Clinical features and drug resistance of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in 98 patients with lower respiratory tract infection

目的 了解嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(SMA)下呼吸道感染的临床特点及耐药性.方法 回顾性分析98例下呼吸道感染SMA的耐药性以及临床特点,分析发病的危险因素.结果 高龄、侵人性诊疗操作和使用广谱抗菌药物为SMA下呼吸道感染的危险因素,分别占76.5％、100％和82.6％.98株对常用抗菌药物耐药.近5年敏感率超过50％的抗菌药依次为复方磺胺甲噁唑(88.9％-100％)、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(59.3％-77.8％)、左氧氟沙星(52.4％-64％);对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均较高;其中,对亚胺培南耐药率达92.5％-100％.结论 SMA下呼吸道感染多发生在有各种基础疾病、免疫力低的患者.该菌表现为高度和多重耐药性,治疗应根据药敏试验结果合理选用抗菌药物.     

老年肺癌患者呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及其耐药性分析

目的:分析老年肺癌患者呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及其耐药特点.方法:选取2018年1月-2020年12月医院收治的老年肺癌呼吸道感染患者116例为研究对象,采集痰标本后进行细菌、真菌培养与药敏试验,分析呼吸道感染病原菌分布及其耐药性情况.结果:116例患者标本共分离出245株病原菌,其中革兰阳性菌占28.98％(71/245),革兰阴性菌占60.00％(147/245),真菌占11.02％(27/245),主要病原菌占比排名依次为铜绿假单胞菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和白假丝酵母;主要革兰阴性菌鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮-舒巴坦钠的耐药率低于30.00％;肺炎克雷伯菌对阿米卡星、亚胺培南、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦钠、美罗培南的耐药率低于30.00％;铜绿假单胞菌对美罗培南、亚胺培南、阿米卡星的耐药率低于30.00％.金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素、利奈唑胺的耐药率为0.00％.白假丝酵母对两性霉素B、伏立康唑的耐药率为0.00％.结论:老年肺癌呼吸道感染患者呼吸道感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,临床抗感染治疗应结合药敏试验结果选择恰当的抗菌药物.     

老年下呼吸道感染患者铜绿假单胞菌120例临床检测与耐药性调查分析

目的 探讨老年下呼吸道感染患者铜绿假单胞菌120例临床检测结果,对耐药性调查结果进行分析.方法 选取本院自2010年12月～2012年12月收治的120例老年下呼吸道感染患者的痰标本进行分析,培养出120株铜绿假单胞菌菌株,同时进行体外药敏试验,观察其耐药性.结果 铜绿假单胞菌对多种抗生素药物均有耐药性,其中对庆大霉素、氨苄西林、舒巴坦、环丙沙星、妥布霉素药物的耐药率超出40％,对氨曲南、亚胺培南敏感性较好,耐药率分别为16.7％、15％、β-内酰胺酶阳性菌对庆大霉素、妥布霉素、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、哌拉西林、环丙沙星100％耐药,对阿米卡星、头孢吡肟、他唑巴坦/哌拉西林的耐药性均在70％以上,对氨曲南、亚胺培南敏感性较好,耐药性约为11.7％、15.8％.结论 氨曲南及亚胺培南抑制铜绿假单胞菌作用较强,在老年下呼吸道感染铜绿假单胞菌治疗中能够作为首选药物使用.     

