跨越曲妥珠单抗时代乳腺癌靶向治疗策略

乳腺癌是一个复杂的异质性疾病。随着分子生物学技术的进步,乳腺癌靶向治疗进展很快。从1997年美国食品与药物管理局（FDA）批准抗HER?2的分子靶向治疗药物--曲妥珠单抗治疗晚期乳腺癌,开创了乳癌分子靶向治疗的时代。以后有多靶点药物拉帕替尼、血管表皮生长因子抑制剂贝伐单抗相继用于临床治疗。还有很多批准用于其他恶性肿瘤的靶向药物如吉非替尼、索拉非尼等也有一些II期研究显示了在乳腺癌治疗中的活性。另外,T?DM1等新药也在进行II/III期临床研究。     

HER2阳性乳腺癌分子靶向治疗药物临床应用的研究进展

分子靶向治疗已经成为乳腺癌的有效治疗手段之一。研究表明,HER2阳性乳腺癌恶性程度高,预后差,而应用分子靶向药物能够明显改善此类乳腺癌患者的预后。近年来,针对乳腺癌HER2分子的靶向治疗药物先后批准上市,如曲妥珠单抗、拉帕替尼、帕妥珠单抗、T-DM1等,使HER2阳性乳腺癌患者的生存期显著延长,就这些药物临床应用的研究进展进行综述。     

三阴性乳腺癌的生物标记物研究进展

三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)是指雌激素受体(ER)、孕激素受体(PR)和表皮生长因子受体2(HER-2)均为阴性的乳腺癌,以发病年龄轻、易早期发生转移为特点。TNBC对ER、PR为靶点的内分泌治疗和以HER-2为靶点的靶向药物治疗无效,已成为乳腺癌治疗的难点与研究的热点。为改进TNBC的临床诊断与治疗手段,学者们做了大量的研究来寻找更多新的生物标记物。笔者对近年来国内外关于TNBC的生物标记物研究进展进行综述。     

乳腺癌分子靶向治疗的现状与展望

<正>乳腺癌是全世界女性最常见的恶性肿瘤,其病死率已位居女性恶性肿瘤首位。尽管乳腺癌治疗方法众多,靶向治疗仍然是主要治疗手段之一。通常按照作用机制不同,靶向药物可被分成两大类,一类是靶向肿瘤细胞的药物,如:抗人表皮生长因子受体2(HER2)靶向药物、PI3K/AKT/m TOR抑制剂、CDK4/6抑制剂和多聚腺苷二磷酸核糖聚合酶(PARP)抑制剂等;另一类是靶向肿瘤微环境的药物,如抗血管新生的靶向药物等。大量临床数据已经证实,靶点     

肾癌的分子靶向治疗

随着对肾癌发病机制包括细胞学、分子生物学研究的不断深入,肾癌发生中细胞信号转导通路中的一些关键分子成为治疗的靶点。以VEGF、VEGFR等为靶点的肾癌靶向治疗药物,如贝伐单抗、苏尼替尼、索拉非尼等在临床试验中已显示出很好的疗效。现就肾癌的分子靶向治疗的分子机理、临床试验研究、评价标准变化及应用前景作一简介。     

单抗药物的肿瘤靶向治疗

肿瘤靶向治疗的基本要求是药物在肿瘤部位有相对较高的浓度,能存留较长时间,对肿瘤靶细胞有较强的杀伤活性.靶向治疗药物须兼有体内分布的特异性与对靶细胞作用的特异性.由于单克隆抗体（单抗）对相应的抗原具有高度特异性,可以针对特定的分子靶点,制备与之特异性结合的单抗.[第一段]     

表皮生长因子受体在乳腺癌中的研究进展

近几十年,在分子肿瘤的研究中发现一些能够促进肿瘤生长、存活的分子,为肿瘤的治疗带来了新的希望.表皮生长因子受体是最早发现的对抑制肿瘤具有重要意义的分子之一,大约50％的三阴性乳腺癌和炎性乳腺癌都过度表达表皮生长因子受体.表皮生长因子受体及其下游通路可以促进上皮问质转化、肿瘤细胞迁移以及肿瘤浸润.此外,由于凋亡信号转导的发生针对表皮生长因子受体治疗可以提高三阴性乳腺癌细胞化疗的敏感性.研究表明,表皮生长因子受体靶向治疗可能对三阴性乳腺癌和炎性乳腺癌的治疗具有重要作用.     

分子靶向治疗药物的研究进展

随着分子生物学研究的进展,分子靶向治疗已成为除手术、放疗、化疗之外的治疗恶性肿瘤方法中的第四种模式。与传统化疗药物相比,分子靶向治疗药物具有特异性强、疗效明显、正常组织损伤少等优点。按照分子靶向药物的作用靶点以及药物的性质归为几类,主要包括以EGFR为靶点的药物、作用于HER2/cerbB2的单克隆抗体、靶向VEGF/VEGFR的药物、以白细胞CD分子为靶点的单抗以及作用于多个靶点的药物。笔者将上述药物的研究进展作一简要综述。     

三阴性乳腺癌的治疗进展

目的总结近年来三阴性乳腺癌(TNBC)基于基因治疗、免疫治疗、靶向治疗等方面综合治疗的研究进展,以期提高对该病的认识和治疗水平。方法检索国内外近5年来关于TNBC治疗的相关文献并进行分析总结。结果 TNBC因其治疗缺乏靶向受体,较其他分型的乳腺癌侵袭性强、复发转移早,治疗方案目前仍为手术治疗为主,辅以化疗、放疗等的综合治疗。结论虽然近年来TNBC在手术治疗、放化疗、靶向治疗等方面的研究均显示出不错的临床应用前景,但目前仍需要更多大样本的临床试验证据。随着分子机制研究的不断深入,包括雄激素受体阳性的内分泌治疗、靶向药物治疗等为TNBC的治疗提供了一些新的想法。     

结直肠癌药物开发的现状与前景——从临床证据到机制探索

氟尿嘧啶类药物、伊立替康、奥沙利铂、抗血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）单抗和抗表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）单抗是目前结直肠癌治疗中的5类基础药物.根据不同的临床证据,其各自定位和彼此组合亦不相同.目前,结直肠癌药物治疗领域内的热点问题包括：（1）开发新药与新型药物组合;（2）评估分子靶向治疗药物在结直肠癌辅助治疗中的价值;（3）优化分子靶向治疗药物的最佳配伍方案;（4）探索分子标志物指导下的个体化治疗模式.现结合2011年美国临床肿瘤学会胃肠道肿瘤大会（ASCO-GICS）的相关数据,分别就以上问题作一简介,以示抛砖之意.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.