冻存对脐血树突状细胞介导的食管癌疫苗的影响

目的:观察低温冻存对人脐血DC与EC109食管癌细胞融合疫苗生物学特性及CTL活性的影响。方法:应用免疫磁珠标记法分选人脐血CD34 干细胞,细胞因子扩增培养为成熟DC,聚二乙醇(PEG)融合法制备EC109-DC融合疫苗,-80℃低温冰箱冻存,3周后复苏,计算疫苗回收率及存活率。倒置相差显微镜观察冻存后疫苗的细胞形态,流式细胞术分析疫苗及疫苗活化后T淋巴细胞的表型,MTT法检测疫苗特异的CTL活性。结果:冻存后疫苗存活率及回收率分别为(77·2±1·8)%、(61·8±1·4)%。冻存对疫苗细胞形态及表型无明显影响。冻存疫苗和未冻存疫苗活化后T淋巴细胞,CD3 T/CD4 T及CD3 T/CD8 T均较活化前明显增加,P=0·002;CD4 T/CD8 T由活化前的0·85分别增加至1·25和1·29,疫苗冻存与否对T细胞活化能力无明显差别,P=0·052。疫苗特异的CTL活性未受冻存明显影响,其杀伤率与未冻存疫苗组相比差异无统计学意义,P=0·667。结论:-80℃低温冰箱短期冻存对EC109-DC融合疫苗生物学特性及特异的CTL活性无明显影响,可望为EC109-DC疫苗的开发应用提供简单可行的保存方法。     

脐血树突状细胞介导的食管癌瘤苗体内抗癌效应

背景与目的:用杂交瘤技术制备脐血树突状细胞(DC)和食管癌细胞的融合瘤苗,探讨其在体内诱导抗肿瘤效应.材料与方法:分离脐血CD34+干细胞诱导扩增为成熟DC,与EC109细胞经聚乙二醇(PEG)法融合;免疫磁珠法筛选EC109-DC,鉴定瘤苗表型和致瘤性;观察该瘤苗的体内成瘤性、保护性免疫反应和免疫治疗效果.结果:融合瘤苗可体外生长,并高表达CD80、CD83、CD86和叶酸受体(FR);瘤苗接种小鼠体内未见肿瘤形成;经瘤苗免疫的小鼠,肿瘤生长的潜伏期较对照组明显延长(P＜0.05),肿瘤的大小和肿瘤重量均明显小于对照组(P＜0.05).用融合瘤苗治疗的荷瘤小鼠,肿瘤的大小和重量也均明显小于对照组(P＜0.05).结论:融合瘤苗EC109-DC同时表达EC109和DC特异性抗原,无体内致瘤性,对EC109细胞的攻击有明显的抵抗作用,对治疗荷瘤小鼠有一定的作用.     

脐血、健康人及慢粒患者外周血来源的DC介导的抗白血病免疫效应研究

目的：观察脐血、健康人及慢性柱细胞性白血病(CML)患者外周血3种不同来源的树突状细胞(DC)及其抗白血病效应。方法：分离3种来源的单个核细胞(MNC)并在细胞因子(GM-CSF IL-4 TNF-α)作用下诱导培养DC。观察DC形态，流式细胞技术检测DC免疫表型(CD1α、CD80、CD83、HLA-DR)；将所得DC经CML细胞可溶性抗原负载后和其同源T细胞混合诱导抗原特异性CTL，MTT法检测其杀伤活性。结果：3种来源MNC在细胞因子作用下均可获得形态典型的DC，且高表达CD1α、CD80、CD83、HLA-DR，经抗原负载后的DC诱导的CTL对CML靶细胞的杀伤活性也较强。结论：脐血、健康人及CML患者外周血均为理想的DC来源；有较好的诱导CTL杀伤白血病细胞效应；应用DC瘤苗免疫治疗白血病必将成为一种崭新的肿瘤免疫治疗方法，有十分诱人的发展前景。     

