不同解剖入路显露颈静脉孔区的定量研究

目的定量研究枕下远外侧入路及耳后经颞入路对颈静脉孔区的显露程度,为临床个体化选择手术入路、保护重要结构功能提供可靠的解剖依据。方法选择经10％福尔马林固定的成人头颈湿标本各12具（24侧）,采用枕下远外侧入路及耳后经颞入路进行解剖学研究,用脑立体定向仪测定各步骤颈静脉孔区的显露面积,用游标卡尺测量斜坡和三叉神经的显露长度。结果在远外侧入路中,磨除颈静脉突、部分磨除枕髁后对颈静脉孔区显露程度显著增加;在耳后经颞入路中,迷路后入路、部分磨除迷路对颈静脉孔区的显露程度显著增加。结论磨除颈静脉突是枕下远外侧入路显露颈静脉孔的关键;迷路下入路和部分磨除迷路入路是自侧方显露颈静脉孔区的理想手术入路。     

Transsigmoid approach for tumors of the jugular foramen

A transsigmoid approach is detailed for removal of tumors involving the jugular foramen. This approach was used in seven patients, eliminates the need for facial nerve transposition, and helps to preserve cochleovestibular function. The sigmoid sinus is packed and both the facial nerve and the labyrinth are identified. This approach provides excellent vision of the intradural and extradural course of the lower cranial nerves, rendering preservation of isolated nerves within the neural compartment feasible.     

Surgical outcomes of lateral approach for jugular foramen schwannoma: postoperative facial nerve and lower cranial nerve functions

The lateral surgical approach to jugular foramen schwannomas (JFS) may result in complications such as temporary facial nerve palsy (FNP) and hearing loss due to the complicated anatomical location. Ten patients with JFS surgically treated by variable methods of lateral approach were retrospectively reviewed with emphasis on surgical methods, postoperative FNP, and lower cranial nerve status. Gross total removal of the tumors was achieved in eight patients. Facial nerves were rerouted at the first genu (1G) in six patients and at the second genu in four patients. FNP of House–Brackmann (HB) grade III or worse developed immediately postoperatively in six patients regardless of the extent of rerouting. The FNP of HB grade III persisted for more than a year in one patient managed with rerouting at 1G. Among the lower cranial nerves, the vagus nerve was most frequently paralyzed preoperatively and lower cranial nerve palsies were newly developed in two patients. The methods of the surgical approach to JFS can be modified depending on the size and location of tumors to reduce injury of the facial nerve and loss of hearing. Careful manipulation and caution are also required for short facial nerve rerouting as well as for long rerouting to avoid immediately postoperative FNP.     

The widened transcochlear approach to jugular foramen tumors

The authors describe a widened transcochlear approach for large tumors of the jugular foramen with intrapetrous, intracranial, and infratemporal extensions. This approach complements the transcochlear and infratemporal approaches by enlarging the route of access to the region with disinsertion of the sternocleidomastoid, digastric, and stylohyoid muscles, by removing petrous bone in order to displace the facial nerve, by resection of the auditory canal, and by subluxation of the temporomandibular joint and zygomatic process. The use of this approach is described in seven patients.     

耳后经髁上入路切除颈静脉孔区及舌下神经孔区肿瘤32例

目的探讨颈静脉孔及舌下神经孔区肿瘤的治疗方法,选择该区域肿瘤的最佳手术入路。方法32例患者采用耳后“C”型切口经髁上入路切除颈静脉孔和舌下神经孔区颅内外哑铃型生长的肿瘤,其中神经鞘瘤13例,颈静脉球瘤7例,脑膜瘤4例,脊索瘤3例。全切除23例,次全切除9例。结果本组21例病人得到随访,随访时间平均2．5年。18例患者恢复正常工作,其中7例有声音嘶哑;另外3例患者中,2例生活自理,1例患者术后肢体活动障碍。结论耳后经髁上入路对于切除颈静脉孔和舌下神经孔区的颅内外哑铃型生长的肿瘤,具有暴露充分,全切除率高,并发症发生率低等特点,是该区域肿瘤手术治疗的最佳入路。     

Surgery on anterior foramen magnum meningiomas using a conventional posterior suboccipital approach: a report on an experience with 17 cases.