某院2017年-2019年120例患者肺炎链球菌感染的临床分布及其对抗菌药物使用强度的相关性分析

目的:分析医院肺炎链球菌感染的临床分布及其对抗菌药物使用强度的相关性.方法:选取医院2017年8月-2019年8月收治的肺炎链球菌感染患者120例病历资料,分析其检出的肺炎链球菌的临床分布、耐药情况,以及肺炎链球菌感染患者治疗用抗菌药物使用强度的相关性.结果:120例感染患者标本中分离出肺炎链球菌86株,其中检出的肺炎链球菌主要来自儿科(占63.95％),其次为老年科、急诊科和呼吸科(分别为12.79％、8.14％和6.98％);在痰标本中分离出菌株为最多(占91.86％),而在分泌物、血液、胸水和脑脊液标本中也有少量检出;药敏结果发现,肺炎链球菌对红霉素、克林霉素的耐药率均达100.00％,对青霉素、四环素、复方磺胺甲嗯唑的耐药率均高于87％,而对万古霉素、左氧氟沙星、莫西沙星、厄他培南、亚胺培南和利奈唑胺的耐药率均为0.00％;经Pear-man相关性分析结果显示,肺炎链球菌耐药率与左氧氟沙星、青霉素、红霉素的抗菌药物使用强度(antimicrobial use density,AUD)呈正相关,与美罗培南的AUD无显著相关性.结论:医院临床肺炎链球菌感染主要发生在儿科,标本主要来自痰液,临床应根据药敏试验结果合理选用敏感率高的抗菌药物治疗,以确保患者治疗的有效性.     

住院患者临床分离菌菌群分布的随机监测分析

目的了解住院患者临床分离菌的分布及耐药情况，为指导临床合理用药提供参考依据。方法采用Vitek-2全自动微生物分析仪及纸片扩散法（Kirby-Bauer），对778株临床分离菌进行鉴定及药物敏感试验。结果778株分离菌中革兰阴性（G^-）杆菌占52．70％，革兰阳性（G^＋）球菌占35．60％，真菌占11．70％。G^＋球菌对万古霉素的敏感率均达100％，而G^-杆菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素的敏感率未达100％，其中铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美洛培南的耐药率分别为24．00％和18．67％，鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南和美洛培南的耐药率均为4．76％。结论该资料对医院临床抗感染治疗及抗菌药物的选择有参考价值。     

嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌下呼吸道感染98例临床特点及耐药性

目的了解嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌(SMA)下呼吸道感染的临床特点及耐药性。方法回顾性分析98例下呼吸道感染SMA的耐药性以及临床特点,分析发病的危险因素。结果高龄、侵入性诊疗操作和使用广谱抗菌药物为SMA下呼吸道感染的危险因素,分别占76.5%、100%和82.6%。98株对常用抗菌药物耐药。近5年敏感率超过50%的抗菌药依次为复方磺胺甲噁唑(88.9%-100%)、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦(59.3%-77.8%)、左氧氟沙星(52.4%-64%);对其他抗菌药物的耐药率均较高;其中,对亚胺培南耐药率达92.5%-100%。结论 SMA下呼吸道感染多发生在有各种基础疾病、免疫力低的患者。该菌表现为高度和多重耐药性,治疗应根据药敏试验结果合理选用抗菌药物。     

分离自下呼吸道感染患者的肺炎克雷伯菌耐药性调查

目的了解下呼吸道感染致病菌肺炎克雷伯菌对临床常用抗感染药物的耐药现状,为临床合理使用抗感染药物提供依据。方法采集下呼吸道感染住院患者送检的1528份痰培养标本中分离所得的肺炎克雷伯菌（同一患者分离多株的按1株计）,采用法国梅里埃ATB—Expression分析仪进行细菌鉴定,K-B法做药物敏感试验,并同时用双纸片扩散法确证试验检测超广谱p内酰胺酶（ESBLs）。结果下呼吸道感染患者送检的1528份痰培养标本中分离培养出病原菌1004株,其中肺炎克雷伯菌177株,占17．6％。产ESBLs的肺炎克雷伯菌检出率为40．1％（71／177）。药物敏感试验显示产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌对常见抗感染药物呈多重耐药性,耐药率〉50％的抗感染药物有氨苄西林（93．0％）、哌拉西林（91．5％）、复方新诺明（88．7％）、头孢呋辛（85．9％）、头孢噻肟（80．3％）、庆大霉素（73．2％）、环丙沙星（64．8％）、头孢他啶（60．6％）、头孢吡肟（53．5％）,耐药率〈50％的抗感染药物有哌拉西林他唑巴坦（29．6％）和阿米卡星（23．9％）,而对亚胺培南和美罗培南敏感率为100．0％,产ESBLs菌株对抗感染药物的耐药率高于非产ESBLs菌株。结论肺炎克雷伯菌具有多重耐药性,临床应加强对肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性监测,依据药敏试验结果合理使用抗菌药物,亚胺培南和美罗培南是治疗的有效药物。     

