The large-scale neural network for spatial attention displays multifunctional overlap but differential asymmetry

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to determine the brain regions activated by two types of covert visuospatial attentional shifts: one based on exogenous spatial priming and the other on foveally presented cues which endogenously regulated the direction of spatial expectancy. Activations were seen in the cortical and subcortical components of a previously characterized attentional network, namely, the frontal eye fields, posterior parietal cortex, the cingulate gyrus, the putamen, and the thalamus. Additional activations occurred in the anterior insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, temporo-occipital cortex in the middle and inferior temporal gyri, the supplementary motor area, and the cerebellum. Direct comparisons showed a nearly complete overlap in the location of activations resulting from the two tasks. However, the spatial priming task displayed a more pronounced rightward asymmetry of parietal activation, and a conjunction analysis showed that the area of posterior parietal cortex jointly activated by both tasks was more extensive in the right hemisphere. Furthermore, the posterior parietal and temporo-occipital activations were more pronounced in the task of endogenous attentional shifts. The results show that both exogenous (based on spatial priming) and endogenous (based on expectancy cueing) shifts of attention are subserved by a common network of cortical and subcortical regions. However, the differences between the two tasks, especially in the degree of rightward asymmetry, suggests that the pattern of activation within this network may show variations that reflect the specific attributes of the attentional task.     

Neural networks underlying endogenous and exogenous visual-spatial orienting

The orienting of visual-spatial attention is fundamental to most organisms and is controlled through external (exogenous) or internal (endogenous) processes. Exogenous orienting is considered to be reflexive and automatic, whereas endogenous orienting refers to the purposeful allocation of attentional resources to a predetermined location in space. Although behavioral, electrophysiological and lesion research in both primates and humans suggests that separate neural systems control these different modes of orienting, previous human neuroimaging studies have largely reported common neuronal substrates. Therefore, event-related FMRI (ER-FMRI) was used to independently examine different components of the orienting response including endogenous facilitation, exogenous facilitation and inhibition of return (IOR). In contrast to previous studies, endogenous versus exogenous facilitation resulted in widespread cortical activation including bilateral temporoparietal junction, bilateral superior temporal gyrus, right middle temporal gyrus, right frontal eye field and left intraparietal sulcus. Conversely, IOR compared to endogenous facilitation resulted in only a single focus of activation in the left superior temporal gyrus. These findings suggest that endogenous orienting activates a large cortical network to achieve internally generated shifts of attentional resources versus the automatic orienting that occurs with exogenous cues. However, similar networks may mediate endogenous orienting and IOR. The activation of the temporoparietal junction suggests that it is involved in more effortful processes, such as endogenous orienting, as well as in attentional reorienting and locating targets. Current results are discussed in terms of the functional development of the visual-spatial attentional system.     

Human brain activity related to the perception of spatial features of objects.

The role of the parietal cortex in visuospatial analysis of object was investigated by cerebral blood flow measurements in seven objects using positron emission tomography. Data were acquired while subjects performed a matching task requiring the discrimination of simultaneously presented objects based on one of their spatial properties. Three properties were studied separately during three scanning conditions repeated twice:surface orientation, principal axis orientation, and size. Scans were also obtained during a sensorimotor control task (similar visual stimulation, same motor action, voluntary saccades toward each object) as well as during rest (no stimulation, eyes closed). Compared to rest, the three property matching tasks showed the same pattern of activation: the whole occipital lobe, the right intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and the right occipitotemporal (OT) junction. Compared to the control condition, only right IPS and OT junction were significantly activated during discrimination of the spatial properties. The IPS focus was located between the superior parietal lobule and the angular gyrus, and the OT activation overlapped the posterior part of the inferior temporal gyrus and the middle occipital gyrus. These results indicate that discrimination of spatial attributes requires the activation of both the parietal and the temporal cortices of the right hemisphere and provide further evidence that the IPS plays a critical role in visuospatial analysis of objects.     