OBJECTIVE: The advantages of a posterior "conventional" suboccipital approach with a midline incision over lateral, anterolateral, and anterior approaches to anteriorly placed foramen magnum meningiomas are discussed. METHODS: From 1991 to March 2000, 17 patients with foramen magnum meningiomas arising from the anterior or anterolateral rim of the foramen magnum underwent operations in the Department of Neurosurgery at King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth G.S. Medical College. All patients were operated on in a semi-sitting position by use of a conventional suboccipital approach with a midline incision and extension of the craniectomy laterally toward the side of the tumor up to the occipital condyle. RESULTS: The patients ranged in age from 17 to 72 years, and the tumors ranged in size from 2.1 to 3.8 cm. The intradural vertebral artery was at least partially encased on one side in eight patients and on both sides in two patients. The brainstem was displaced predominantly posteriorly in each patient. A partial condylar resection was performed in two cases to enhance the exposure. Total tumor resection was achieved in 14 patients, and a subtotal resection of the tumor was performed in the other 3 patients. In one patient, a small part of the tumor was missed inadvertently, and in the other two patients, part of the tumor in relation to the vertebral artery and posterior inferior cerebellar artery was deliberately left behind. After surgery, one patient developed exaggerated lower cranial nerve weakness. There was no significant postoperative complication in the remainder of the patients, and their conditions improved after surgery. The average length of follow-up is 43 months, and there has been no recurrence of the tumor or growth of the residual tumor. CONCLUSION: From our experience, we conclude that a large majority of anterior foramen magnum meningiomas can be excised with a lateral suboccipital approach and meticulous microsurgical techniques.     

Stereotactic radiosurgery for jugular foramen schwannomas.

BACKGROUND: Jugular foramen schwannomas pose difficult management problems because of the surgical risk of lower cranial neuropathy. The indications and results of stereotactic radiosurgery are not well documented. METHODS: We reviewed our 10-year experience in the management of 17 patients who had jugular foramen schwannomas managed with the gamma knife. Thirteen patients previously had undergone surgery (range, 1-6 resections). Four patients had multiple cranial nerve deficits before microsurgical resection; 12 developed multiple lower cranial nerve palsies after resection. Four patients underwent radiosurgery based on imaging criteria alone. Conformal dose planning (tumor margin dose of 12-18 Gy) successfully encompassed the irregular tumor volumes in all patients. RESULTS: Follow-up varied from 6 to 74 months. Tumor size decreased in eight patients, remained stable in eight, and increased in one patient during the average follow-up interval of 3.5 years. Six patients improved and 10 others retained their preradiosurgery clinical status. One patient had an increase in tumor size and clinical deterioration 6 months after radiosurgery and underwent microsurgical resection. No patient developed new cranial nerve or other neurological deficits after radiosurgery. CONCLUSIONS: We believe that gamma knife radiosurgery is an effective alternative to microsurgical resection for patients who have small tumors and intact lower cranial nerve function. It is also effective for patients who have residual or recurrent tumors after microsurgical resection.     

Gamma knife radiosurgery for jugular foramen schwannomas

Jugular foramen schwannomas are very rare tumors. Advances in skull base surgery have led to more aggressive resection of these tumors, but surgery may associate with development of new neurological deficits. In this report, we analyze the long-term results for 17 patients with newly diagnosed or residual/recurrent jugular foramen schwannoma who underwent gamma-knife treatment. During a mean 64?months of follow-up, magnetic resonance imaging revealed reduced tumor size in 13 cases and no size change in four cases. The tumor growth control rate was 100% and only one patient had transient hoarseness. For patients who have small- to moderate-sized jugular foramen schwannomas, gamma-knife radiosurgery is associated with good tumor control and carries minimal risk of adverse radiation effects.     

联合上颈段经颈静脉孔区入路的显微解剖学研究

目的 研究颈静脉孔区(JF)入路的显微解剖,利用该入路一期切除颅内外沟通型复杂病变.方法 成人尸头标本15例(30侧),在手术显微镜下进行联合上颈段经JF区入路的解剖操作,测量相关数据.结果 对C1～C4上颈段解剖,切除C1横突,游离椎动脉C1～C2段及水平段;充分切除颈静脉结节、颈静脉突及部分枕骨髁;迷路后切除乳突,显露半规管,轮廓化面神经垂直段,全程暴露乙状窦,打开颈静脉孔;扩大了JF区的显露并测得相关参数,如乳突尖间距枕髁外缘中点为(29.65±3.24)mm;枕髁后缘距舌下神经管内口为(10.10±0.81)mm;颈静脉球距面神经垂直段间距左为(6.8±0.35)mm,右为(4.6±0.33)mm.结论 此入路从多个方向对JF区充分暴露,使面神经、耳蜗、椎动脉、后组脑神经等结构得到保护,术中结合相关解剖参数可很好的完成一期全切JF区颅内外沟通型及延伸到上颈位的病变,提高治愈率、减少并发症、降低死亡率.     

