人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(HIV-1)糖蛋白gp120部分糖基化位点突变对其抗原性影响

目的 研究HIV-1包膜糖蛋白gp120特定糖基化位点突变后对gp120抗原性的影响,并推测糖基化位点突变对结构的影响.方法 采用连接PCR方法,将获得的野生型gp120中选定N糖基化位点的Asn定点突变为Cln,使该位点去糖基化,构建DNA疫苗,免疫小鼠,ELISA检测鼠血清中的抗体,进行统计学分析,推测糖基化位点突变对gp120抗原性和结构的影响.结果 2组糖基化位点突变的gp120诱发非V3特异性抗体的能力较之野生型gp120有明显提高,但诱发V3特异性抗体能力没有显著提高,7个位点突变的gp120诱发V3特异性抗体能力有很大降低.结论 gp120部分糖基化位点的突变在一定程度上能提高或改变gp120的抗原性,这可能由突变导致的构象变化和/或糖基化寡糖链移除使原来被遮盖的抗原表位暴露引起.     

HIV-1包膜蛋白2G12和2F5中和表位的改造对假病毒形成及中和活性的影响

目的 研究HIV-1膜蛋白(Env)特定中和表位的改造对功能性假病毒形成及中和活性的影响.方法 采用环形诱变及Dpn I筛选的方法对Env进行定点突变,将2G12和2F5两个中和表位整合入不含该表位的BC亚型的Env上,比较改造对假病毒的形成情况及对2G12和2F5单抗的中和活性的影响.结果 对5株假病毒(BC02、BE03、BC04、BC05和BC12)的Env特定中和表位进行改造,其中BC04和BCl2的2G12表位改造后,不能形成假病毒,BC02、BC03和BC05增加2G12和2F5两个表位后,仍能够形成假病毒,且假病毒滴度较改造前无明显变化,改造后的BC03假病毒较改造前对单抗2G12和2175的中和活性均有所提高,而改造后的BE02和BC05假病毒较改造前对单抗2F5的中和活性增强,而对单抗2G12的中和活性无变化.结论 2G12中和表位部分位点的改造影响假病毒的形成,中和表位的增加能够提高单抗2G12的中和活性,为免疫原的优化提供了新思路.     

HIV-1膜蛋白抗原优化改造研究进展

HIV-1的外膜糖蛋白能与T细胞或单核/巨噬细胞表面的CD4受体分子结合,从而起始HIV感染靶细胞的生物学过程。由于HIV-1膜蛋白是中和抗体的主要作用靶位,因此成为HIV疫苗中不可缺少的组分。越来越多的研究表明天然HIV-1膜蛋白不能激发有效的中和抗体,所以需要对膜蛋白进行优化改造,以提高中和表位的免疫原性。本文就近年来HIV-1膜蛋白抗原优化改造研究做一简要回顾以供参考。     

HIV-1 Gag蛋白酵母表达产物的纯化及免疫原性检测

目的 纯化HIV-1Gag蛋白，并检测其免疫原性。方法 将表达HIV-1Gag蛋白的酵母工程菌GS115／pPICGAG接种到YPD培养基中多次传代后，用PCR检测其目的基因。该酵母工程菌在BMMY培养基中经甲醇诱导表达，上清液初步浓缩后上柱进行凝胶过滤层析，并将纯化蛋白免疫Balb／c小鼠，检测其血清抗体水平。结果 该酵母工程菌经多次传代后外源基因不丢失。Western blot检测结果表明纯化蛋白具有很好的反应原性，其纯度可达85％。纯化蛋白免疫小鼠后可诱导特异性抗体产生。结论 表达HIV-1Gag蛋白的酵母工程菌具有很好的遗传稳定性，其表达产物可诱导小鼠产生特异性体液免疫应答。     