Isolation of saccade inhibition processes: rapid event-related fMRI of saccades and nogo trials

Previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have compared saccade trials and nogo trials, which required subjects to look at peripheral visual stimuli and to inhibit automatic saccades evoked by peripheral stimuli, respectively. These studies surprisingly reported no activation differences in cortical saccade regions between the two tasks, despite their opposite response requirements. Here, we re-examined this issue by comparing saccades and nogo trials using a rapid event-related fMRI design in which saccade trials were presented twice as frequently as nogo trials to make the saccade response more prepotent. We hypothesized that this should increase recruitment of response inhibition processes in the nogo task, thereby increasing fMRI activation on nogo trials. Saccade and nogo trials were presented in whole and half trial versions. Whereas whole trials included a trial type instruction followed by peripheral stimulus presentation and subject response, half trials included only the instruction component, allowing us to measure instruction-related activation separately from response-evoked signals for both saccades and nogo trials. Instruction-related activation was greater for nogo versus saccade trials in right frontal eye field, middle frontal gyrus, intraparietal sulcus, and precuneus, which we attribute to a mixture of preparatory and task switching processes. Response-related activation was greater for nogo trials in supplementary eye field, anterior cingulate cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, and right supramarginal gyrus, and we attribute these results to saccade inhibition and other processes associated with an increased requirement for inhibition of the automatic saccade in nogo trials.     

电针通里、悬钟穴对1例皮质下失语症患者语言功能和fMRI改变的作用

目的：通过对1例皮质下失语症患者针刺通里、悬钟前后的语言学评估，观察此穴位配伍的语言学疗效及探索语言功能的改善与皮质激活效应的关系和意义。方法：试验1：对1例皮质下失语症志愿者在针刺通里、悬钟前后用汉语标准失语症检查表进行语言学评价。试验2：分别电针左、右通里、悬钟，试验采用组块设计模式，静息阶段与刺激阶段交替；运用fMRI中的BOLD技术及SPM2软件分析方法来显示脑皮质功能区的激活情况。结果：电针左侧通里、悬钟后出现右侧颞上回、颞横回、额下回、岛叶、海马旁回、中央前后回、小脑扁桃体等部位的激活．电针右侧通里、悬钟后左侧颞上回、颞下回、海马旁回、角回、岛叶、顶上小叶、顶下小叶、中央后回等脑区出现激活：其中电针左侧的通里、悬钟后出现双侧颞叶的皮质激活效应。结论：针刺通里、悬钟可以激活脑语言功能区，从而证实针刺此组穴位可以改善失语症患者的语言功能。通过观察针刺单侧穴位后的侧别交叉激活和双侧皮质激活推测语言功能的双侧性。     

Functional specificity of superior parietal mediation of spatial shifting

Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) we determined how brain activity changes when an attended target shifts its location. In the main experiment, a white square could appear at 10 possible eccentricities along the horizontal meridian. It remained on the screen for a variable period of time and then changed location. At any time the stimulus could dim briefly. Subjects had to press a button when the stimulus dimmed. In order to perform this task attention had to be locked onto the target and shift with it. Half of the runs were performed overtly and half covertly. The event of interest consisted of the shift in the location of the attentional target. The state of maintained attention occurring in between the shifts constituted the baseline. The superior parietal gyrus was activated bilaterally in response to attentional shifts. No other area showed a significant response to shifting. On the left side the amplitude of the superior parietal response correlated positively with the distance of the shift. On the right side a significant correlation was present only for overt shifts. In a separate experiment we compared the maintaining of attention at a single spatial location to passive fixation: the frontal eye fields, anterior cingulate, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and inferior parietal lobule were significantly activated, indicating that the absence of a shift-related response in these areas in the main experiment was due to the fact that they were equally activated by maintaining and shifting attention. The response to spatial shifts and the correlation with the distance between the original and the new location points to a specific role of the superior parietal gyrus in shifting the locus of spatial attention.     

The encoding of saccadic eye movements within human posterior parietal cortex

Over the last few years, several functionally distinct subregions of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) have been shown to subserve oculomotor control. Since these areas seem to overlap with regions whose activation is related to attention, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare the cerebral activation pattern evoked by eye movements with different attentional loads, i.e., oscillatory saccades with different frequencies, as well as predictable, and unpredictable saccades. Our results show activation in largely overlapping networks with differing strength of activity and symmetry of involved areas. Predictable saccades having the shortest saccadic latency led to the most pronounced cerebral activity both in terms of cortical areas involved and signal intensity. Predictable and unpredictable saccades were dominated by activation within the right hemisphere, whereas oscillatory saccades showing the longest saccadic latency were dominated by activation within the left hemisphere. In all tasks, the centers of gravity of activation occurred within the posterior part of the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), while the predictable saccades additionally activated its anterior part. The enhanced activity during the execution of predictable saccades was probably related to top-down processing and/or the preparation of the upcoming eye movement. The hemispheric difference could arise from a predominant role of the right PPC for shifting spatial attention and the left PPC for shifting temporal attention. The differential encoding of saccadic eye movements within IPS indicates that the PPC splits up into different functional modules related to the particular demands of a saccade.     

