青壮年近视患者高阶像差分析

目的 :探讨青壮年近视患者高阶像差的分布、影响因素及对视功能的影响。方法 :使用Allegretto波阵面像差仪对180例 (35 6只眼 ) (屈光度 - 0 5 0～ - 13 0 0D)拟行LASIK治疗的患者术前进行波阵面像差测量分析 ,并比较瞳孔大小、性别、屈光状态、最佳矫正视力 (BSCVA)等因素对高阶像差的影响。结果 :在 6 5mm和 4 0mm瞳孔直径时 ,95 %的近视患者高阶像差的均方根值 (RMSh)的分布范围分别为 0 0 9～ 0 30 μm和 0 0 3～ 0 14 μm ;RMSh、RMS3、RMS4值分别为 (0 19± 0 0 6 ) μm和 (0 0 9± 0 0 3) μm、(0 14± 0 0 6 ) μm和 (0 0 7± 0 0 3) μm、(0 0 9± 0 0 4 ) μm和 (0 0 4± 0 0 2 ) μm ;差异均有统计学意义 (P <0 0 5 ) ;高阶主导像差均以 3阶为著 ,分别占 80 %和 83% ,并以C7为最高。瞳孔增大后 ,球差、彗差比率增加。在 6 5mm瞳孔直径时 ,不同类型的高阶主导像差对BSCVA无影响 (P >0 0 5 )。高阶像差的RMS值与BSCVA呈负相关 (P <0 0 5 )。不同屈光度组高阶像差差异无统计学意义 (P >0 0 5 )。在 6 5mm瞳孔直径时 ,高度散光组的RMS4、RMS6高 ,而在 4 0mm瞳孔直径时 ,高度及低度散光组的RMS3、RMSh高于无散光组 (P <0 0 5 )。性别对高阶像差无影响 (P >0 0 5 )。     

眼高阶像差评价分析

目的 :评价眼高阶像差的分布状况、影响因素及临床意义。方法 :利用基于Tscherning像差原理的Allegrettowaveanalyzer对 78例 ( 14 8眼 )要行LASIK治疗病人进行像差测量 ,其近视等效球镜为 -1 75D～ -10 0 0D ,年龄 19～ 3 6岁。比较眼在 4mm和 7mm瞳孔直径下眼高阶像差的分布及LASIK手术对眼高阶像差的影响。结果 :14 8眼近视者眼高阶像差 (即第三、四、五、六阶像差 )在 7mm瞳孔直径下的均方根值分别为 :RMS3 0 17± 0 0 7、RMS40 14± 0 14、RMS5 0 0 7± 0 0 5、RMS60 0 6± 0 0 6总的眼高阶像差RMSh为 0 2 6± 0 15 ,分别比 4mm瞳孔直径下增加97%、 194%、 110 %和 10 9% ,差别有统计学意义 (P <0 0 1) ;Lasik术后 1个月复查眼高阶像差均有不同程度增加 (从 5 3 %～88% ) ,其中第五阶像差增加最大 ,这会影响术后早期特别是低照明条件下的视力质量。结论 :在正常条件下 (瞳孔直径在 2 5～ 4mm) ,眼高阶像差处于一个低水平 ,随着瞳孔增大 (≥ 7mm )眼高阶像差尤其是球差、慧差成倍增加 ,屈光手术后也有类似情况 ,这将影响眼视觉质量     

近视患者眼高阶像差分析

目的了解近视患者眼高阶像差的分布规律,观察近视度数及年龄对高阶像差的影响。方法使用德国Alle-gretto波前像差仪,随机收集LASIK手术治疗前186眼扩瞳后的波前像差结果,根据近视度数高低和年龄分别分组进行对比研究分析。结果人群整体高阶像差从慧差(R3)至2次球差(R6)依次递减,以慧差(R3)和球差(R4)为最普遍的高阶像差,其他高阶像差近似为0。左、右眼高阶像差分布差别无统计学意义(P>0.05)。低中度近视组和高度近视组的高阶像差差别有统计学意义(P<0.05),主要表现为球差和2次慧差。青年组和中年组高阶像差分别无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论(1)近视患者群体眼高阶像差以慧差和球差为主,但无年龄、眼别差异;(2)高度近视眼的球差和2次慧差比低中度近视眼大。     