2004-2011年医院急诊科感染革兰阴性杆菌的分布及耐药性分析

目的 分析复旦大学附属华山医院静安分院急诊科医院感染革兰阴性杆菌的构成比及耐药性现状,为临床抗感染治疗提供依据.方法 回顾性分析2004年1月-2011年12月我院急诊科临床分离的453株革兰阴性杆菌,采用K-B纸片琼脂扩散法进行药物敏感试验,结果判定参照CLSI 2009年版标准.结果 急诊科分离率最高的医院感染革兰阴性杆菌依次为大肠埃希菌(20.09％)、肺炎克雷伯菌(19.87％)、铜绿假单胞菌(17.66％)和鲍氏不动杆菌(13.69％).453株革兰阴性杆菌对常用抗菌药物均表现出不同程度的耐药性,耐药率较低的是头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南和美罗培南.大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率分别为1.1％、1.1％和6.6％.非发酵菌中铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率分别为13.8％、22.5％和12.5％,鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南和头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的耐药率分别为32.3％、37.1％和9.7％.结论 医院革兰阴性杆菌的耐药性严重,加强细菌耐药性的临测与控制,对控制感染非常重要.     

三联抗感染治疗多重耐药革兰阴性杆菌重症肺炎16例临床观察

目的评价予亚胺培南/西司他丁联合左氧氟沙星或阿米卡星静注、克拉霉素鼻饲三联抗感染治疗多重耐药(multidrug-resistant,MDR)革兰阴性杆菌重症肺炎的疗效。方法对我院ICU 2010年1月至2013年12月收治16例无多器官功能障碍综合征耐药革兰阴性杆菌重症肺炎危重患者,在单用抗生素治疗3⁷ d无效后,选用亚胺培南/西司他丁联合左氧氟沙星或阿米卡星静注、克拉霉素鼻饲三联抗感染治疗,药物剂量依患者年龄、体质量、肝肾功能调整,疗程147 d无效后,选用亚胺培南/西司他丁联合左氧氟沙星或阿米卡星静注、克拉霉素鼻饲三联抗感染治疗,药物剂量依患者年龄、体质量、肝肾功能调整,疗程14²8 d,观察和评估其临床疗效。结果本组患者肺部感染得到控制转出ICU 8例(占50%),放弃治疗转出ICU 3例(占18.75%),死亡5例(占31.25%)。结论对原发病好转及肝肾功能无恶化的多重耐药革兰阴性杆菌重症肺炎危重患者予亚胺培南/西司他丁联合左氧氟沙星或阿米卡星静注、克拉霉素鼻饲三联抗感染治疗方案,能够获得较好的疗效,值得临床推广及应用。     