颈静脉孔区神经鞘瘤的诊断和治疗

目的总结颈静脉孔区神经鞘瘤的临床特点和手术方法。方法14例颈静脉孔区神经鞘瘤患者术前应用CT、核磁共振成像（MRI）和数字减影血管造影（DSA）进行诊断;应用远外侧入路手术切除肿瘤,并行三维CT血管成像术（CTA）模拟手术人路9例。结果术中证实,术后病理确诊颈静脉孔区神经鞘瘤。肿瘤全切除8例,次全切除4例,大部分切除2例。术后患者临床症状均较术前明显改善。结论肿瘤的诊断、分型及三维CTA的模拟对手术入路选择具有一定意义,选用远外侧入路能良好显露、切除该区神经鞘瘤。     

A case of jugular foramen meningioma in a child

The common tumors originating in the jugular foramen are chemodectoma and schwannoma. Jugular foramen meningioma is extremely rare. Review of the literature revealed only seven reported cases of this tumor. The authors present a child case of jugular foramen meningioma with intra and extracranial extension. A 9-year-old boy was admitted to the Department of Neurosurgery, Hiroshima University School of Medicine on March 20, 1985. Since the age of 3, the patient had hoarseness and was found to tilt his neck when he shouted. Since the age of 6, he was found to nod when he swallowed. At the age of 8, he developed swallowing difficulties. On admission, his general condition was unremarkable except for his lean build (126 cm in height and 23 kg in weight). An elastic hard and immobile mass was palpable in the left upper neck deep in the atrophic sternocleidomastoid muscle. Neurological examination revealed involvement of the ninth, tenth, eleventh, and twelfth cranial nerves. A plain skull roentgenogram and laminogram revealed hyperostosis around the left jugular foramen, and narrowing of the canal. CT with contrast enhancement revealed a high density mass in the left cerebellopontine angle extending through the jugular foramen to the left parapharyngeal space. Cerebral angiography did not show any abnormal findings except for complete blockage of the left sigmoid sinus. On April 4, 1985, subtotal removal of the intracranial tumor was performed using suboccipital craniotomy. Then, on July 3, 1985, the left parapharyngeal tumor was excised through a cervicofacial incision. Finally the residual tumor in the jugular foramen was excised using suboccipital approach on August 18, 1986.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

颈静脉孔及其周围区域肿瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨颈静脉孔及其周围区域肿瘤的显微手术方法 和手术效果. 方法 对11例颈静脉孔区肿瘤行显微手术治疗,采用枕下乙状窦后进路2例,经颈静脉孔进路2例,颞下窝进路4例,乳突-颈联合进路3例. 结果 11例中全切除9例,次全切除2例;病理为神经鞘膜瘤4例,副神经节瘤4例,脑膜瘤1例,黏液软骨肉瘤1例,低分化鳞癌1例.术后并发脑脊液漏1例,经保守治疗痊愈,后组脑神经障碍加重2例,无手术死亡病例,术后随访8个月以上,术后听力较术前改善1例,不变6例,下降4例;9例术前无面瘫的患者,术后3例出现Ⅱ～Ⅲ级(House-Braekmann分级)面瘫,半年后恢复,2例术前有面瘫患者,术后1例改善,1例不变. 结论 根据肿瘤的性质、位置、大小、面神经功能、听力情况和后组脑神经功能,采用合适的手术进路和显微外科技术,能够充分显露肿瘤,较好地切除肿瘤,减少并发症.     

Lateral suboccipital approach for vertebral and vertebrobasilar artery lesions

A modification of the unilateral suboccipital approach is elaborated and illustrated. This modification is useful for aneurysms of the vertebral artery, the vertebrobasilar junction, and the proximal basilar trunk, and for arteriovenous malformations of the inferolateral cerebellum. It entails extreme lateral removal of the rim of the foramen magnum toward the condylar fossa and posterolateral removal of the arch of the atlas toward the exposed vertebral artery. This extra bone removal allows an approach to the front of the brain stem from inferolaterally, after gentle upward and medial retraction of the tonsil, with minimal or no retraction of the medulla.     

Intracranial neurinomas of the jugular foramen and hypoglossal canal

Intracranial neurinomas of the jugular foramen and the hypoglossal canal are relatively rare. Most reports have been of either single cases or of only two or three patients, and few large series exist in the literature. Although some of these tumors present palsies of the ninth, tenth, and eleventh cranial nerves as a jugular foramen syndrome, this is not always present. Unexpectedly, symptoms involving the eighth nerve are more frequently than those of ninth, tenth and eleventh nerves. This variability of clinical symptoms frequently leads to an initial misdiagnosis of glomus jugulare, acoustic or hypoglossal neurinoma. We report 2 cases of jugular foramen neurinomas and 2 cases of hypoglossal neurinomas. Our review of literature has tabulated 92 jugular foramen neurinomas and 34 hypoglossal neurinomas. These neurinomas had become considerably large in size by the time they were detected. So, we should endeavor, by clinical or neuroradiological finding to detect them at the early stage when they exert less influence on the brain. In this series we discuss clinical pictures of these neurinomas.