暗适应下近视患者眼高阶像差分析

目的了解暗适应下近视患者眼球高阶像差的分布,并探讨瞳孔大小(pupillarydiameter,PD)、屈光度、年龄和性别对高阶像差的影响。方法在暗室内,采用Visx公司的WaveScan波前像差仪对LASIK术前189例(338眼)近视患者进行检查,分别提取PD分别为5.0mm、5.5mm及6.0mm时的高阶像差均方根(rootmeansquare,RMS)值及各项Zernike系数,根据PD、屈光度、年龄及性别进行分组比较研究。结果在暗适应瞳孔自然散大状况下,总高阶像差的RMS值为(0.234±0.093)μm,范围为0.05~0.63μm,从3阶至6阶呈递减趋势,各项像差中以3阶慧差、3阶散光及4阶球差的RMS值最显著。高阶像差随着瞳孔和屈光度的增大而相应增大,总高阶像差的RMS值(RMSh)与PD及等效球镜(sphericalequivalent,SE)关系的回归方程为RMSh=-0.250 0.098PD 0.007SE。结论暗适应下,高阶像差具有较大的个体差异,其RMS值从3阶至6阶呈递减趋势,其中以3阶慧差、3阶散光及4阶球差的RMS值最显著。高阶像差随着瞳孔及屈光度的增加而相应增大,且瞳孔大小较屈光度的影响更大。3阶慧差及3阶散光随着年龄的增加而增加。     

中青年近视眼高阶像差分析

目的了解中青年近视患者眼高阶像差的分布规律，观察近视度数及年龄对高阶像差的影响。方法使用德国Allegretto波前像差仪，随机收集LASIK手术治疗前186只眼扩瞳后的波前像差结果。根据近视度数高低和年龄分别分组进行对比研究分析。结果人群整体高阶像差从慧差(R3)至二次球差(R6)依次递减，以慧差(R3)和球差(R4)为最普遍的高阶像差，其他高阶像差近似为0，左、右眼高阶像差分布差异无显著意义。低中度近视组和高度近视组的高阶像差差异有显著意义，主要为球差和二次慧差(R5)。青年组和中年组高阶像差分布差异无显著意义。结论大瞳孔下，中青年近视人群的高阶像差以慧差和球差为主，无年龄、眼别差异。高度近视有着更多的球差和二次慧差。对于个体化切削有指导意义。     

近视散光患者眼球高阶像差的研究

目的了解国人近视散光患者眼球高阶像差的分布、瞳孔直径、近视、散光度数对高阶像差的影响。方法使用依据Tscherning原理设计的Allegretto Wave波前像差仪,对147只眼准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术(LASIK)前的近视散光情况进行检查,分别提取当瞳孔直径为4．0、4．5、5．0、5．0、5．5、6．0、6．5及7．0mm时高阶像差的均方根(RMS)值,根据近视和散光的度数高低分组对比研究分析。结果同一只眼内从3阶到6阶像差的RMS值呈递减趋势;同阶像差内最大值与最小值相差6．1至36．6倍;随着瞳孔的增大,高阶像差相应增加,尤其以3阶的彗差和4阶的球差增速快。当瞳孔小时近视度数只影响次级球差(第6级),随着瞳孔增大,近视度数既增加次级球差,也增加球差(第4级),当瞳孔直径≥5．0mm时,次级彗差(第五级)也增加,但在任何瞳孔直径下,近视度数对彗差无明显影响。散光度数对高阶像差的影响：当瞳孔直径≥6．5mm时,散光度数即使第3级彗差增加,也使第5阶的次级彗差增加,但在任何瞳孔直径下,散光度数对球差无明显影响。结论高阶像差在个体中存在较大差异,瞳孔直径、近视和散光程度对高阶像差有明显的影响。     