Stimulus-response incompatibility activates cortex proximate to three eye fields

We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate cortical activation during the performance of three oculomotor tasks that impose increasing levels of cognitive demand. (1) In a visually guided saccade (VGS) task, subjects made saccades to flashed targets. (2) In a compatible task, subjects made leftward and rightward saccades in response to foveal presentation of the uppercase words "LEFT" or "RIGHT." (3) In a mixed task, subjects made rightward saccades in response to the lowercase word "left" and leftward saccades in response to the lowercase word "right" on incompatible trials (60%). The remaining 40% of trials required compatible responses to uppercase words. The VGS and compatible tasks, when compared to fixation, activated the three cortical eye fields: the supplementary eye field (SEF), the frontal eye field (FEF), and the parietal eye field (PEF). The mixed task, when compared to the compatible task, activated three additional cortical regions proximate to the three eye fields: (1) rostral to the SEF in medial frontal cortex; (2) rostral to the FEF in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC); (3) rostral and lateral to the PEF in posterior parietal cortex. These areas may contribute to the suppression of prepotent responses and in holding novel visuomotor associations in working memory.     

Human intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and competition between exogenous and endogenous saccade plans

How are stimulus-driven reflexes generated, and what controls their competition with voluntary action? The saccadic reflex to look towards an abrupt visual onset (prosaccade) has been associated with the retinotectal and magnocellular pathways, which rapidly convey signals to the superior colliculus and cortical eye fields. Such stimulus-driven reflexes need to be suppressed when making an eye movement in the opposite direction (antisaccade), resulting in a cost in saccade latency. We compared the latencies of pro- and anti-saccades elicited by conventional luminance stimuli with those evoked by stimuli visible only to short-wave-sensitive cones (S cones) embedded in dynamic luminance noise. Critically, the retinotectal and magnocellular pathways are functionally blind to such stimuli. Compared to luminance stimuli, antisaccade latency costs were significantly reduced for 'S-cone' stimuli. This behavioural interaction is consistent with reduced competition between reflexive and endogenous saccade plans when S-cone stimuli are employed, while other processes involved in making an antisaccade, such as changing preparatory set or generating an endogenous saccade, are predicted to be equivalent for each kind of stimulus. Using fMRI, we found that activity in the right intraparietal sulcus (IPS) mirrored the behavioural interaction in saccade latencies. Thus, the right IPS appears to index the degree of competition between exogenous and endogenous saccade plans, showing the activity pattern predicted for an area involved in suppressing the saccade reflex. Furthermore, signals recorded from the superior colliculus showed the reverse pattern of responses, consistent with a direct inhibitory influence of IPS on SC.     

Structural connectivity influences brain activation during PVSAT in Multiple Sclerosis

To assess the influence of white matter pathology on cortical reorganization, we probed the fronto-parietal attention network in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients by combining the Paced Visual Serial Addition Test (PVSAT) with fMRI-guided fiber tractography (FT). During the PVSAT, the control subjects activated the left inferior parietal lobule, superior temporal gyrus, precuneus, precentral gyrus, and medial and middle frontal gyri; while the precuneus and the inferior parietal lobule gyrus bilaterally, the left precentral and angular gyri and the right superior parietal lobule were activated in the MS group. At fMRI-guided FT, the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) was the main white matter tract connecting areas active during the PVSAT. We then identified two subgroups of MS patients according to the SLF mean Fractional Anisotropy, used as indicator of integrity. The activations of the MS patients with a less damaged tract were in the left hemisphere, similarly to controls; while the patients with a more damaged SLF showed bilateral cortical activations. The MS subgroups, however, did not differ in PVSAT performance. This approach could be useful to investigate the relationship between brain structural and functional plastic changes and to identify different MRI endophenotypes related to the same level of cognitive impairment.     

