中国三城市25 254例不同出生胎龄儿童神经行为发育水平研究

目的 探讨出生胎龄对学龄前儿童神经行为发育水平的影响。方法 来自安徽马鞍山市、浙江台州市、江苏扬州市的25 254例学龄前儿童纳入研究。根据所纳入儿童的出生胎龄,分为早产儿组（2 760例,胎龄28~36⁺⁶周）、早期儿组（6 005例,胎龄37~38⁺⁶周）、完全足月儿组（16 489例,胎龄≥39周）。采用年龄与发育进程问卷对儿童进行神经行为发育水平的评估。结果 早产儿组的沟通、粗大运动、精细运动、解决问题和个人-社会等5个能区的神经行为得分较完全足月儿组低（均P < 0.05）;早产儿组沟通、粗大运动、精细运动、解决问题4个能区神经行为得分较早期儿组低（均P < 0.05）;早期儿组各能区的平均分值与完全足月儿组相比,差异无统计学意义（均P > 0.05）。多元线性回归分析显示,校正了性别、年龄、体重指数、父母亲教育程度等混杂因素后,胎龄与5个发育能区（沟通、粗大运动、精细运动、解决问题和个人-社会）的得分呈显著正相关（P < 0.01）。结论 出生为早产儿的儿童神经行为发育水平较出生为完全足月儿和早期儿的儿童低,而出生为早期儿的儿童神经行为发育水平与出生为完全足月儿的儿童无明显差异。胎龄是神经行为发育水平的独立影响因素。     

晚期早产儿和早期足月儿1岁时神经心理发育水平的随访研究

目的 探讨晚期早产儿和早期足月儿1岁时的神经心理发育水平。方法 选择矫正年龄为1岁的1 257名儿童为研究对象。根据其出生时胎龄分为4组：早期早产儿（胎龄28~33⁺⁶周）、晚期早产儿（胎龄34~36⁺⁶周）、早期足月儿（胎龄37~38⁺⁶周）及完全足月儿（胎龄39~41⁺⁶周）。采用Gesell发展量表评估其神经心理发育水平,比较各组儿童在1岁时神经心理发育状况。结果 4组儿童1岁时5大能区（适应性、大运动、精细动作、语言、个人社交）发育商的差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05）,且均表现为完全足月儿 > 早期足月儿 > 晚期早产儿 > 早期早产儿的趋势（P < 0.05）;各能区发育迟缓率也均表现为完全足月儿最低,早期早产儿最高（P < 0.05）。与完全足月儿相比,早期足月儿适应能力发育落后的风险增加（OR=1.796,P < 0.05）;晚期早产儿适应能力和精细动作发育落后的风险较高,OR值分别为2.651、2.679（P < 0.05）;早期早产儿适应能力、精细动作和个人社交能力发育落后的风险较高,OR值分别为4.069、3.710、3.515（P < 0.05）。结论 儿童1岁时神经心理发育落后的风险随出生胎龄的增加而降低,呈现剂量反应效应。早期足月儿和晚期早产儿仍然存在不同程度的发育落后,应重视早期足月儿和晚期早产儿的保健随访。     

单胎濒死儿发生的围生期危险因素分析（英文翻译）

目的 研究早产儿校正18~24月龄时的体格生长和神经发育水平。 方法 利用早产儿出院后随访系统,前瞻性收集2018年4月—2021年12月在暨南大学附属深圳市宝安区妇幼保健院定期随访的484例早产儿校正18~24月龄的体格生长数据和神经发育评估数据。219例足月儿作为对照。采用儿童神经心理行为检查量表2016版评估神经发育水平。根据胎龄分组（超早产儿组、极早产儿组、中期早产儿组、晚期早产儿组和足月儿组）,比较各组体格生长和神经发育水平。 结果 除中期早产儿组年龄别身长Z值高于足月儿组（P=0.038）,其余各早产儿组的体格生长指标与足月儿组比较差异均无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。各早产儿组总发育商（developmental quotient,DQ）均低于足月儿组（均P<0.05）;除社会行为能区外,超、极早产儿组其他各能区DQ均低于足月儿组（均P<0.05）;胎龄<32周早产儿全面发育迟缓发生率（16.7%）显著高于足月儿组（6.4%）（P=0.012）,全面发育迟缓发生率有随着胎龄减小而升高的趋势（P=0.026）。 结论 早产儿校正18~24月龄时体格生长可完成追赶,但神经发育水平落后于足月儿,应特别重视胎龄<32周早产儿的神经发育监测及早期干预。     

