缺血后处理抑制缺血再灌注大鼠心肌内质网应激相关凋亡

目的:研究缺血后处理(I-postC)对缺血/再灌注(I/R)大鼠心肌组织Caspase-12和CHOP(CEBP Homologous Protein)的影响,从内质网应激角度探讨I-postC抑制I/R心肌细胞凋亡的机制。方法:采用Wistar大鼠在体心脏I/R模型,以TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡,并检测血浆乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和肌酸激酶(CK-MB)含量及心肌组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量,免疫印迹法检测心肌组织Caspase-12、CHOP、Bcl-2和Bax表达。结果:I-postC显著抑制I/R所致的心肌细胞凋亡(较I/R组低74.3%,P<0.01),上调Bcl-2表达(较I/R组高53.2%,P<0.05)并抑制Bax表达上调(较I/R组低46.1%,P<0.05);与I/R组比较,I-postC组心肌细胞LDH和CK-MB漏出减少(分别较I/R组低37.6%和34.3%,P<0.01),心肌组织MDA含量降低(较I/R组低38.4%,P<0.05),SOD活性上调(较I/R组高18.3%,P<0.05);I-postC抑制I/R所诱导的Caspase-12活化和CHOP表达上调(分别较I/R组低41.7%和33.3%,P<0.01)。结论:I-postC通过抑制Caspase-12活化和CHOP过表达,减轻内质网应激相关凋亡,保护大鼠I/R心肌。     

心肌缺血后处理减轻大鼠缺血/再灌注心肌细胞凋亡及超微结构损伤

缺血预处理(ischemic preconditioning)是减轻缺血/再灌注损伤最有效的方法.Zhao等[1]最近提出的缺血后处理,即心肌缺血后再灌注前反复短暂开通及再闭冠脉,与缺血预处理一样可降低心肌梗死范围及心肌酶释放,但其对心肌细胞凋亡及超微结构的影响国内、外报道较少,尚未见同时从亚细胞水平及细胞凋亡改变评价的报道.     

内质网应激与缺血再灌注损伤及其防护

内质网应激(ERS)是细胞内一种适应性保护机制，但持续存在或过强时则最终诱导细胞凋亡，造成组织损伤。缺血/再灌注(I/R)时ATP耗竭、钙超载及大量自由基生成等因素诱导过度ERS导致组织损伤。缺血预处理可激发适当的ERS，增强细胞耐受后续长时间缺血刺激的能力，延缓或减轻I/R造成的组织损伤     

西洋参茎叶总皂苷通过抑制过度内质网应激减轻大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注损伤

 目的：观察西洋参茎叶总皂苷（PQS）对大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注（ischemia/reperfusion, I/R）损伤的保护作用,并从内质网应激(ERS)的角度探讨其可能的分子机制。方法：采用SD大鼠心肌I/R模型,随机分为正常对照组、模型组与药物预处理组,检测血流动力学及血清心肌肌钙蛋白T（cTnT）含量,以氯化三苯基四氮唑（TTC）和伊文思蓝双染法检测心梗面积,采用HE染色和TUNEL法分别评估心肌病理损伤和心肌细胞凋亡程度,Western blotting法检测心肌组织凋亡调节因子以及内质网应激相关蛋白的表达。结果：与I/R组相比,PQS+I/R组平均动脉压降低32.0%（P<0.05）,左室±dp/dtmax分别升高64.0%和35.0%（P<0.05）,血清cTnT含量降低53.3%（P<0.05）,坏死面积/缺血面积(AN/AAR)百分比降低65.5%（P<0.05）,心肌细胞凋亡率降低54.9%（P<0.05）;心肌组织病理损伤程度减轻;抗凋亡蛋白Bcl-2表达升高110.0%（P<0.05）,促凋亡蛋白Bax表达降低47.8%（P<0.05）,钙网蛋白(CRT)表达降低43.4%（P<0.05）,C/EBP同源蛋白（CHOP）和剪切后的caspase-12蛋白表达分别降低38.6%和23.7%（P<0.05）。结论：PQS可显著减轻大鼠心肌I/R损伤,其机制与降低I/R诱导的CRT过表达,抑制CHOP、caspase-12等内质网凋亡通路激活,从而抑制过度ERS介导的细胞凋亡有关。     

肾缺血后处理通过抑制p38 MAPK信号通路减轻大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤

目的:探讨肾缺血后处理通过抑制p38 MAPK信号通路对大鼠肾缺血再灌注损伤的影响.方法:采用中线剖腹手术和右肾切除术,将大鼠随机分为3组:假手术组(sham)、肾缺血再灌注组(I/R)和肾脏缺血后处理组(RI-Post)进行后续实验,全自动生化分析仪检测肾功能指标,HE染色观察肾组织损伤情况,TUNEL染色和免疫组化...     