Pain Affects Visual Orientation: an Eye-Tracking Study

Because of its unique evolutionary relevance, it is understood that pain automatically attracts attention. So far, such attentional bias has mainly been shown for pain-related stimuli whereas little is known about shifts in attentional focus after actual painful stimulation. This study investigated attentional shifts by assessing eye movements into the direction of painful stimulation. Healthy participants were presented either a blank screen or a picture showing a natural scene while painful electrical stimuli were applied to the left or right hand. In general, painful stimulation reduced exploratory behavior as reflected by less and slower saccades as well as fewer and longer fixations. Painful stimulation on the right hand induced a rightward bias (ie, increased initial saccades, total number and duration of fixations to the right hemifield of the screen). Pain applied to the left hand as well as no pain induced a leftward bias that was largest for the direction of first saccades. These findings are in line with previous observations of attentional biases toward pain-related information and highlight eye tracking as a valuable tool to assess involuntary attentional consequences of pain. Future studies are needed to investigate how the observed changes in eye movements relate to pain-induced changes in perception and cognition.

Occipital gamma-oscillations modulated during eye movement tasks: simultaneous eye tracking and electrocorticography recording in epileptic patients

We determined the spatio-temporal dynamics of cortical gamma-oscillations modulated during eye movement tasks, using simultaneous eye tracking and intracranial electrocorticography (ECoG) recording. Patients with focal epilepsy were instructed to follow a target moving intermittently and unpredictably from one place to another either in an instantaneous or smooth fashion during extraoperative ECoG recording. Target motion elicited augmentation of gamma-oscillations in the lateral, inferior and polar occipital regions in addition to portions of parietal and frontal regions; subsequent voluntary eye movements elicited gamma-augmentation in the medial occipital region. Such occipital gamma-augmentations could not be explained by contaminations of ocular or myogenic artifacts. The degree of gamma-augmentation was generally larger during saccade compared to pursuit trials, while a portion of the polar occipital region showed pursuit-preferential gamma-augmentations. In addition to the aforementioned eye movement task, patients were asked to read a single word popping up on the screen. Gamma-augmentation was elicited in widespread occipital regions following word presentation, while gamma-augmentation in the anterior portion of the medial occipital region was elicited by an involuntary saccade following word presentation rather than word presentation itself. Gamma-augmentation in the lateral, inferior and polar occipital regions can be explained by increased attention to a moving target, whereas gamma-augmentation in the anterior-medial occipital region may be elicited by images in the peripheral field realigned following saccades. In functional studies comparing brain activation between two tasks, eye movement patterns during tasks may need to be considered as confounding factors.     

对比单相抑郁与双相障碍抑郁期患者脑自发性神经元活动

目的 采用静息态功能MRI(rs-fMRI)对比观察单相抑郁(UD)与双相障碍(BD)抑郁期患者脑自发性神经元活动(SNA)的异同。方法 纳入40例病程<24个月的UD患者(UD组)、43例BD抑郁期患者(BD组)及44名健康人(对照组),采集颅脑rs-fMRI,观察3组间及每2组间局部一致性(ReHo)存在显著差异的脑区;采用Pearson相关性分析观察上述脑区的ReHo值与基本资料的相关性。结果 3组间双侧楔前叶、左侧前扣带回及顶上小叶、右侧小脑前叶、顶上、顶下小叶及角回ReHo值存在明显差异(P均<0.05)。相比对照组,BD组右侧小脑前叶ReHo值降低(P<0.05),左侧顶上小叶及右侧顶上、顶下小叶、角回ReHo值增高(P均<0.05);UD组双侧楔前叶及右侧小脑前叶ReHo值降低(P均<0.05)。相比BD组,UD组右侧顶上、顶下小叶ReHo值降低(P均<0.05),左侧前扣带回ReHo值增高(P<0.05)。以上组间存在显著差异的脑区ReHo值与年龄、受教育年限及汉密尔顿抑郁量表-24项评分均无明显相关(P均>0.05)。结...     