以假病毒为基础的HIV-1中和抗体检测体系的建立以及初步应用

目的 建立以假病毒为基础的HIV-1中和抗体检测方法,并对其进行初步应用.方法 从重组质粒中扩增出gp160基因片段,并克隆到pcDNA3.1质粒上,酶切鉴定得到阳性克隆.将阳性克隆分别和pSG3△env质粒共转染获得假病毒.用假病毒分别检测单克隆抗体和HIV-1抗体阳性血清的中和活性.结果 成功地获得了4株假病毒CHB01、CHB02、CHBC03和CHAE04.单克隆抗体4E10可以中和4株假病毒;单克隆抗体2F5不能中和CHBC03假病毒株,但可以中和CHB01、CHB02和CHAE04假病毒株;单克隆抗体IgG1b12 可以中和CHBC03、CHB01和CHB02假病毒株,则不能中和CHAE04假病毒株.43份HIV-1抗体阳性血清中针对不同假病毒的中和抗体明显不同.结论 所获得的假病毒可以用于中和抗体的检测,但不同假病毒株的中和特性不同.     

糖基化终产物对人肾系膜细胞Fractalkine分泌的影响

目的 既往实验已观察到糖基化终产物(advanced glycation end products,AGEs)可增加人肾系膜细胞(human renal mesangial cell,HRMC) Fractalkine (FKN) mRNA和蛋白的表达,现进一步探讨AGEs对HRMC FKN的趋化功能及分泌的影响.方法 运用体外制备的糖基化修饰的牛血清白蛋白(AGE-bovine serum albumin,AGE- BSA)干预HRMC,用Transwall小室装置检测HRMC趋化单核细胞的功能,用ELISA法检测HRMC上清液中FKN的蛋白含量.结果 1. AGE-BSA组HRMC趋化单核细胞数显著高于对照组,FKN中和抗体组HRMC趋化单核细胞数较AGE-BSA组显著减少;2. 随着AGE-BSA浓度的增高及干预时间的延长,细胞的FKN蛋白分泌水平随之增高,且显著高于对照组(P<0.01).结论 AGE-BSA可增强HRMC趋化单核细胞的功能,此效应可被FKN中和抗体部分抑制,且AGE-BSA呈时间和浓度依赖性增加HRMC FKN的蛋白分泌,提示AGEs可能部分通过FKN途径参与糖尿病肾病的发生发展.     

新型冠状病毒S蛋白RBD的糖基化及其长度对蛋白疫苗免疫原性的影响

目的分析去糖基化及片段长度对新型冠状病毒(SARS-CoV-2)受体结合结构域(RBD)三聚体蛋白免疫原性的影响。方法以SARS-CoV-2 S蛋白的RBD为基础,分别突变敲除长度为220个氨基酸的RBD(aa.331-550)中的3个N-糖基化残基(N331、N343、N360),并分别在C端融合三聚化结构域,利用杆状病毒-昆虫细胞表达3个去糖基化的三聚体蛋白(RBDT-N1、RBDT-N2、RBDT-N3);同时构建表达2种糖基化位点不变的三聚体蛋白,即去糖基化蛋白的野生型对照RBDT和长度为273个氨基酸的RBDST(aa.319-591)。Western blot比较蛋白表达水平,亲和层析纯化后免疫小鼠,分析血清中RBD特异性IgG及SARS-CoV-2假病毒中和抗体水平。结果 RBDT-N1、RBDT-N2及RBDT-N3的表达水平均较RBDT显著提高,3种去糖基化蛋白诱发的特异性IgG及假病毒中和抗体水平均与RBDT的相当;RBDST诱发的特异性IgG抗体及假病毒中和抗体滴度较RBDT的显著提高(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论去除RBD的N-糖基化残基及适当...     