LASIK术前近视眼患者的波前像差结果分析

目的分析近视眼患者的波前像差结果特征及其对视觉质量的影响,为筛选适宜进行个体化切削Lasik手术的病例提供客观依据.方法对57例99眼来我中心预行Lasik手术的近视散光患者做术前常规检查并用波前像差分析仪对其行波前像差的检测和分析.结果57例患者年龄27.20±5.86岁;球镜度数-5.21±1.45D;散光度数-0.54±0.49D;RMS1～RMS6均值为0.2497±0.1551;3.3550±0.9297;0.1581±0.0667;0.0988±0.0409;0.0527±0.0237;0.0407±0.0211;RMSg3.3754±0.9273;RMSh0.2016±0.0723;Zemike系数变异较大,除C2、C4、C5、C6、C8、C12、C14距0值偏移较大(P＜0.01)之外,其余均在0值附近.高阶像差图形以三叶草形居多,占54.5%(54眼),环形占16.2%(16眼),两叶形占16.2%(16眼),不规则形占8.1%(8眼),四叶草形占5.1%(5眼).RMS4、C7、C12与年龄相关,RMS2、RMSg、C4与球镜度数相关,C5与散光度数有关.结论近视散光眼中高阶像差以慧差、球差为主,其中慧差大于球差,慧差大者图形多为正向或反向三叶草形、二叶形,球差大者多为环形或反向三叶草形、四叶草形.以波前像差仪引导的个体化切削Lasik有望同时消除人眼的低、高阶像差,在矫正视力的同时提高视觉质量.     

准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术后眼高阶像差的改变

目的观察使用具小光斑飞点扫描伴主动眼球跟踪系统的激光机行准分子激光原位角膜磨镶术(LASIK)后近视眼高阶像差的变化,同时观察LASIK手术前后不同瞳孔直径下近视眼高阶像差的改变。方法47眼于LASIK术前、术后1m散瞳后用基于Tscherning原理的波阵面像差仪进行测量,分别记录4mm及7mm瞳孔直径下Zernike系数和均方根值,并进行统计学分析。结果1.LASIK术前低阶像差占优势。2.LASIK术后高阶像差显著增加。3.在4mm及7mm瞳孔直径下,LASIK术后各高阶像差及总高阶像差的RMS均较术前增加,其中以四阶球差为主。4.术后代表三阶垂直慧差的Z7,三叶草慧差Z6、Z9及代表球差的Z12、Z24较术前增加。5.无论术前术后,7mm瞳孔直径下的高阶像差较4mm大,差异具有显著性。结论LASIK术后各项高阶像差均增大,以四阶球差为主;无论术前术后,7mm瞳孔直径下高阶像差均较4mm增加。     

非球面和球面人工晶状体植入术后高阶像差的比较

目的对比同一个体两眼分别植入非球面和球面人工晶状体(IOL)后高阶像差的差异。设计前瞻性、病例对照研究。研究对象33例(66眼)双眼老年性白内障患者。方法患者接受超声乳化白内障吸除术后,两眼分别植入球面(Canon Staar KS-3)和非球面(Canon Staar KS-3Ai)IOL。按照IOL设计的差异分成两组,球面组和非球面组,手术后3个月观察患者的视力、最佳矫正视力、IOL位置、屈光状态、高阶像差、瞳孔大小等指标。比较两组高阶像差的差异。主要指标视力、最佳矫正视力,IOL的居中性、屈光状态、瞳孔直径、3阶像差、4阶像差、4阶球差(Z40)、5阶像差及总高阶像差的均方根(RMS)。结果在瞳孔直径6mm时,非球面IOL组的4阶像差(0.193±0.098)μm、4阶球差(0.037±0.099)μm、总像差RMS(0.498±0.072)μm均低于球面IOL组(0.403±0.155)μm、(0.381±0.142)μm、(0.737±0.164)μm,而在瞳孔直径6mm时的3阶和5阶像差RMS,瞳孔直径5mm时总像差RMS两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。低对比度条件下,10例(30%)非球面组患者视物较球面组患者清晰。瞳孔6mm时,非球面组和球面组平均近视漂移分别是(-0.29±0.09)D和(-0.87±0.16)D,差异有统计学意义(P=0.033)。结论植入非球面IOL后,虽然可以明显降低4阶球差,但是两组间在术后视力和最佳矫正视力方面并没有统计学差异,高阶像差的差异主要表现夜间近视漂移的减少和瞳孔直径5mm以上时的低对比度视力的提高。     