亚甲蓝减轻大鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注引起的线粒体损伤

目的:探讨亚甲蓝(methylene blue,MB)对大鼠离体心脏缺血/再灌注(ischemia/reperfusion,I/R)线粒体损伤的作用。方法:将Spragure-Dawley大鼠随机分为对照组(control组)、I/R模型组和MB治疗组(I/R+MB组),建立Langendorff离体心脏灌注模型(n=6)。手术前2 h,MB组大鼠按2 mg/kg腹腔注射MB。对照组持续灌注K-H液110 min,I/R组与I/R+MB组平衡灌注20 min后停灌30 min,再灌注60 min。实时记录心率(HR)、左室发展压(LVDP)、左室最大压力变化速率(±dp/dt_(max))和左室舒张末压(LVEDP)。测定冠脉流出液中肌酸激酶MB同工酶(CK-MB)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性。测定心肌组织中活性氧簇(ROS)、丙二醛(MDA)和三磷酸腺苷(ATP)含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。苏木精-伊红染色观察组织病理学变化。分离心肌组织线粒体,测定线粒体肿胀程度和线粒体膜电位(MMP)。结果:与对照组相比,I/R组的心功能恶化,冠脉流出液中的CK-MB和LDH活性升高,心肌组织中的ROS和MDA增加,SOD活性降低,ATP减少,线粒体肿胀程度升高,MMP下降(P0.05);与I/R组相比,I/R+MB组的心功能改善,CK-MB和LDH的释放减少,组织中的ROS和MDA减少,SOD活性和ATP含量升高,线粒体肿胀程度降低,MMP升高(P0.05)。结论:MB通过减轻线粒体损伤对大鼠离体I/R心脏发挥保护作用。     

缺血后处理对抗大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤及其作用机制

目的： 研究缺血后处理（postconditioning）对抗大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤及其作用机制。方法：采用SD大鼠心肌缺血/再灌注模型，并于再灌注一开始即给予3次全心停灌30 s，再灌30 s处理作为缺血后预处理。记录心肌收缩功能指标，以Even’s blue-TTC法监测心肌梗死范围，并对心律失常严重程度进行定量分析。结果：缺血后处理组左室峰压（LVSP）、最大左室收缩速率（+dp/dt_max）以及心率明显高于缺血对照组。缺血后处理可明显缩小心肌梗死范围（22.97%±3.96% vs 缺血对照组 44.30%±13.61%，P<0.01）。观察复灌10 min时心律失常评分发现，缺血后处理组明显低于缺血对照组。缺血后处理组和缺血预处理组具有类似的心肌保护作用。5-HD组LVSP和+dp/dt_max低于缺血后处理组，心律失常评分增高，心肌梗死范围扩大。结论: 缺血后处理对大鼠缺血再灌注损伤具有心脏保护作用，其作用机制可能是部分通过激活线粒体ATP依赖性钾离子(mitoK_ATP)通道起作用。     

姜黄素通过抑制内质网应激和JNK通路过度活化减轻小鼠肺缺血再灌注损伤

 目的:探讨姜黄素（curcumin,Cur）是否通过抑制内质网应激和c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)通路过度活化来减轻小鼠肺缺血再灌注(I/R)损伤。方法:采用C57BL/6J小鼠左侧肺原位I/R损伤模型。实验随机分为6组（每组10只）,包括假手术组（sham组）、I/R组、DMSO组（I/R+DMSO组）和Cur组（I/R+Cur低、中、高剂量组）。实验结束后处死小鼠,留取左肺,检测肺湿干重比（W/D）和总肺水含量（TLW）;光镜、电镜观察肺组织形态结构变化,并进行肺组织损伤评估（IQA）;RT-PCR检测JNK和葡萄糖调节蛋白78（GRP78）的mRNA表达;Western blotting检测磷酸化JNK（p-JNK）和GRP78的蛋白表达;原位缺口末端标记法（TUNEL法）检测肺细胞凋亡指数（AI）。结果:与sham组相比,I/R组和DMSO组W/D、TLW、IQA及AI均明显升高（P<0.01）,JNK、GRP78 mRNA和p-JNK、GRP78 蛋白表达量上升（P<0.01）,光镜、电镜均显示肺组织结构出现明显损伤性变化。I/R组与DMSO组相比,上述各指标无显著差异（P>0.05）。与I/R组和DMSO组相比,I/R+Cur低、中、高剂量组各组GRP78 mRNA和蛋白表达量无明显变化（P>0.05）,W/D、TLW、IQA及AI下降（P<0.05或P<0.01）且肺组织损伤减轻,JNK mRNA和p-JNK蛋白质表达量亦下降,以I/R+Cur高剂量组下降最为明显（P<0.01）。结论: 缺血/再灌注引发肺组织细胞发生过度的内质网应激,损伤肺组织。Cur能减轻肺缺血/再灌注损伤,其机制可能与抑制JNK信号通路的过度活化有关。     