人免疫缺陷病毒1型(HIV-1)gag基因疫苗的免疫原性

目的 :检测人免疫缺陷病毒 1型 (HIV 1)gag基因疫苗的免疫原性。方法 :分别以ELISA、荧光抗体染色和乳酸脱氢酶释放法 ,检测免疫小鼠血清抗体滴度、脾T细胞亚群的数量和淋巴细胞杀伤效应。结果 :血清抗体滴度、脾T细胞亚群的数量及淋巴细胞杀伤效应 ,重组质粒pVAXGAG免疫组与空载体pVAX1对照组相比较差异显著(分别为P <0 .0 5和P <0 .0 1)。结论 :HIV 1DNA疫苗质粒pVAXGAG在BALB/c小鼠中不仅可诱导特异性体液免疫 ,而且可诱导特异性细胞免疫。     

EV71型vP1蛋白表达、纯化及免疫原性的初步评价

目的运用Bac-to-Bac杆状病毒表达系统表达新肠道病毒EV71 vP1蛋白(EV71vP1),并对EV71 vP1蛋白的免疫原性进行初步评价。方法利用RT-PCR技术获得EV71 vP1基因,将基因序列克隆到载体pFastBac HTA,通过转座反应,与Bacmid DNA重组,重组后转染Sf9昆虫细胞。采用透射电镜观察法、SDS-PAGE、Western-blot方法对vP1蛋白进行验证,利用ELISA、微量中和抗体方法对蛋白的免疫原性进行初步评价。结果 EV71 vP1蛋白相对分子量约为33KD,表达量约10mg/L;ELISA抗体效价为1∶900;中和抗体效价1∶800。结论利用Bac-to-Bac杆状病毒表达系统成功的表达了EV71 vP1蛋白,并对其免疫原性做了初步评价,为今后EV71 vP1亚单位疫苗的研究提供参考。     

去细胞人羊膜基质的制备及免疫原性

目的制备去细胞人羊膜基质(AHAM)并分析其移植至小鼠体内后的免疫反应,评价去细胞人羊膜基质作为细胞移植支架的免疫原性。方法利用胰蛋白酶-EDTA消化人羊膜(HAM),去除人羊膜上皮细胞,制备新鲜去细胞人羊膜基质;新鲜去细胞人羊膜基质置于含硫酸软骨素及甘油的冷冻保护液中,-80℃保存;使用前经PBS复水处理后即冷冻去细胞人羊膜基质;免疫细胞化学分析去细胞人羊膜基质中人类白细胞抗原的表达情况;将冷冻的去细胞人羊膜基质移植至BALB/c小鼠肝脏内4周后,分析脾脏组织中CD4~+、CD8~+T淋巴细胞比例的变化。结果新鲜及冷冻保存后的去细胞人羊膜基质均不表达人类白细胞抗原;冷冻的去细胞人羊膜基质移植至小鼠体内后,脾脏组织中CD4~+、CD8~+T淋巴细胞无明显变化。结论去细胞人羊膜基质的免疫原性较低,移植后不会引起由T细胞介导的特异性排斥反应,可以作为免疫安全性的生物支架用于疾病的细胞移植治疗。     

Antigenicity and immunogenicity of HIV-1 consensus subtype B envelope glycoproteins

"Centralized" (ancestral and consensus) HIV-1 envelope immunogens induce broadly cross-reactive T cell responses in laboratory animals; however, their potential to elicit cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies has not been fully explored. Here, we report the construction of a panel of consensus subtype B (ConB) envelopes and compare their biologic, antigenic, and immunogenic properties to those of two wild-type Env controls from individuals with early and acute HIV-1 infection. Glycoprotein expressed from full-length (gp160), uncleaved (gp160-UNC), truncated (gp145), and N-linked glycosylation site deleted (gp160-201N/S) versions of the ConB env gene were packaged into virions and, except for the fusion defective gp160-UNC, mediated infection via the CCR5 co-receptor. Pseudovirions containing ConB Envs were sensitive to neutralization by patient plasma and monoclonal antibodies, indicating the preservation of neutralizing epitopes found in contemporary subtype B viruses. When used as DNA vaccines in guinea pigs, ConB and wild-type env immunogens induced appreciable binding, but overall only low level neutralizing antibodies. However, all four ConB immunogens were significantly more potent than one wild-type vaccine at eliciting neutralizing antibodies against a panel of tier 1 and tier 2 viruses, and ConB gp145 and gp160 were significantly more potent than both wild-type vaccines at inducing neutralizing antibodies against tier 1 viruses. Thus, consensus subtype B env immunogens appear to be at least as good as, and in some instances better than, wild-type B env immunogens at inducing a neutralizing antibody response, and are amenable to further improvement by specific gene modifications.     