冻融人树突状细胞基因疫苗体外抗肿瘤免疫效应

目的：观察人外周血和人脐血来源的冻融树突状细胞（dendritic cell,DC）基因疫苗的形态、表型及体外诱导的CTL抗肿瘤活性。方法：细胞因子扩增人外周血和脐血DC,分别将EBV-LMP2、HPV16E6基因转染2种来源的冻融DC制备疫苗。动态形态学观察和流式细胞术检测疫苗表面分子表达,体外诱导并测定CTL活性。结果：人外周血和脐血冻融DC疫苗均高表达CD80、CD86和CD83,低表达CD14,高表达CD1a,体外均能诱导高效的CTL活性（P=0.001）,并与新鲜DC疫苗差异无统计学意义,P=0.138。结论：负载肿瘤相关病毒抗原基因的冻融DC疫苗保持了功能成熟DC的形态特征,且能诱导高效的特异性抗肿瘤免疫应答。     

树突细胞-食管癌融合细胞体外诱导特异性抗食管癌免疫反应

背景与目的:树突细胞(dendritic cells,DC)是人体专职的抗原呈递细胞,以DC为基础的DC/肿瘤细胞融合疫苗可以有效地诱导特异性抗肿瘤免疫应答.本研究旨在探讨成熟的DC与人食管癌细胞株ECl09细胞融合疫苗体外诱导特异性抗食管癌细胞的免疫反应.方法:从健康志愿者外周血中分离出单个核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cells,PBMC),在重组人粒/巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor,rhGM-CSF)和白介素(interleukin-4,IL-4)作用下体外诱导DC,采用聚乙二醇(polyethylene glyco1,PEG)融合法使DC与EC109细胞融合制备DC/EC109细胞融合疫苗,四甲基偶氮唑盐(MTT)实验检测融合疫苗刺激T淋巴细胞增殖的活性,乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)实验检测融合疫苗活化的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL)在体外特异性杀伤EC109细胞的活性,并与对人胃癌细胞株SGC7901及人乳腺癌细胞株MCF7的杀伤作用进行比较.结果:DC与EC109细胞的融合效率最高达到22.25%.DC/EC109细胞融合疫苗能有效地刺激T淋巴细胞的增殖反应,其刺激T淋巴细胞增殖的能力显著高于DC或EC109细胞(P＜0.05).DC/EC109细胞融合疫苗活化的CTL对EC109细胞具有特异性的杀伤作用,对EC109细胞的杀伤作用显著强于对SGC7901细胞及MCF7细胞的杀伤作用(P＜0.05).结论:DC/EC109细胞融合疫苗能有效诱导抗EC109细胞的特异性免疫应答.     

卵巢癌细胞和脐血树突状细胞融合瘤苗抗肿瘤免疫效应的初步研究

目的：将脐血来源的树突状细胞（DC）与人卵巢癌细胞株SKOV3细胞相融合，获得SKOV3/DC融合细胞，分析其生物学特性及体外诱导抗卵巢癌肿瘤免疫的能力.方法：1）将用PKH26红色荧光染料标记脐血来源的DC后，聚乙二醇法（PEG）融合DC与人卵巢癌细胞株SKOV3细胞，流式细胞仪分选融合细胞.2）应用细胞培养技术、流式细胞术及光学显微镜检测SKOV3/DC的生长特性和形态学特征 四甲基偶氮唑蓝（MTT）法观察融合细胞体外刺激混合淋巴细胞反应的能力及诱导特异性肿瘤免疫的能力.结果：1）DC和SKOV3按10∶1比例融合，融合率约为8.5%.融合细胞可在体外缓慢增殖，CA125抗原及CD1a、CD80、CD86、HLA-DR、MHC-Ⅰ分子表达阳性.2）SKOV3/DC在体外能有效的激发混合淋巴细胞增殖反应，可明显激活细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（CTL），对卵巢癌细胞株SKOV3有特异性杀伤效应.结论：利用PEG法制备的SKOV3/DC融合细胞兼具两种亲本细胞的部分特性，在体外能够诱导特异性抗肿瘤免疫.本研究将SKOV3/DC作为肿瘤疫苗，为其在卵巢癌主动免疫治疗研究中的进一步应用打下了基础.     