早期干预对早产儿早期神经发育的影响

目的 分析早产儿和足月儿神经发育结局,探讨高危儿门诊对早产儿早期神经发育干预的作用,为临床早期干预提供一定依据.方法 选择2008-2011年在我院高危儿门诊规律随访的早产儿为观察组,随机抽取同期在本院儿童保健门诊保健的健康足月儿为对照组,在早产儿校正年龄/足月儿生后年龄3个月、6个月时分别进行Gesell测试和DDST筛查,评估并比较两组婴儿的神经发育.结果 校正年龄3个月时,早产儿大运动、语言、适应性与个人社交落后于足月儿[（62.2＆#177;22.7）分比（82.6＆#177;20.0）分,（91.8＆#177;49.3）分比（117.0 ＆#177;22.5）分,（63.1 ＆#177;29.5）分比（88.7＆#177;19.4）分,（66.5＆#177;35.7）分比（92.2＆#177;17.5）分,P均＜0.05],两组精细运动差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;校正年龄6个月时,早产儿大运动、精细运动、语言、适应性、个人社交等发育商与足月儿差异均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.早产儿校正年龄6个月时大运动、适应性和个人社交发育商与校正年龄3个月时相比均提高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 早产儿早期发育商水平低于足月儿,尤其是大运动、语言、适应性和个人社交落后于足月儿.通过早期干预,早产儿发育商后期能追赶上足月儿.应重视早产儿出院后干预,促进早产儿潜在能力得到最大程度的发挥.     

支气管肺发育不良早产儿生后1年内神经行为发育的临床分析

目的 探讨支气管肺发育不良（BPD）对早产儿生后1年内神经行为发育的影响。方法 回顾性选取2017年9月至2019年12月间出生胎龄 < 34周，并完成纠正胎龄40周及3、6、12月龄神经行为发育随访的早产儿为研究对象。根据诊断分为BPD组（n=23）和非BPD组（n=27），比较两组患儿不同时点的神经行为发育结果。结果 BPD组与非BPD组患儿纠正胎龄40周时新生儿神经行为测定评分差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。Gesell发育量表中，BPD组纠正胎龄3、6、12月龄时精细动作、适应性行为、社交行为能区发育商（DQ）及总DQ低于非BPD组（P < 0.05）；两组患儿纠正胎龄6月龄时言语能区DQ高于纠正胎龄12月龄（P < 0.017），纠正胎龄6月龄时社交行为能区DQ高于纠正胎龄3月龄（P < 0.017），纠正胎龄12月龄时适应性行为能区DQ高于纠正胎龄3、6月龄（P < 0.017）。Bayley发育量表Ⅱ中，两组患儿各时点智力和运动发展指数差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05），纠正胎龄3月龄时智力发展指数高于纠正胎龄6、12月龄（P < 0.001）。结论 BPD早产儿在生后1年内较非BPD早产儿存在神经发育落后，临床需给予重视。     

晚期早产儿早期智能发育结局的研究

目的探讨晚期早产儿(LPI)早期智能发育结局。方法选择2012年1月至2015年1月新生儿病房收治的出生胎龄34~36+6周、治愈出院并定期规律随访的106例早产儿为晚期早产儿组;随机抽取同期120例健康足月儿(FPI)为对照组。对校正年龄40周的晚期早产儿及40周龄的足月儿进行新生儿神经行为测定(NBNA),晚期早产儿校正龄3、6、12月龄或者足月儿3、6、12月龄时采用Gesell发育量表进行评估。结果 LPI组NBNA评分低于37分,低于FTI组(P0.05)。校正龄3月龄时,LPI组大运动、精细运动、个人社交落后于FTI组(P0.05);校正龄6月龄时,LPI组适应性、大运动、精细运动落后于FTI组(P0.05);校正年龄12月龄时,LPI组适应性、大运动、个人社交测评明显低于FTI组(P0.05)。结论晚期早产儿早期智能发育迟缓,需加强神经发育监测。     