某院56例剖宫产患者产褥感染病原菌的分布及其耐药性分析

目的:分析医院妇产科剖宫产患者术后产褥感染病原菌的分布及其耐药性.方法:选取医院2018年11月-2020年11月间收治的行剖宫产术后产褥感染患者56例病历资料,分析其患者术后宫颈分泌物中致病菌的培养、分离和药敏试验结果对抗菌药物的耐药情况.结果:56例产褥感染患者分泌物中,分离出病原菌79株,其中革兰阴性菌占60.76％、革兰阳性菌占36.71％和真菌(白假丝酵母)占2.53％;药敏结果发现:检出的大肠埃希菌对青霉素、头孢呋辛、头孢唑林的耐药率较高(分别为100.00％、93.75％和87.50％),而对亚胺培南、美罗培南的敏感率均达100.00％,对阿米卡星的耐药率仅为6.25％;阴道加德纳菌对青霉素、氨苄西林、头孢吡肟的耐药率较高(分别为92.31％、84.62％和84.62％),而对亚胺培南、美罗培南、阿米卡星的敏感率均高于90.00％;肺炎克雷伯菌对青霉素、氨苄西林的耐药率均高达100.00％,而对亚胺培南、美罗培南的敏感率高达100.00％;金黄色葡萄球菌、溶血葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌对万古霉素的敏感率也均高达100.00％,而对替考拉宁、呋喃妥因、亚胺培南的耐药率均较低;金黄色葡萄球菌对庆大霉素的耐药率为83.33％;溶血葡萄球菌对苯唑西林、克林霉素的耐药率也均高达100.00％;表皮葡萄球菌对头孢他啶的耐药率高达100.00％.结论:医院收治的行剖宫产患者术后产褥感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,不同抗菌药物对术后产褥感染的效果不同,临床应根据其药敏试验结果合理选用抗菌药物治疗.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfides are described as selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, useful for treating inflammation and COX-2-mediated disorders including neoplasia. 2-(Acetoxyphenyl)-(Z)-styryl sulfide is claimed to be the most potent COX inhibitor in the series with a COX-2 selectivity ratio of 33. This compound is also claimed to be superior to celecoxib (Celebrex^®, Pfizer) in inhibiting cell growth of colorectal carcinoma cells. In this evaluation, the COX inhibitory activity of this compound is compared to that previously disclosed for diarylheterocycles and 2-(acetoxyphenyl)alkyl sulfides. The validity of the DLD-1 cell line in the growth inhibition studies is questioned based on recent literature reports indicating the lack of COX-2 expression in this cell line.     

Sleep-disordered breathing with chronic opioid use

Chronic opioid use for pain relief or as substitution therapy for illicit drug abuse is prevalent in our societies. In the US, retail distribution of methadone and oxycodone has increased by 824 and 660%, respectively, between 1997 and 2003. μ-Opioids depress respiration and deaths related to illicit and non illicit chronic opioid use are not uncommon. Since 2001 there has been an emerging literature that suggests that chronic opioid use is related to central sleep apnoea of both periodic and non-periodic breathing types, and occurs in ～ 30% of these subjects. The clinical significance of these sleep-related abnormalities are unknown. This review addresses the present knowledge of control of ventilation mechanisms during wakefulness and sleep, the effects of opioids on ventilatory control mechanisms, the sleep-disordered breathing found with chronic opioid use and a discussion regarding the future research directions in this area.     

Drug targets for cognitive enhancement in neuropsychiatric disorders

The investigation of novel drug targets for treating cognitive impairments associated with neurological and psychiatric disorders remains a primary focus of study in central nervous system (CNS) research. Many promising new therapies are progressing through preclinical and clinical development, and offer the potential of improved treatment options for neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as other disorders that have not been particularly well treated to date like the cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS). Among targets under investigation, cholinergic receptors have received much attention with several nicotinic agonists (α7 and α4β2) actively in clinical trials for the treatment of AD, CIAS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Both glutamatergic and serotonergic (5-HT) agonists and antagonists have profound effects on neurotransmission and improve cognitive function in preclinical experiments with animals; some of these compounds are now in proof-of-concept studies in humans. Several histamine H3 receptor antagonists are in clinical development not only for cognitive enhancement, but also for the treatment of narcolepsy and cognitive deficits due to sleep deprivation because of their expression in brain sleep centers. Compounds that dampen inhibitory tone (e.g., GABA_A α5 inverse agonists) or elevate excitatory tone (e.g., glycine transporter inhibitors) offer novel approaches for treating diseases such as schizophrenia, AD and Down syndrome. In addition to cell surface receptors, intracellular drug targets such as the phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are known to impact signaling pathways that affect long-term memory formation and working memory. Overall, there is a genuine need to treat cognitive deficits associated with many neuropsychiatric conditions as well as an increasingly aging population.