瘤段切除术后的肩、腕关节。结果：术后6个月所有腓骨移植段与受区骨端愈合良好,骨形态替代理想,重建后的肩、腕关节无论从外观或功能方面均获得较好的重建效果。结论：吻合血管带腓骨头的腓骨移植对肩关节肱骨端、腕关节桡骨端骨肿瘤保肢手术的关节重建中起到较好的替代作用。