早产儿矫正年龄1岁时神经发育特征分析

目的分析早产儿1岁时神经发育水平及并发症所致的影响,为改善神经发育预后提供资料。方法以住院治疗早产儿为研究对象,采集出生胎龄、出生体重与并发症等资料,应用Bayley婴幼儿发展量表评估神经发育水平。早产儿按胎龄、出生体重及有无某种并发症分组,统计各组智力发展指数(MDI)、精神运动发展指数(PDI)及神经发育等级构成。结果矫正年龄1岁时,早期早产儿组MDI、PDI均数均显著低于晚期早产儿组(P0.05),智力、精神运动发育迟滞率均显著高于晚期早产儿组(P0.01)。低出生体重儿组MDI、PDI均数均显著低于正常出生体重儿组(P0.01),智力、精神运动发育迟滞率均显著高于正常出生体重儿组(P0.01)。有高胆红素血症、出生窒息、呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)早产儿MDI、PDI均数分别显著低于无此类并发症者(P0.05)。结论胎龄越小、出生体重越低的早产儿智力和运动发育水平越差、发育迟滞率越高。引起早产儿神经发育损害的主要并发症可能是高胆红素血症、出生窒息和NRDS。     

不同胎龄及出生体质量早产儿早期神经发育的纵向研究

目的探讨早产儿早期神经发育趋势。方法随访早产儿及足月儿于12、24月龄时(早产儿为校正年龄),以Bayley婴幼儿发育量表评估的智力发育指数(MDI)及运动发育指数(PDI)的差异。结果 12月龄时,出生胎龄32周、32~33~(+6)周、34~36~(+6)周早产儿各组与足月儿组之间按校正年龄(CA)的PDI得分差异无统计学意义(P=0.820);足月儿和出生胎龄34~36~(+6)周组按实际年龄(UCA)的MDI和PDI得分均高于32周和32~33~(+6)周组,足月儿组的PDI得分高于34~36~(+6)周组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。不同出生体质量早产儿与足月儿组之间按CA的PDI得分比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.166),≥2 500 g早产儿及足月儿组按UCA的MDI和PDI得分高于出生体质量1 500 g、1 500~1 999 g及2 000~2 499 g早产儿组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。24月龄时,按UCA的MDI得分足月儿组高于出生胎龄32周、32~33~(+6)周、34~36~(+6)周早产儿组,也高于出生体质量1 500 g、1 500~1 999 g及2 000~2 499 g早产儿组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。1 500g早产儿组按UCA的MDI曲线呈下降趋势,而按UCA的PDI曲线呈明显上升趋势。结论早产儿CA12月龄、24月龄时神经发育基本达同龄足月儿水平。     

宫内发育迟缓早产儿生后生长迟缓对早期神经发育的影响

目的 探讨宫内发育迟缓(IUGR)早产儿生后生长迟缓对早期神经发育的影响。方法 回顾性分析2008 年5 月至2012 年5 月出生并定期随访至校正胎龄6 个月的171例早产儿的临床资料,其中IUGR早产儿40 例,早产适于胎龄儿(AGA)131 例。比较两组校正胎龄40 周、3个月、6个月的生长迟缓率及校正胎龄3 个月、6 个月时的神经发育情况。神经发育采用Gesell发育量表评估。结果 IUGR 组校正胎龄40 周、3个月、6个月的生长迟缓率均明显高于AGA 组;校正胎龄3 个月时Gesell 各项发育商(大运动、精细动作、语言、适应性及个人社交)均低于AGA 组;校正胎龄6 个月时,IUGR组精细动作及语言发育商低于AGA组,但两组大运动、适应性及个人社交发育商比较差异已无统计学意义。IUGR组6月龄时体重追赶落后的患儿各项发育商均明显低于追赶理想的IUGR 和AGA 患儿。结论 IUGR早产儿生后早期的生长迟缓可对早期神经发育产生不良影响。     