人脐血树突状细胞抗神经胶质瘤的体外免疫效应研究

目的　研究肿瘤抗原致敏的树突状细胞 (DC)对神经胶质瘤细胞的免疫杀伤效应。方法　应用免疫磁珠分选脐血 CD34细胞 ,经 SCF FL3 GM- CSF IL- 4 TNF- α的联合诱导培养 DC,采用相差显微镜观察树突状细胞的形态 ;流式细胞仪作 DC的表面标志检测 ;MTT比色法测定同种异型的混合淋巴细胞反应能力和诱导CTL 毒性的检测。结果　 (1)脐血 CD34细胞在体外经细胞因子联合刺激后呈典型的 DC形态 ;(2 )流式检测 CD4 0、CD80和 CD86等成熟 DC特异性表面标志呈高表达 ,分别与诱导前比较 ,差异均有显著性 ;(3) MTT法测得脐血来源的 DC较外周血 DC刺激同种异体 T淋巴细胞增殖能力弱 ;经肿瘤抗原负载的 DC体外诱导出较强 CTL 毒性。结论　脐血 CD34细胞经体外扩增诱导的 DC具有典型的 CTL 毒性 ,为临床应用脐血来源 DC抗神经胶质瘤的生物治疗提供了理论依据     

肝癌树突状细胞瘤苗诱导抗肿瘤作用的研究

目的：研究负载肝癌抗原的肝癌树突状细胞（dendritic cell,DC）瘤苗诱导的抗肿瘤作用。方法：于体外用rhGM-CSF和rhIL-4从肝癌患者外周血诱导DC,并用肝癌细胞抗原冲击致敏,制成负载肝癌抗原的肝癌DC瘤苗。肝癌DC瘤苗活化自体T淋巴细胞分化为细胞毒性T淋巴细胞（cytotoxic of T-lymphocytes,CTL）,采用流式细胞术检测CTL分型;乳酸脱氢酸（LDH）4 h释放法检测CTL对肝癌细胞的特异性杀伤作用。MTT法检测肝癌DC瘤苗及其活化CTL培养上清对肿瘤细胞的抑制作用;ELISA法检测肝癌DC瘤苗活化的CTL培养上清中IL-12、IFN-γ和TNF-α水平。结果：经肝癌DC瘤苗活化后的T淋巴细胞群中,CD56^＋细胞数量显著减少,CD4^＋T和CD8^＋T细胞数量增加,其中以CD8^＋T细胞增加较明显;细胞毒实验显示,该CTL对自体肝癌细胞具有较强的杀伤作用,而对与致敏DC的肝癌抗原无关的CT26结肠腺癌细胞无明显杀伤作用;单纯肝癌DC瘤苗或其激活的CTL培养上清也表现出较强的抑瘤作用,而且这种抑瘤作用具有广谱性,可抑制多种肿瘤细胞的生长;在CTL培养上清中可检测到IL-12、TNF-α和IFN-γ的含量。结论：肝癌DC瘤苗不仅诱导了对肝癌细胞的特异性CTL杀伤作用,而且可激活CD4^＋T和CD8^＋T细胞分泌IL-12、TNF-α和IFN-γ等细胞因子,以非杀伤方式直接或间接地抑制肿瘤细胞生长,发挥非特异性的抗肿瘤作用。     