Factors limiting the immunogenicity of HIV-1 gp120 envelope glycoproteins

Efficient immune responses to HIV-1 gene products are essential elements to the development and design of an effective vaccine. Ideally, both humoral and cellular responses will be optimally elicited. It is therefore important to elucidate any factors that might limit the immunogenicity of HIV-1 proteins that are likely to be included in an effective vaccine. Since the HIV-1 exterior envelope glycoprotein gp120 is a major target for neutralizing antibodies, it is a virtual certainty that this gene product will be a component of any vaccine that seeks to elicit neutralizing antibody responses from the host humoral immune system. We report here the testing of several HIV-1 gp120 variants derived from a primary isolate that appears deficient in eliciting immune responses at both the level of CD4+ help and consequently in the generation of high-affinity IgG antibody responses in small animals. Factors limiting an effective immune response include (a) envelope glycoprotein strain variation decreasing functional T-cell help, (b) alteration of the glycosylation patterns of gp120 by expression in different cell types, and (c) the native structure of gp120 itself, which may limit the elicitation of effective T-cell help during natural infection or during parenteral immunization in adjuvant. Such limiting factors and others should be considered in the design and testing of gp120-based immunogens in small animals and possibly in primates as well.     

北京市男男性接触HIV-1感染者膜蛋白基因序列测定及亚型分析

目的 了解北京市男男性接触人群(MSM)中HIV-1的最新流行趋势及膜蛋白V3环序列特征.方法 巢式聚合酶链式反应(n-PER)扩增2007年提取的北京市男男性接触HIV感染者基因组DNA样品,对膜蛋白基因C2-V3区测序,进行病毒亚型及V3环序列特点分析.结果 11例样本中,4例是欧美B亚型,5例是AE重组亚型,1例是BC重组亚型,1例是01B重组亚型.V3环顶端四肽以GPGQ和GPGR为主.结论 北京市男男性接触HIV-1感染者中重组亚型呈蔓延流行趋势.     

表达HIV-1 gag基因的重组AAV2/1和Ad5疫苗免疫原性比较

目的 在小鼠体内比较表达HIT-1 gag基因的重组AAV2/1和Ad5疫苗的免疫原性.方法 分别用rAAV2/1-gag或rAd5-gag单独免疫BALB/c小鼠一次或两次,于免疫后不同时间点用CFSE染色法和胞内细胞因子染色法检测Gag特异性细胞免疫应答,用ELISA方法检测Gag特异性抗体反应.结果 单次免疫结果显示,在所有检测点rAd5-gag所诱导的Gag特异性CTL应答都比rAAV2/1-gag强,抗体反应在免疫后4周无明显差异.两次免疫后4周的检测结果表明,rAd5-gag所诱导的Gag特异性CTL应答比rAAV2/1-gag强,但抗体反应比rAAV2/1-gag组弱.结论 rAd5-gag诱导了很好的HIV-1特异性细胞和抗体反应,而rAAV2/1-gag诱导的HIV-1特异性抗体反应很强,但细胞免疫应答较弱.     