Exploring the visual world: the neural substrate of spatial orienting

Inspecting the visual environment, humans typically direct their attention across space by means of voluntary saccadic eye movements. Neuroimaging studies in healthy subjects have identified the superior parietal cortex and intraparietal sulcus as important structures involved in visual search. However, in apparent contrast, spatial disturbance of free exploration typically is observed after damage of brain structures located far more ventrally. Lesion studies in such patients disclosed the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and temporo-parietal junction (TPJ), the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and insula, as well as the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) of the right hemisphere. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the involvement of these areas in active visual exploration in the intact brain. We conducted a region of interest analysis comparing free visual exploration of a dense stimulus array with the execution of stepwise horizontal and vertical saccades. The comparison of BOLD responses revealed significant signal increases during exploration in TPJ, STG, and IFG. This result calls for a reappraisal of the previous thinking on the function of these areas in visual search processes. In agreement with lesion studies, the data suggest that these areas are part of the network involved in human spatial orienting and exploration. The IPL dorsally of TPJ seem to be of minor importance for free visual exploration as these areas appear to be equally involved in the execution of spatially predetermined saccades.     

Parametric modulation of cortical activation during smooth pursuit with and without target blanking. an fMRI study

Smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM) are performed to track slowly moving visual targets and are accompanied by saccades whenever foveal representation is lost. In the present study, we correlated the cerebral activation as assessed by functional magnetic resonance imaging with parameters of eye movement performance in order to determine the cortical areas involved in the retinal and extraretinal processing of maintaining smooth pursuit velocity (SPV) and generating saccades in 16 healthy males. The stimulus consisted of a target moving at a constant velocity of 10 degrees/s with and without target blanking. During constant target presentation, SPV was positively correlated with the BOLD signal in the right V5 complex and negatively correlated with the BOLD response in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). In the condition with target blanking, additional negative correlations with SPV were found in the left frontal eye field (FEF), the left parietoinsular vestibular cortex (PIVC) and the left angular gyrus. Saccadic frequency was negatively correlated with activations of the right mesial intraparietal sulcus (IPS) during both conditions and the right premotor area during continuous target presentation. We conclude that V5 is directly related to the maintenance of an optimal smooth pursuit velocity during visual feedback, whereas the FEF, PFC, angular gyrus and PIVC are involved in reconstitution and prediction whenever SPV decreases, especially during maintenance of smooth pursuit in the absence of a visual target. Furthermore, we suggest that parietal areas are related to the suppression of saccades during smooth pursuit.     

Human cortical areas activated in relation to vergence eye movements-a PET study.

Human cortical areas activated in relation to vergence eye movements were determined using positron emission tomography. Binocular disparity-driven visual stimuli were presented using a head-mounted display. Eye movements were monitored continuously by an infrared limbus tracker. A combination of a bar and a cross was used as the target. In the vergence task, subjects were instructed to follow an approaching bar, while ignoring a stationary cross. Activation in relation to vergence eye movement was discriminated from activation in relation to motion vision by using the ignore-bar task as the control. In the ignore-bar task, subjects were instructed to fixate on a stationary cross, while ignoring an approaching bar. The fixation task was used as the basic control for both the vergence and the ignore-bar tasks. Areas of activation in relation to vergence eye movements were found in the bilateral temporooccipital junction, the left inferior parietal lobule, and the right fusiform gyrus by comparing regional cerebral flow between the vergence and ignore-bar tasks and by the conjunctive analyses of vergence-vs-ignore comparison with vergence-vs-fixation comparison.     

共同性斜视患者立体视觉相关皮层的BOLD-fMRI表现

目的观察共同性斜视患者立体视觉相关皮层的全脑BOLD-fMRI的表现。方法选取共同性斜视患者12例(共同性斜视组)和立体视觉正常者10名(正常组),接受BLOD-fMRI。采用SPM5软件包对数据进行预处理及分析。结果在立体图形刺激下,共同性斜视组可见右侧舌回和左侧枕中回激活,正常组可见双侧枕中回、双侧中央后回、右侧顶下小叶、左侧颞中回激活。共同性斜视组激活强度低于正常组(P<0.05),主要位于左侧枕中回、右侧枕下回、双侧缘上回、双侧颞下回、双侧额下回、左侧岛叶。结论在立体图形刺激下,共同性斜视患者脑区激活范围小于正常者,其立体视觉异常的中枢神经机制可能与顶叶、颞叶功能下降有关。     