早期应用rhu-EPO对早产儿神经行为发育的影响

目的：评价重组人类基因促红细胞生成素(rhu-EPO)对早产儿神经行为发育的影响。方法：对44例早产儿（男30例,女14例）随机分为对照组、rhu-EPO治疗组,每组各22例,治疗组于生后第7天予rhu-EPO治疗4周,所有早产儿于纠正胎龄40周行新生儿行为神经检测(NBNA),生后6,12月用Gesell量表法进行神经发育评价。结果：①治疗组NBNA评分36.20±0.75分,高于对照组的34.40±1.05分(P<0.05);②治疗组Gesell发育量表在生后6月,治疗组精细动作的发育商高于对照组,在生后12月治疗组有3个能区（即大运动、精细动作和语言能区）的发育商高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论：早期应用rhu-EPO可促进早产儿神经行为的发育。     

Comparison of abilities of preterm and maturely born children at 5 years of age

This study investigated whether the development of 5 year old preterm born children was appropriate for age and equivalent to or different from their peers who were full term at birth. At the adjusted age of 5 years, the development of 106 children born 5 or more weeks before term was compared with the development of 103 children who were born at term. This latter group of children were matched to the preterm group in sex, year of birth, birthplace, race and residential location. No cerebral palsy children were included in either subject group. The results indicated a significant difference between the two groups. Factors distinguishing the preterm children from their full term peers included small involuntary hand movements, less competent gross motor ability, poorer verbal performance and more variability in behaviour, postural response and balance. A higher than average incidence of minor motor, speech, behaviour and learning problems in early school years is probable.     

Comparison of abilities of preterm and maturely born children at 5 years of age

This study investigated whether the development of 5 year old preterm born children was appropriate for age and equivalent to or different from their peers who were full term at birth.
At the adjusted age of 5 years, the development of 106 children born 5 or more weeks before term was compared with the development of 103 children who were born at term. This latter group of children were matched to the preterm group in sex, year of birth, birthplace, race and residential location. No cerebral palsy children were included in either subject group.
The results indicated a significant difference between the two groups. Factors distinguishing the preterm children from their full term peers included small involuntary hand movements, less competent gross motor ability, poorer verbal performance and more variability in behaviour, postural response and balance. A higher than average incidence of minor motor, speech, behaviour and learning problems in early school years is probable.     

Abdominal Aortic Intima-Media Thickness in Preschool Children Born Preterm

Recently aortic intima-media thickness (IMT) has been used as an earlier marker of preclinical atherosclerosis in high-risk children, such as those with type 1 diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia. Children who were born preterm have an early elevation in insulin resistance, which may be a risk factor for metabolic syndrome in adulthood. However, there is no optimal marker of subsequent cardiovascular disease for children born preterm. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of preterm birth on aortic IMT during the preschool period. Mean aortic IMT was measured by ultrasound in 26 subjects born preterm (gestational age <37 weeks [preterm group]) and 11 control subjects born at term (term group). The mean aortic IMT of the preterm group was significantly thicker than that of the term group (preterm group: median 577 μm, interquartile range (524–599) versus term group: 517 μm (442–544); p = 0.003). Mean aortic IMT may be one of the earlier markers of subclinical vasculopathy in preschool children who were born preterm.     

Comparison of Non Verbal Learning Difficulties in Preschoolers Born Preterm with the Term Born Peers

Objectives

To identify the incidence and pattern of specific areas of non verbal learning deficits (NVLD) associated with preterm and term born peers and also to evaluate influence of gestational age on cognition, motor, language and behavior in preterm and term infants.

Methods

Children were screened for prematurity by giving parents a comprehensive questionnaire covering the family details, birth history, medical history and school performance. After finding their suitability, the children were picked randomly using the lottery method. Hundred children born moderately preterm were allocated in Group B and 100 term born children were recruited in Group A. Participants of both the groups were evaluated using the First STEP- screening test to evaluate preschoolers.

Results

This study revealed that there was significant difference between both the preterm and the control group in all the domains of First STEP and there was 10 % incidence of NVLD in preterm born preschoolers.