泪膜破坏对不同近视人群波前像差的影响

目的 探讨泪膜破坏对于不同性别、年龄、屈光度的近视人群的波前像差检测结果的影响.方法 应用Schirmer原理设计的波前像差仪检测54例(108眼)近视患者在6 mm瞳孔下的波前像差,然后每名患者均以先右眼后左眼的顺序滴用0.4﹪的盐酸奥布卡因1次,每只眼分别于用药后10 s重复测量6 mm瞳孔下的波前像差,并根据屈光度、性别、年龄、散光度数进行分组比较用药前后波前像差的改变有否差异,结果均以均方根值(root mean square,RMS)来表示.结果 泪膜破坏后所有眼的高阶像差RMS均增加,其中,三阶散光、三阶彗差、总高阶像差和四阶、七阶像差RMS的用药前后比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).低中度近视组与高度近视组用药前后比较,三阶彗差、总高阶像差和四阶、六阶像差RMS增加值差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).散光组与无散光组比较,三阶彗差、三阶散光、总高阶像差和五阶像差RMS增加值差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).中年组与青年组比较,三阶彗差、三阶散光和七阶像差RMS增加值差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).男性组及女性组用药前后比较,高阶像差的增加值差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 泪膜破坏后高阶像差RMS值增加,在高度近视散光的中年近视人群中这种改变更加明显.(中国眼耳鼻喉科杂志,2007,7:359-361)     

Follow-up studies in pattern VECP in demyelinating diseases in children

Spectral sensitivity functions and the transient decrease of sensitivity to short wavelengths after the offset of yellow light (transient tritanopia) were measured by increment threshold techniques in patients suffering from hereditary macular degenerations. Color vision defects were determined by arrangement tests and the anomaloscope. Central areolar choroidal dystrophy was found to produce a mild protan defect and to reduce foveal spectral sensitivity throughout the visible spectrum by a factor of 100; it also abolishes transient tritanopia. Electroretinogram (ERG) was normal, electrooculogram (EOG) subnormal. Stargardt's disease, despite numerous fluorescent macular spots, does not abolish transient tritanopia nor does it reduce spectral sensitivity, although scotopic matches were performed on the Nagel anomaloscope. Only in severe, advanced cases was transient tritanopia reduced and spectral sensitivity found to follow the absorption spectrum of rods. Routine ERGs and EOGs were normal. Vitelliform macular degeneration, despite the ophthalmoscopically pronounced dystrophic macula, produced only very small changes in spectral sensitivity and transient tritanopia, although a widened matching range on the Nagel anomaloscope and electrophysiological abnormalities were found. Apparently damage of the retinal circuit which connects long and short wavelength-sensitive cones, caused by hereditary conditions, is different from that caused by retinotoxic drugs.     

p53 expression in pterygium in two climatic regions in Turkey

Purpose:

To assess accumulation of p53 protein in samples of primary pterygium from people living in two different climatic regions in Turkey.

Materials and Methods:

Group 1 included 101 pterygium specimens from people in Adana located in southern Turkey. Group 2 included 39 pterygium specimens from people in Ankara, located in the middle of Turkey. Climatic conditions throughout the year are sunnier and warmer in Adana than they are in Ankara. The control group (Group 3) included 30 specimens of conjunctiva that had been excised during cataract surgery from 30 patients without pterygium. The pterygial specimens and control conjunctiva were studied by immunohistochemistry using antibodies against p53 protein. Pearson''s chi-square test was used to compare the p53 immunoreactivity.

Results:

The p53 immunoreactivity in Groups 1 and 2 was greater than it was in the control group (P<0.001). There were no differences in p53 immunoreactivity between Groups 1 and 2 (P= 0.060).

Conclusion:

The p53 immunoreactivity was not correlated with ultraviolet irradiation exposure. The p53 immunoreactivity in our pterygium specimens suggests that pterygium could be a result of uncontrolled cell proliferation.     

