肝性胸水66例临床分析

目的：探讨肝硬化并发肝性胸水的临床表现、发生机理及治疗。方法：对66例肝性胸水患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果：肝性胸水发生率为8．5％，右侧78．8％，左侧占12．1％，双侧占9．1％。经治疗后胸水消退者30例，减少15例，无变化或增加者21例，其中死于并发症16例（24．2％）。死因中上消化道出血5例，肝性脑病5例，肝肾综合征3例，腹腔感染3例。结论：肝硬化并发肝性胸水很常见，其形成机制是多方面的，采取多种方法综合治疗可提高疗效。     

肝性胸水的产生机制及诊治现状

肝性胸水是肝硬化失代偿期较常见的并发症之一，目前其发病机制尚未完全阐明，主要的发病机制有：（1）横膈裂孔的研究；（2）门静脉高压和低蛋白血症；（3）淋巴生成增多和淋巴管回吸收受阻；（4）免疫复合物的沉积等原因。肝性胸水的诊断一般不困难，主要根据病史、体征、X线、B超、CT等检查结合胸水化验可以确诊。肝性胸水的治疗包括一般治疗（如限制钠盐的摄人、利尿、保肝及营养支持治疗等）、治疗性胸腔穿刺术、胸导管安置术、化学性胸膜固定术、经颈静脉肝内门体分流术、腹膜颈静脉分流术、胸腹腔反向分流术、胸膜静脉分流术、横膈裂孔修补术、肝移植等。各种治疗方法都有一定的并发症及死亡率，故临床上医生应该根据具体病因、患者的具体病情选择恰当的方法进行治疗。     

23例肝性胸水治疗体会

<正>肝性胸水是由肝硬化引起的病症,肝性胸水顾名思义是指肝硬化患者因肝硬化失代偿期引起肾脏、心脏和肺脏等脏器出现的胸膜腔积液[1]。出现肝性胸水等症状主要有胸口憋     

肝硬化并发肝性胸水30例临床分析

目的观察肝硬化并发肝性胸水的临床治疗效果。方法回顾分析2006年5月～2010年6月30例肝硬化伴肝性胸水患者的临床资料,以了解肝硬化并发胸水的临床特点及治疗效果。结果经内科综合治疗后,22例患者胸水随腹水控制而逐步吸收,8例胸水吸收不明显,其中3例经多次胸腔穿刺抽液胸水明显减少,2例胸水增多,3例死亡。病死率10％。死亡原因分别为消化道出血、肝性脑病、肝。肾综合征。结论肝性胸水患者早诊断,综合治疗,可取得良好预后。     

肝性胸腔积液19例报告

在肝硬化过程中伴胸水称肝性胸水.我院1984年10月～1987年12月间所见肝性胸水19例,占同期肝硬化病人的30.3%,现报告如下: 诊断依据:肝性胸水一般诊断不难,我们认为诊断的主要依据为:1.临床病理确认为肝硬化或慢性肝病者,2.超声、胸透、胸片或胸腔穿刺检查证实确有胸腔积液,3.“OT”试验(-),胸水脱落细胞检查(-),胸水培养(-)4.排除结核、肿瘤等其他原因所致胸水.本组肝性胸水均经胸腔穿刺证实.其中,肝硬化失代偿16例,慢性活动性肝炎3例。     

肝硬化并发症治疗及预防研究进展

目的:探讨肝硬化并发症的预防与治疗.方法:分析肝硬化的并发症有食管胃静脉曲张出血、腹水和胸水、肝性脑病、急性肾功能衰竭、原发性肝癌,并且针对并发症采取措施进行防治.结果:加强和重视对肝硬化并发症的预防和治疗,不仅可以提高患者的生活质量,还可以降低死亡率.结论:肝硬化是各种慢性肝损伤病情演变的最终结局,加强和重视对肝硬化并发症的预防和治疗显得尤为重要,不仅可以提高患者的生活质量,还可以降低死亡率.     

肝硬化肝性胸水并发自发性细菌性脓胸临床分析

肝硬化肝性胸水患者中自发性细菌性脓胸(SBEM)临床上并非罕见,而国内外文献仅见零星报道.笔者对我院及山东大学齐鲁医院近6年来住院的肝硬化肝性胸水患者合并SBEM情况进行了回顾性分析,以期达到早期诊断、及时治疗及提高肝硬化生存率的目的.     

一次性中心静脉留置导管治疗胸腔积液47例

目的 探讨一次性深静脉管治疗胸水的疗效、优点.方法 对我科2005年1月～2007年10月份共收治的47倒胸腔积液治疗,观察其效果及并发症发生情况.结果 全组病例均顺利完成静脉导管置入胸腔引流,留置导管时间5～18 d(平均7.6 d),其中3例为晚期肿瘤恶病质并胸水效果欠佳外,其他均获得良好效果,无一例出现包裹性胸腔积液,有效率93.6%.结论 一次性深静脉留置管治疗胸腔积液,操作方便、并发症明显减少,特别适合恶性胸水的治疗,避免反复胸腔穿刺或留置胸管引起的不便,可以在临床上推广.     

肝性胸水的临床特点及中医治疗体会

目的探讨肝硬化并发肝性胸水的临床特点。方法回顾分析2006年3月—2013年3月收治的64例肝硬化并发肝性胸水患者的临床资料,随机分为治疗组和对照组。对照组采取西医综合治疗,治疗组在西医综合治疗基础上加用宣肺利水汤加减治疗,比较两组患者的临床治疗效果。结果治疗组治疗后的临床症状改善情况明显优于对照组。     

肝性胸水73例临床分析

肝性胸水７３例临床分析上海市吴泾医院内科（２００２４１）张建华上海医科大学附属中山医院肺科（２０００３２）张敦华屠春林我院自１９８５年１月～１９９４年底住院的肝硬化病人３６２例中确诊为肝性胸水７３例进行胸水特征的分析，结合文献探讨其发生的可能因素。１...     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.