Conclusions

Thus, the gestational age influences the cognitive, motor, behavior and academic performance in the preschoolers, thereby increasing the incidence of NVLD in preterm than the term born peers.     

Lung function in children born after foetal growth restriction and very preterm birth

Aims: To assess lung function at early school age in children delivered at very early gestation owing to intrauterine growth restriction and abnormal foetal blood flow (IUGR). Methods: Spirometry was performed at median age 8.4 (range 6.5–10.7) years in 31 children born preterm with IUGR (PT‐IUGR) with a median (range) birth weight (BW) of 650 (395–976) g and median (range) gestational age 27 (24–29) weeks. Control groups were matched for gender and age and had BW appropriate for gestational age (AGA); 31 children born preterm (PT‐AGA) with BW of 1010 (660–1790) g matched for gestational age at birth, and 31 children born at term (T‐AGA) with BW of 3530 (3000–4390) g. Results: The PT‐IUGR group had lower mean (SD) values of z‐scores for FEV₁, FEV₁/FVC and forced mid‐expiratory flow rate (FEF_25–75%) compared to the T‐AGA group, p = 0.003, p = 0.032 and p < 0.001, respectively, but did not differ from the PT‐AGA group. PT‐IUGR children delivered at ≥26 gestational weeks (GW) had lower FEF_25–75% than PT‐AGA children of corresponding GA, p = 0.014. Conclusion: Lung function was reduced in the PT‐IUGR group at early school age compared to controls born at term. The influence of IUGR on later lung function was only apparent in children born preterm after 26 GW.     

Preterm birth and carotid diameter and stiffness in childhood

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Low birthweight, either as a result of poor foetal growth or preterm birth, is a risk factor for stroke in adult life. Carotid stiffening, an early marker of atheromatous disease, has been found in low-birthweight children born at term. We hypothesized that carotid artery growth and dynamic properties are permanently affected by preterm birth. METHODS: Carotid artery stiffness and dimensions in 56 school children, 39 born very preterm (mean gestational age [GA] 29 weeks) and 17 controls born at term, were studied by ultrasonic measurements of the pulsatile movements of the vessel wall. RESULTS: The carotid artery diameter was 6.4 mm both in children born preterm and at term (p=0.99). No difference in carotid stiffness was found. Within the preterm group, no differences could be seen between those born small for gestational age (SGA) or appropriate for gestational age (AGA). CONCLUSIONS: Carotid artery elasticity and structure are not altered after preterm birth. The mechanisms behind the increased stroke risk in adults born preterm remain unresolved.     

Predictive value of early motor evaluation in preterm very low birth weight and term small for gestational age children

Background

Motor problems are common in children born preterm or small for gestational age.

Aim

To study the predictive value of early motor assessments for later motor skills.

Subjects

Twenty-eight children born preterm with very low birth weight (VLBW: birth weight ≤ 1500 g), 57 children born small for gestational age (SGA: birth weight < 10th centile) at term and 77 term-born controls with normal birth weight.

Methods

The psychomotor development index (PDI) of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development was used as a measure of motor skills at age one, the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS) at age five and the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (Movement ABC) at age 14. Low/borderline low scores were defined as < − 2SD/− 1SD (PDI) or < 5th/15th centile (PDMS; Movement ABC).

Results

In the VLBW group, motor problems in adolescence were identified both by low PDI (sensitivity: 0.80; 95%CI:0.38-0.96) and PDMS scores (sensitivity: 0.83; 95%CI:0.44-0.97). In the SGA and the control group sensitivity was poor for low PDI and moderate for low PDMS scores. However, in the SGA group, sensitivity increased when borderline low PDMS scores were used as cut-off (sensitivity: 0.75; 95%CI:0.41-0.93). Specificity of PDI and PDMS was high in all three groups.

Conclusions

Both PDI and PDMS may be valuable tools for early identification of motor problems in VLBW children, whereas PDMS best predicted motor problems in the two other groups. In all three groups, a normal motor examination at 1 and 5 years was highly predictive of normal motor skills at age 14.