Changes in Bruch's membrane in experimental hypercholesteremia in rats

PURPOSE: We investigated the effect of high cholesterol diet for the aging changes in Bruch's membrane of rats. METHODS: After feeding a 4% cholesterol diet for 15 weeks to three young rats 3 months old and four aged rats 23 months old, we observed the morphological changes of Bruch's membrane by electron microscopy, and made a comparison with rats fed an ordinary diet. RESULTS: In one young rat fed a high-cholesterol diet, the endothelial basement membrane of the choriocapillaris formed multiple folds separated from the plasma membrane of the endothelium and showed lamellar thickening and crack in some areas. The elastic fiber layer in Bruch's membrane disappeared partly and some new microfibrils appeared. In one aged rat fed a high-cholesterol diet, the endothelial basement membrane of the choriocapillaris showed more lamellar thickening with lumps in some parts. Compared with rats fed an ordinary diet, rats fed a high-cholesterol diet showed thickening of the basement membrane and the changes were more severe. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicated that high-cholesterol diet might promote age-related changes of Bruch's membrane.     

Trends in Patterns of Anterior Uveitis in a Tertiary Institution in Singapore

Purpose: To report the trends in etiology of patients with anterior uveitis (AU) in Singapore over 6 years.

Methods: A retrospective review of the clinical records of all new patients who presented with anterior uveitis to the uveitis subspecialty clinic from 2005 to 2010 at Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore.

Results: There were 552 new cases of AU. This comprised 59.5% of a total of 928 new patients diagnosed with uveitis from 2005 to 2010. The mean age was 48.0?±?17.2 years. There was a male predominance (62.5%), with a male:female ratio of 1.7:1. The majority were of Chinese ethnicity (69%), followed by Malays (13.2%). Most cases were unilateral (79.5%) and idiopathic (50.4%). Common etiological causes included Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis (FHI) (5.6%), ankylosing spondylitis (AS)-related AU (5.1%), herpes simplex virus (HSV) (4.7%), and herpes zoster virus (HZV) (4.5%). There were increasing trends in AS-related AU from 3.2% in 2008 to 6.5% in 2010, and psoriasis-associated AU from 1.7% in 2005 to 4.0% in 2008. There were decreasing trends in the incidence of FHI from 10.6% in 2006 to 4.7% in 2009. No change in incidence of viral etiologies was noted, but cytomegalovirus-related immune-recovery uveitis (IRU) comprised 7.4%. IRU showed an increasing trend from 1.7% in 2005 to 11.9% in 2007, then decreased to 3.3% in 2010. Using the Pearson chi-square test, there was no statistically significant association between ethnicities (Chinese, Malay, Indian) comparing infectious and noninfectious cases (p?=?0.788), idiopathic and nonidiopathic cases (p?=?0.170), or between the various etiologies of uveitis (p?=?0.168).

Conclusions: AU was the predominant form of uveitis seen at our centers. Infectious etiologies (18.5%) are the most common among nonidiopathic cases, with herpes viruses (9.2%) being most prevalent. Despite increased use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the detection of microbial and viral DNA, there was no overall increase in detection of infectious causes for uveitis. The changes in CMV-related immune recovery uveitis from 2005 to 2010 could reflect a change in HIV management in Singapore.     

Orthokeratology practice in children in a university clinic in Hong Kong*

Purposes: The aim of this study was to analyse clinical data of children undergoing orthokeratology (ortho‐k) and to investigate patients’/parents’ perspective on ortho‐k via telephone interviews. Methods: Clinical records of children undergoing ortho‐k from a university optometry clinic were reviewed and the effects of ortho‐k on refraction, vision and cornea were investigated. A telephone interview was conducted to solicit patients’/parents’ perspective of the treatment. Results: One hundred and eight files were reviewed. Median age of the children was nine years (range six to 15); mean (±SD) pre‐treatment refractive sphere was ‐3.56 ± 1.49 D and the median refractive cylinder was ‐0.50 D (range zero to ‐4.25 D). Significant refractive spherical reduction (58 per cent), improvement in unaided vision and corneal topographical changes were noted after only one night of wear. No significant change in astigmatism was found. Corneal staining was the most commonly observed complication with ortho‐k and more than 80 per cent of patients were advised to apply ocular lubricants to loosen the lens before lens removal. Ortho‐k was mainly undertaken for myopic control and about 90 per cent of the respondents reported good/very good unaided vision after ortho‐k and ranked the treatment as satisfactory or very good. Lens binding and ocular discharge were the most frequently reported problems during the treatment. Conclusion: Under close monitoring, overnight ortho‐k is effective and safe for reducing low to moderate myopia and the treatment is well accepted by the children.     