缺血后处理减轻大鼠骨骼肌缺血再灌注损伤及其微循环机制研究

目的：观察缺血后处理(I-postC)对大鼠后肢骨骼肌缺血再灌注(I/R)损伤的影响，并探讨其微循环机制。方法:健康雄性Wistar大鼠48只，随机分为I/R组、I-postC组和预处理(IPC)组(n=16)，无创动脉夹夹闭股动脉4 h，松夹再灌注12 h或24 h建立大鼠后肢I/R模型。于再灌注结束时分别检测大鼠胫前肌血氧饱和度(StO₂)、血流量、微循环以及血流动力学变化，并测定骨骼肌湿干重比值(W/D)，观察骨骼肌超微结构变化。结果:(1) I-postC 12 h组W/D较I/R 12 h组低6.7% (P＜0.05)，骨骼肌肌原纤维水肿、溶解、分离和线粒体空泡样变性显著减轻；再灌注24 h I-postC组左室压最大下降速率(-dp/dtmax)较I/R 24 h组高10.46%(P＜0.05)，与IPC组无显著差异。(2)再灌注24 h I-postC组实验侧细静脉血流速度较I/R组高11.3% (P＜0.05)，细动、静脉收缩减轻(细动、静脉内径较I/R组分别高39.8% 和24.1%，P＜0.01)，与IPC的保护效果接近(P＞0.05)。结论:I-postC显著减轻骨骼肌I/R损伤，其保护机制与改善微循环有关。     

缺血后处理减轻兔缺血再灌注心肌细胞损伤

目的探讨缺血后处理对在体兔心肌缺血再灌注心肌细胞凋亡和线粒体结构与功能的影响以及可能机制。方法80只兔随机分为假手术组(sham组)、心肌缺血再灌注组(IR组)、缺血预处理组(IP组)、缺血后处理组(PC组)以及缺血后处理加5-羟葵酸(5-HD)干预组(PC+5-HD组)。用TUNEL法检测心肌细胞凋亡,用透射电镜观察心肌细胞的超微结构,用荧光法检测线粒体膜电位,比色法测线粒体Ca2+浓度、丙二醛(MDA)浓度、超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)活性。结果与IR组比较,PC组和IP组兔心肌细胞凋亡减少,心肌及线粒体形态结构改变明显减轻,线粒体跨膜电位、SOD活性明显升高、线粒体Ca2+浓度、MDA浓度均下降(P<0.05),5-HD部分降低上述作用。结论PC可能通过提高线粒体跨膜电位、降低线粒体氧自由基水平、减轻线粒体钙超载而减轻心肌细胞损伤,其机制可能与线粒体功能损伤有关。     

Resveratrol pretreatment protects rat hearts from ischemia/reperfusion injury partly via a NALP3 inflammasome pathway

Inflammatory responses are key players in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Our previous studies showed that resveratrol alleviated I/R injury in myocardial I/R animal models, but whether the NALP3 inflammasome pathway contributes to the mechanisms remains to be elucidated. In this study, we explored the modulation effect of resveratrol on myocardial I/R-induced inflammatory responses in rats. Myocardial I/R rat animal models were induced by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary arteries (LADs) for 30 min, followed by 2 h of reperfusion. Resveratrol was administered in different doses (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) at the same time as the onset of reperfusion. The serum concentrations of the trinitrotoluene (TnT) and MB isoenzyme creatine kinase (CK-MB) were detected using an automatic biochemical analyzer. Myocardial ultrastructure and morphology were observed with an electron microscope and a light microscope. Myocardial ischemia and infarct sizes were evaluated using Evans blue and tetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. The NALP3, Caspase1, interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 18 (IL-18) mRNA levels were evaluated using RT-PCR. The NALP3 and Caspase1 protein expression levels were detected by western blotting. The IL-1β and IL-18 content in peripheral blood was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The myocardial structure in myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MI/RI) rats was extensively damaged. After preconditioning with different concentrations of resveratrol (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg), the pathology and morphology were significantly improved in a dose-dependent manner. Our results showed that resveratrol treatment significantly reduced the infarct volume and myocardial fibrosis, resulting in myocardial cells that lined up in a more orderly fashion and dose-dependent decreases in TnT and CK-MB levels in the serum of the I/R rats. Resveratrol also significantly modulated mRNA and protein levels by down-regulating NALP3 and Caspase1 expression and IL-1β and IL-18 activation. These results suggest that the NALP3 inflammasome is activated during the myocardial I/R injury process and that the secretion of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18 mediates the cascade inflammatory response. Resveratrol may play an important role in protecting the myocardium against I/R injury in rats by inhibiting the expression and activation of the NALP3 inflammatory body. Therefore, the attenuation of the inflammatory response may be involved in the cardioprotective mechanisms of resveratrol in response to myocardial I/R injury.     