Ancestral and consensus envelope immunogens for HIV-1 subtype C

Immunogens based on "centralized" (ancestral or consensus) HIV-1 sequences minimize the genetic distance between vaccine strains and contemporary viruses and should thus elicit immune responses that recognize a broader spectrum of viral variants. However, the biologic, antigenic and immunogenic properties of such inferred gene products have to be validated experimentally. Here, we report the construction and characterization of the first full-length ancestral (AncC) and consensus (ConC) env genes of HIV-1 (group M) subtype C. The codon-usage-optimized genes expressed high levels of envelope glycoproteins that were incorporated into HIV-1 virions, mediated infection via the CCR5 co-receptor and retained neutralizing epitopes as recognized by plasma from patients with chronic HIV-1 subtype C infection. Guinea pigs immunized with AncC and ConC env DNA developed high titer binding, but no appreciable homologous or heterologous neutralizing antibodies. When tested by immunoblot analysis, sera from AncC and ConC env immunized guinea pigs recognized a greater number of primary subtype C envelope glycoproteins than sera from guinea pigs immunized with a contemporary subtype C env control. Mice immunized with AncC and ConC env DNA developed gamma interferon T cell responses that recognized overlapping peptides from the cognate ConC and a heterologous subtype C Env control. Thus, both AncC and ConC env genes expressed functional envelope glycoproteins that were immunogenic in laboratory animals and elicited humoral and cellular immune responses of comparable breadth and magnitude. These results establish the utility of centralized HIV-1 subtype C Env immunogens and warrant their continued evaluation as potential components of future AIDS vaccines.     

HIV-1蛋白诱导T细胞产生IFN-γ反应特征及对HIV-1感染者病情进展的影响

目的 探讨HIV-1特异性T细胞反应特征及对HIV-1感染者病情进展的影响.方法 通过合成重叠肽技术及ELISPOT技术,采用队列研究方法对37名HIV-1感染者的病毒特异性T细胞免疫反应进行分析.结果 83.78%(31/37)的HIV-1感染者对1个或多个合成肽反应(反应强度大于50 SFU/106 PBMCs).HIV-1B型病毒不同蛋白均可激发HIV-1感染者的特异性T细胞反应,其中HIV-1 Gag蛋白被识别的频率最高,81%的HIV-1感染者识别HIV-1 Gag而且HIV-1 Gag蛋白诱导的T细胞反应强度最高,相对强度达到28.25%,明显高于其他蛋白,差异具有统计学意义(F=17.969,P<0.001);重叠肽诱导T细胞分泌IFN-γ反应频率、反应强度在HIV-1感染无症状期和艾滋病期无明显区别,但是HIV-1 Gag蛋白诱导的T细胞反应强度在无症状期明显高于艾滋病期.结论 HIV-1B型病毒不同基因编码蛋白激发T细胞分泌IFN-γ反应小同,其中HIV-1 Gag蛋白特异性T细胞在控制病情进展方面发挥了重要作用.     

Native-like Env trimers as a platform for HIV-1 vaccine design

We describe the development and potential use of various designs of recombinant HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein trimers that mimic the structure of the virion-associated spike, which is the target for neutralizing antibodies. The goal of trimer development programs is to induce broadly neutralizing antibodies with the potential to intervene against multiple circulating HIV-1 strains. Among the topics we address are the designs of various constructs; how native-like trimers can be produced and purified; the properties of such trimers in vitro and their immunogenicity in various animals; and the immunization strategies that may lead to the eventual elicitation of broadly neutralizing antibodies. In summary, native-like trimers are a now a platform for structure- and immunology-based design improvements that could eventually yield immunogens of practical value for solving the long-standing HIV-1 vaccine problem.     

Structural insights into key sites of vulnerability on HIV-1 Env and influenza HA

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) envelope protein (Env) and influenza hemagglutinin (HA) are the surface glycoproteins responsible for viral entry into host cells, the first step in the virus life cycle necessary to initiate infection. These glycoproteins exhibit a high degree of sequence variability and glycosylation, which are used as strategies to escape host immune responses. Nonetheless, antibodies with broadly neutralizing activity against these viruses have been isolated that have managed to overcome these barriers. Here, we review recent advances in the structural characterization of these antibodies with their viral antigens that defines a few sites of vulnerability on these viral spikes. These broadly neutralizing antibodies tend to focus their recognition on the sites of similar function between the two viruses: the receptor-binding site and membrane fusion machinery. However, some sites of recognition are unique to the virus neutralized, such as the dense shield of oligomannose carbohydrates on HIV-1 Env. These observations are discussed in the context of structure-based design strategies to aid in vaccine design or development of antivirals.