脐血来源树突状细胞体外诱导抗卵巢癌免疫特异性

[目的]研究脐血来源树突状细胞(DC)体外诱导特异性抗卵巢癌细胞的免疫效应.[方法]①从脐血中分离单个核细胞(MNCs)后,获得单核细胞(Mo).粒单集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)和白介素4(IL-4)诱导分化,培养7天后应用流式细胞仪进行细胞表型分析.②诱导单核细胞分化的第3天加入人卵巢癌细胞株3AO的冻融抗原,共培养4天后获得负载肿瘤抗原的成熟DC;将致敏DC与从脐血中分离的同种异体T淋巴细胞共培养3天,获得细胞毒T淋巴细胞(CTL);四甲基偶氮唑蓝(MTT)法检测CTL及上清对人卵巢癌细胞株3AO、人胚肾细胞株293T(对照细胞)、人肝癌细胞株HCCC-9810的细胞毒作用.[结果]①脐血来源单核细胞(Mo)在GM-CSF和IL-4作用下,7天后可分化生成成熟的DC,高表达DC特异性抗原CDla、CD80(B7-1)、CD86(B7-2)、HLA-DR、CD83.②DC可负载并递呈肿瘤抗原,激活同种异体T淋巴细胞,诱导肿瘤特异性CTL产生.不同浓度CTL及上清对卵巢癌细胞3AO有特异性杀伤、抑制作用(P＜0.05).[结论]脐血中单核细胞可体外分化扩增为成熟的功能性DC,并诱导出特异性杀伤卵巢癌细胞的免疫效应.     

5-Aza-CdR 联合EBNA1-DC 疫苗诱导的淋巴细胞对鼻咽癌C666-1细胞的杀伤作用

目的：探讨EB病毒核抗原1（EBNA1） mRNA修饰的DC（EBNA1-DC）诱导的淋巴细胞联合甲基化抑制剂5-Aza-CdR对鼻咽癌C666-1细胞的杀伤作用。方法：以构建的EBNA1-pCDNA3.1质粒为模板,体外转录获得EBNA1 mRNA,通过脂质体转染至健康人外周血来源DC,构建EBNA1-DC疫苗。流式细胞术检测转染后DC表型及5-Aza-CdR 处理后的C666-1 细胞凋亡情况。实时无标记动态细胞分析技术检测EBNA1-DC 疫苗诱导的淋巴细胞联合5-Aza-CdR 的特异性抗肿瘤活性。结果：转染EBNA1 mRNA 后EBNA1-DC 表面EBNA1 阳性率为（59.3±5.85）%,HLA-DR 的表达与未转染DC 相比显著升高[（84.9±5.5）% vs（68.0±5.8）%,P=0.026],CD80 的表达也显著升高[（88.2±3.9）% vs （61.1±4.4）%,P=0.015]。低剂量5-Aza-CdR 处理后的C666-1细胞凋亡情况与未处理的细胞相比无显著差异。经低浓度5-Aza-CdR 预处理的C666-1细胞中IRF7基因表达与未处理的细胞相比显著升高（P=0.000 1）。与空载的DC相比,EBNA1-DC诱导的淋巴细胞对EBV 阳性表达的C666-1细胞具有更强的特异性杀伤活性（P=0.049）;经低浓度5-Aza-CdR 预处理的C666-1 细胞对EBNA1-DC 诱导的特异性免疫杀伤更敏感（P=0.019）。结论：5-Aza-CdR 与EBNA1-DC疫苗联合可显著增强对C666-1细胞的特异性免疫杀伤,本研究为开拓以mRNA为基础的DC疫苗及其在临床综合治疗中的应用转化提供前期研究基础。     