Hydrogen sulfide postconditioning protects isolated rat hearts against ischemia and reperfusion injury mediated by the JAK2/STAT3 survival pathway

The JAK2/STAT3 signal pathway is an important component of survivor activating factor enhancement (SAFE) pathway. The objective of the present study was to determine whether the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway participates in hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) postconditioning, protecting isolated rat hearts from ischemic-reperfusion injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (230-270 g) were divided into 6 groups (N = 14 per group): time-matched perfusion (Sham) group, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) group, NaHS postconditioning group, NaHS with AG-490 group, AG-490 (5 µM) group, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; <0.2%) group. Langendorff-perfused rat hearts, with the exception of the Sham group, were subjected to 30 min of ischemia followed by 90 min of reperfusion after 20 min of equilibrium. Heart rate, left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), and the maximum rate of increase or decrease of left ventricular pressure (± dp/dt_max) were recorded. Infarct size was determined using triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Myocardial TUNEL staining was used as the in situ cell death detection method and the percentage of TUNEL-positive nuclei to all nuclei counted was used as the apoptotic index. The expression of STAT3, bcl-2 and bax was determined by Western blotting. After reperfusion, compared to the I/R group, H₂S significantly improved functional recovery and decreased infarct size (23.3 ± 3.8 vs 41.2 ± 4.7%, P < 0.05) and apoptotic index (22.1 ± 3.6 vs 43.0 ± 4.8%, P < 0.05). However, H₂S-mediated protection was abolished by AG-490, the JAK2 inhibitor. In conclusion, H₂S postconditioning effectively protects isolated I/R rat hearts via activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway.     

人参皂苷Rg1预处理对大鼠离体心缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的:探讨人参皂苷Rg1对离体大鼠心缺血/再灌注(I/R)损伤的保护作用。方法:选取SPF级SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、I/R组、人参皂苷Rg1(1、5、10、20μmol/L)处理组。利用Langendorff灌流系统建立大鼠离体心I/R损伤模型。IabOhart电生理系统实时监测心功能指标,血清生化检测心流出液中心肌酶含量,TTC染色法测定心肌梗死面积。结果:不同浓度人参皂苷Rg1均可改善心肌I/R损伤引起的左室发展压(LVDP)和左室内上升/下降最大速率(±dp/dt_(max))的下降,并降低流出液巾乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK MB)、肌红蛋白(MYO)和肌钙蛋白I(TroI)的含量,显著减少心肌梗死面积。其中5μmol/L和10μmol/L浓度的人参皂苷Rg1对心的保护作用最显著。结论:人参皂苷Rg1具有药物预适应作用,改善心肌I/R损伤后的心肌生理功能,减少流出液中心肌酶的释放和心肌梗死面积,从而发挥抗心肌I/R损伤的保护作用。     

Carbon monoxide inhalation protects rat intestinal grafts from ischemia/reperfusion injury

Carbon monoxide (CO), a byproduct of heme catalysis by heme oxygenases, has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects. This study examines the cytoprotective efficacy of inhaled CO during intestinal cold ischemia/reperfusion injury associated with small intestinal transplantation. Orthotopic syngenic intestinal transplantation was performed in Lewis rats after 6 hours of cold preservation in University of Wisconsin solution. Three groups were examined: normal untreated controls, control intestinal transplant recipients kept in room air, and recipients exposed to CO (250 ppm) for 1 hour before and 24 hours after surgery. In air grafts, mRNA levels for interleukin-6, cyclooxygenase-2, intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1), and inducible nitric oxide synthase rapidly increased after intestinal transplant. Histopathological analysis revealed severe mucosal erosion, villous congestion, and inflammatory infiltrates. CO effectively blocked an early up-regulation of these mediators, showed less severe histopathological changes, and resulted in significantly improved animal survival of 92% from 58% in air-treated controls. CO also significantly reduced mRNA for proapoptotic Bax, while it up-regulated anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. These changes in CO-treated grafts correlated with well-preserved CD31(+) vascular endothelial cells, less frequent apoptosis/necrosis in intestinal epithelial and capillary endothelial cells, and improved graft tissue blood circulation. Protective effects of CO in this study were mediated via soluble guanylyl cyclase, because 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazole (4,3-alpha) quinoxaline-1-one (soluble guanylyl cyclase inhibitor) completely reversed the beneficial effect conferred by CO. Perioperative CO inhalation at a low concentration resulted in protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury to intestinal grafts with prolonged cold preservation.     