内毒素诱导的大鼠葡萄膜炎的巨噬细胞中Toll样受体4的表达

目的 探讨在内毒素诱导的Wistar大鼠葡萄膜炎中Toll样受体4(TLR4)阳性细胞与虹膜组织中巨噬细胞的动态变化和分布.方法 实验研究.Wistar大鼠50只,用随机数字法随机分为5组,每组10只,分别为正常对照(0 h)组、6 h组、12 h组、24 h组及48 h组.除0 h组外其余各组均足垫部注射霍乱弧菌内毒素200μg,注射后于裂隙灯显微镜下观察双眼前节炎症反应变化.按实验分组于0、6、12、24、48 h处死大鼠.取虹膜一睫状体及脉络膜组织.通过葡萄膜铺片免疫组织化学方法检测TLR4和巨噬细胞的标记CD163的表达.人工计数虹膜中TLR4~+与CD163~+的细胞并计算细胞密度,计算圆形和多形性的CD163~+细胞占所有CD163~+细胞的百分比.进一步采用免疫荧光双标记检测TLR4和CD163共表达的情况.通过单因素方差分析分别对大鼠虹膜内阳性细胞密度以及圆形、多形性CD163~+细胞的百分比进行统计学检验.结果 正常大鼠虹膜睫状体组织不表达TLR4.6 h组有2只大鼠虹膜内可见少量TLR4~+细胞,12～48 h组所有大鼠虹膜内TLR4~+细胞明显增多(F=167.2,P＜0.001),虹膜内TLR4~+细胞密度分别为(506.1±39.5)个/mm~2(12 h组)、(492.3±54.5)个/mm~2(24 h组)及(663.8±150.2)个/mm~2 (48 h组).在注射LPS后12～48 h期间TLR4~+细胞形态无明显变化.0～48 h组大鼠虹膜内均有CD163~+细胞,0 h组圆形和多形性CD163~+细胞百分比为13%,12～48 h组其百分比约为80%,且圆形细胞主要位于虹膜基质层.免疫荧光双标记可见TLR4和CD163的共表达,TLR4位于细胞膜,CD163位于细胞质.5组大鼠脉络膜内均未见TLR4表达.结论 内毒素诱导的大鼠葡萄膜炎中虹膜内TLR4表达增高,部分虹膜固有巨噬细胞表达TLR4.TLR4可能在葡萄膜炎的发生发展中起一定作用.     

弱视眼底光学相干断层扫描的研究进展

弱视是由于视觉发育关键期内各种异常的视觉经验导致单眼或双眼最佳矫正远视力低于正常同龄儿童,而眼部无明显器质性病变。目前普遍观点认为,弱视的发病机理主要源于视皮层。近年来,光学相干断层扫描（OCT）作为一种先进的活体成像技术,促进了对视网膜形态结构的大量研究,同时也被应用到弱视的研究领域。陆续有不同的研究人员利用OCT发现弱视患者眼底视网膜、脉络膜等眼部结构存在改变。笔者将对弱视眼底OCT的研究进展做一综述。     

实验性糖尿病视网膜微血管病变的病理研究

目的：观察糖尿病视网膜病变（diabetic retinopathy,DR）的组织学改变。方法：应用光镜、免疫组织化学、电镜及组织化学电镜等技术,研究在不同时间点Spregue-Dawley(SD)大鼠视网膜毛细血管基底膜中的Ⅳ型胶原蛋白及层黏蛋白和视网膜毛细胞血管基底膜的厚度,以及其负电荷位点数目的变化。结果：随着糖尿病病程的发展,视网膜毛细血管基底膜下不断增厚伴有Ⅳ型胶原蛋白及层黏蛋白的增加,同时负电荷位点数目减少。结论：视网膜毛细血管基底膜增厚,Ⅳ型胶原蛋白及层黏蛋白的增加,负电荷位点数目减少可能是导致DR渗出性病变的病理基础。