桥接整合因子1通过AKT-mTOR通路诱导非小细胞肺癌H1975细胞周期阻滞

目的：研究桥接整合因子1（bridging intergrator 1,Bin1）基因过表达后对非小细胞肺癌细胞株H1975细胞周期的影响及其作用机制。方法：构建携带Bin1基因的CMV-MCS-GFP-SV40-Neomycin-Bin1质粒,并转染H1975细胞（Bin1+组）,另设置空白质粒转染组（Bin1-组）及空白对照组（Ctrl组）,利用RT-PCR和Western blotting分别检测3组细胞中Bin1在mRNA和蛋白质水平的表达情况。流式细胞术检测不同处理组H1975细胞周期的变化,Western boltting分别检测各组中AKT、mTOR磷酸化水平及细胞周期相关蛋白（周期蛋白D1、CDK4、Rb）的表达情况。结果：与Bin1-组、Ctrl组比较,Bin1+组H1975细胞中Bin1在mRNA、蛋白水平表达明显上调（均P<0.05）; H1975细胞阻滞在G1期\[（60.53±1.89）% vs（46.14±1.56）%、（47.33±2.07）%,均P<0.05\]; Bin1+组H1975细胞内p-AKT、p-mTOR表达下调（均P<0.05）,AKT、mTOR表达变化无统计学差异（P>0.05）;周期蛋白D1、CDK4的表达量均明显下调(P<0.05),Rb表达量明显增加（P<0.05）。结论：Bin1基因在H1975细胞株过表达后明显诱导细胞周期阻滞,其机制可能是通过抑制AKT-mTOR通路及其细胞周期相关蛋白实现的。     

Radiation sensitivity of merkel cell carcinoma cell lines

: Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), being a small cell carcinoma, would be expected to be sensitive to radiation. Clinical analysis of patients at our center, especially those with macroscopic disease, would suggest the response is quite variable. We have recently established a number of MCC cell lines from patients prior to radiotherapy, and for the first time are in a position to determine their sensitivity under controlled conditions.     

Mechanisms of kaposis-sarcoma cell supernatant-induced vascular cell invasion

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a highly angiogenic lesion frequently associated with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Histologically the lesions appear to contain proliferative 'spindle shaped' cells with a mixed smooth muscle-endothelial-fibroblastic histotype and a conspicuous neovascularization, derived from host cell recruitment. Media conditioned by cultured KS cells (KS-CM) have angiogenic properties. KS-CM is able to promote endothelial and smooth muscle cell migration and invasion. The mechanisms of this KS-CM activity are still unknown. We hypothesize that KS-CM contains numerous factors with different roles in inducing the neo angiogenic process. We show that AIDS-IST-KS cell supernatants induce gelatinase A production and plasminogen activator (PA) up-regulation in vascular cells. KS-CM activity in vivo is heparin dependent. Also bFGF alone, a heparin dependent factor, alone can induce endothelial and smooth muscle cell invasion, MMP-2 production and PA activity. However, antibodies to bFGF do not block KS-CM activity and do not reduce the effect on PA up-regulation. This evidence suggests that heparin-binding factors other than bFGF may be present. Chromatography of KS-CM on heparin-sepharose demonstrates the presence of two heparin-binding fractions with chemotactic and gelatinase A inducing activity. The flow through was also active. KS-CM absorption on heparin-sepharose beads did not modify its induction of PA activity, further evidence for the presence of non heparin-binding factors as well.     

NDRG2 suppresses the proliferation of clear cell renal cell carcinoma cell A-498

Background

Recently, the anti-tumor activity of N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) was shown decreased expression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC), but the role of the down-expression of NDRG2 has not been described.

Methods

The NDRG2 recombinant adenovirus plasmid was constructed. The proliferation rate and NDRG2 expression of cell infected with recombinant plasmid were mesured by MTT, Flow cytometry analysis and western blot.

Results

The CCRCC cell A-498 re-expressed NDRG2 when infected by NDRG2 recombinant adenovirus and significantly decreased the proliferation rate. Fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis showed that 25.00% of cells expressed NDRG2 were in S-phase compared to 40.67% of control cells, whereas 62.08% of cells expressed NDRG2 were in G1-phase compared to 54.39% of control cells (P < 0.05). In addition, there were much more apoptotic cells in NDRG2-expressing cells than in the controls (P < 0.05). Moreover, upregulation of NDRG2 protein was associated with a reduction in cyclin D1, cyclin E, whereas cyclinD2, cyclinD3 and cdk2 were not affected examined by western blot. Furthermore, we found that p53 could upregulate NDRG2 expression in A-498 cell.