尾加压素预处理对大鼠心脏缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的:探讨尾加压素(UII)预处理对于离体灌流大鼠心脏缺血再灌注(I/R)损伤的影响。方法:在离体灌流的SD大鼠心脏I/R模型上,以UII预灌注心脏,采用MFLLab200心功能软件监测心功能,以试剂盒测定心肌细胞ATP、总钙、丙二醛含量和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)漏出,并观察其对于冠脉流出量(CPF)的影响。结果:UII预处理组与单纯I/R组比较,冠脉流出液中LDH低28%[(78.3±18.1)U/Lvs(10.93±23.9)U/L,P<0.05],心肌组织MDA和钙含量分别低24%和27%(P<0.05);ATP含量高73%(P<0.05)。与I/R组比较,UII预处理组CPF高42%[(5.4±0.7)mL/minvs(3.8±0.8)mL/min,P<0.05],LVEDP低20%(P<0.05),±dp/dtmax分别高25%和45%(P<0.05);冠脉流出液中NO₂^-/NO₃^-含量高63%(P<0.05)。结论:UII预处理可以减轻离体灌注大鼠心脏I/R所造成的损伤,其机制与NO介导的冠脉扩张效应有关。     

Isorhamnetin protects rat ventricular myocytes from ischemia and reperfusion injury

Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) has been known to cause damages to ventricular myocytes. Isorhamnetin, one member of flavonoid compounds, has cardioprotective effect, the effect that suggests a possible treatment for I/R damages. In the present investigation, we found that isorhamnetin could significantly promote the viability of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes that were exposed to ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in vitro. Ventricular myocytes were obtained from neonatal SD rats, and then were divided randomly into three groups, namely I/R?/isor?, I/R+/isor? and I/R+/isor+ group. Before the whole experiment, the most appropriate concentration of isorhamnetin (4 μM) was determined by MTT assay. Our results showed that isorhamnetin could alleviate the damages of I/R to ventricular myocytes through inhibiting lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, and repressing apoptosis. Compared with the counterpart of the I/R+/isor? group, LDH activity in the isorhamnetin-treated group weakened, halving from 24.1±2.3 to 11.4±1.2 U/L. Additionally, flow cytometry showed the apparently increased apoptosis rate induced by I/R, the result that was further confirmed by transmission electron microscope. Administration of isorhamnetin, however, assuaged the apoptosis induced by I/R. Corresponding to the reduced apoptosis rate in the I/R+/isor+ group, western blotting assay showed increased amount of Bcl-2 and p53, decreased amount of Bax, and nuclear accumulation of NF-κB/p65.     

吡那地尔后处理大鼠缺血再灌注损伤心肌线粒体的蛋白质组学研究

 目的: 运用蛋白质组学研究方法探讨吡那地尔后处理对缺血再灌注损伤大鼠心肌的保护作用。方法: 建立Langendorff大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤模型,随机分为吡那地尔后处理组(Pina组)和缺血再灌注损伤组(I/R组),每组9只。提取心肌线粒体蛋白质行双向凝胶电泳,应用质谱鉴定差异大于2倍的蛋白质点。结果: Pina组与I/R组比较,共发现7个差异蛋白质:Pina组NADH脱氢酶1α亚复合体10亚基(NDUFA10)﹑NADH脱氢酶铁硫蛋白2(NDUFS2)和NADH脱氢酶黄素蛋白2(NDUFV2)表达低于I/R组;Pina组异柠檬酸脱氢酶α亚基(IDHA)和Δ^3,5-Δ^2,4-二烯酰辅酶A异构酶(ECH1)表达高于I/R组;另有2个蛋白质点均被鉴定为ATP合酶δ亚基,一个蛋白质点表达升高,而另一个表达降低。结论:吡那地尔后处理可能抑制了复合体Ⅰ的亚基(NDUFA10﹑NDUFS2和NDUFV2)代偿性增加,但促进了IDHA和ECH1表达并引发了ATP合酶δ亚基发生磷酸化,这些改变可能均与吡那地尔后处理保护心肌的作用有关。