Developmental changes in the neural correlates of semantic processing

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to explore the neural correlates of semantic judgments in the auditory modality in a group of 9- to 15-year-old children. Subjects were required to indicate if word pairs were related in meaning. Consistent with previous findings in adults, children showed activation in bilateral superior temporal gyri (BA 22) for recognizing spoken words as well as activations in bilateral inferior frontal gyri (BAs 47, 45) and left middle temporal gyrus (BA 21) for semantic processing. The neural substrates of semantic association and age differences were also investigated. Words with strong semantic association elicited significantly greater activation in the left inferior parietal lobule (BA 40), whereas words with weak semantic association elicited activation in left inferior frontal gyrus (BAs 47/45). Correlations with age were observed in the left middle temporal gyrus (BA 21) and the right inferior frontal gyrus (BA 47). The pattern of results for semantic association implies that the left inferior parietal lobule effectively integrates highly related semantic features and the left inferior frontal gyrus becomes more active for words that require a greater search for semantic associations. The developmental results suggest that older children recruit the right inferior frontal gyrus as they conduct a broader semantic search and the left middle temporal gyrus to provide more efficient access to semantic representations.     

Tractography-based parcellation of the human left inferior parietal lobule

The inferior parietal lobule (IPL) is a functionally and anatomically heterogeneous region. Much of the information about the anatomical connectivity and parcellation of this region was obtained from histological studies on non-human primates. However, whether these findings from non-human primates can be applied to the human inferior parietal lobule, especially the left inferior parietal lobule, which shows evidence of considerable evolution from primates to humans, remains unclear. In this study, diffusion MRI was employed to investigate the anatomical connectivities of the human left inferior parietal lobule. Using a new algorithm, spectral clustering with edge-weighted centroidal voronoi tessellations, to search for regional variations in the probabilistic connectivity profiles of all left inferior parietal lobule voxels with all the rest of the brain identified six subregions with distinctive connectivity properties in the left inferior parietal lobule. Consistent with cytoarchitectonic findings, four subregions were found in the left supramarginal gyrus and two subregions in the left angular gyrus. The specific connectivity patterns of each subregion of the left inferior parietal lobule were supported by both the anatomical and functional connectivity properties for each subregion, as calculated by a meta-analysis-based target method and by voxel-based whole brain anatomical and functional connectivity analyses. The proposed parcellation scheme for the human left inferior parietal lobule and the maximum probability map for each subregion may facilitate more detailed future studies of this brain area.     

无灶性癫痫静息态功能MRI的功能连接研究

目的应用静息态功能MRI(rs-f MRI)功能连接方法(FC)研究无灶性癫痫(NLE)的脑功能改变,探论FC对NLE的应用价值。加深对NLE病理生理机制的理解,为其诊断及治疗提供可靠的理论依据。材料与方法对43例NLE患者和46例性别、年龄、教育程度及利手相匹配的健康志愿者(对照组),采用3.0 T超导MR扫描仪进行静息态功能序列扫描,然后将病例组与对照组分别进行FC分析,再对ALFF分析结果进行两样本t检验分析,并分析FC统计脑图与病程的相关性。结果与正常对照组相比,病例组右侧海马FC增加的脑区位于右颞上回、左颞下回、双颞中回、双前额内侧回,右额中回;左侧海马FC增加的脑区位于双颞上回、左海马旁回、左额叶、右前额内侧回、左顶下小叶、右中央后回。右侧海马FC降低的脑区位于左内囊膝、左顶下小叶、右扣带回、左额上回、左额叶;左侧海马降低的脑区位于右小脑后叶、左小脑前叶、右颞上回、右丘脑。病例组右侧海马FC病程正相关的脑区位于:左额下回、左颞下回、左颞上回、右额叶、右楔前叶、右顶叶、右顶下小叶、右额中回;左侧海马FC与病程正相关的脑区位于左舌回、双额中回、左顶下小叶、右中央后回。病例组右侧海马FC与病程呈负相关的脑区位于左小脑前叶、左内囊膝;病例组左侧海马FC与病程负相关的脑区位于左小脑扁桃体、左额上回、右颞上回、左楔前叶。结论 ALFF和FC方法可作为一种无创的脑功能研究方法,能检测出NLE静息态脑功能变化,了解与临床变量(病程)的相关性,为癫痫的病理生理机制研究提供可靠的理论依据。