Conclusions

We found that NDRG2 can inhibit the proliferation of the renal carcinoma cells and induce arrest at G1 phase. p53 can up-regulate the expression of NDRG2. Our results showed that NDRG2 may function as a tumor suppressor in CCRCC.     

Inhibition of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase decreases cell mobility and cell proliferation through cell cycle arrest

S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase (AHCY) hydrolyzes S-adenosylhomocysteine to adenosine and l-homocysteine, and it is already known that inhibition of AHCY decreased cell proliferation by G2/M arrest in MCF7 cells. However, the previous study has not indicated what mechanism the cell cycle arrest is induced by. In this study, we aimed to investigate the different cell cycle mechanisms in both p53 wild-typed MCF7 and p53 mutant-typed MCF7-ADR by suppressing AHCY. We extensively proved that AHCY knockdown has an anti-proliferative effect by using the WST-1 assay, BrdU assay, and cell cytometry analysis and an anti-invasive, migration effect by wound-healing assay and trans-well analysis. Our study showed that down-regulation of AHCY effectively suppressed cell proliferation by regulating the MEK/ERK signaling pathway and through cell cycle arrests. The cell cycle arrest occurred at the G2/M checkpoint by inhibiting degradation of cyclinB1 and phosphorylation of CDC2 in MCF7 cells and at the G1 phase by inhibiting cyclinD1 and CDK6 in MCF7-ADR cells. Finally, we determined that AHCY regulates the expression of ATM kinase that phosphorylates p53 and affects to arrest of G2/M phase in MCF7 cells. The findings of this study significantly suggest that AHCY is an important regulator of cell proliferation through different mechanism in between MCF7 and MCF7-ADR cells as p53 status.     

Landscape of immune cell infiltration in clear cell renal cell carcinoma to aid immunotherapy

The tumor microenvironment, comprised of tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating immune cells, is closely associated with the clinical outcome of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) patients. However, the landscape of immune infiltration in ccRCC has not been fully elucidated. Herein, we applied multiple computational methods and various datasets to reveal the immune infiltrative landscape of ccRCC patients. The tumor immune infiltration (TII) levels of 525 ccRCC patients using a single-sample gene were examined and further categorized into immune infiltration subgroups. The TII score was characterized by distinct clinical traits and showed a significant divergence based on gender, grade, and stage. A high TII score was associated with the ERBB signaling pathway, the TGF-β signaling pathway, and the MTOR signaling pathway, as well as a better prognosis. Furthermore, patients with high TII scores exhibited greater sensitivity to pazopanib. The low TII score was characterized by a high immune infiltration level of CD8⁺ T cells, T follicular helper cells, and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Moreover, the immune check point genes, including CTLA-4, LAG3, PD-1, and IDO1, presented a high expression level in the low TII score group. Patients in the high TII score group demonstrated significant therapeutic advantages and clinical benefits. The findings in this study have the potential to assist in the strategic design of immunotherapeutic treatments for ccRCC.     

Characterisation of four merkel cell carcinoma adherent cell lines

We have previously described the establishment of a number of cell lines from Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), also known as small cell cancer of the skin or neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin. These cells, all of which grew as suspension cultures, were found to resemble small cell lung cancer (SCLC) lines types 1, 2 and 3 by their morphology and growth characteristics. We now report 4 more MCC cell lines which resemble the SCLC type 4 cell lines in that they grow as adherent monolayers. These MCC lines would belong to the variant subgroup as they no longer express most neuroendocrine markers, grow at low cell density and have population doubling times of 1–5 days in contrast to the MCC suspension lines which have doubling times of 6–12 days. MCC 14/1 and MCC 14/2 were established from the same metastatic node and would appear to represent 2 clones of the tumour which differ in morphology, histochemical markers and DNA content. We present details of the morphology, DNA content and immunohistochemistry of these 4 lines and com-pare their growth patterns with those of SCLC and MCC lines which grow in suspension. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.