双相气道正压通气在心脏直视术后的应用

目的评价双相气道正压通气(B IPAP)模式在心瓣膜置换术后机械通气患者中的应用效果。方法80例心脏瓣膜置换术后患者随机分成2组,每组40例,分别应用B IPAP模式和同步间隙指令通气(SIMV)模式进行辅助呼吸,监测血流动力学和气道参数的变化,计算呼吸指数以及镇静剂的用量。结果B IPAP组氧合指数(440.7±55.1)明显高于SIMV组(357.5±64.3),P<0.05;B IPAP组机械通气时间为(13.1±11.1)h,SIMV组(13.0±11.0)h,差异无统计学意义;两组在镇静剂的使用率方面亦差异无统计学意义,但在用量方面B IPAP组度非合剂(哌替啶+异丙嗪)平均用量小于SIMV组(P<0.05);两组脱机过程均顺利。结论B IPAP是心脏术后患者机械通气的一种较理想模式。     

适应性支持通气在心脏术后血流动力学不稳定患者的应用

【目的】观察适应性支持通气（ASV）在心脏术后血流动力学不稳定患者的应用价值。【方法】30例心脏术后血流动力学不稳定患者转入ICU后随机分为两组,每组各15例,分别给予ASV（15例）及同步间歇性指令通气（SIMV）＋压力支持通气（PSV）（15例）两种通气模式,通气2h后比较两组的呼吸力学、血流动力学等指标。【结果】与SIMV组相比,AsV组潮气量（VT）增加而呼吸频率（RR）明显下降（P〈0．05）,气道峰值压（PIP）下降显著（P〈0．05）;平均气道压（Pro）改变不明显（P〉0．05）。ASV组的器械附加功（WOBimp）和吸气压力时间乘积（PTP）明显降低（P〈0．05）。SIMV和ASV两种呼吸模式下血气分析、心率（HR）和平均动脉压（MBP）比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。【结论】与传统的SIMV模式相比,ASV模式可以降低呼吸功并改善高通气力学,值得在心脏术后血流动力学不稳定患者使用。     

早产儿呼吸衰竭同步机械通气治疗的呼吸力学评价

目的　探讨同步间歇性指令通气 (SIMV )在早产儿机械通气中的临床意义。方法　 4 2例机械通气的早产儿随机分成两组 ,SIMV组 2 4例 ,间歇性指令通气 (IMV)组 18例 ,观察两组呼吸机参数、呼吸力学参数变化 ,以及并发症的发生率及镇静剂的使用次数。结果　上机 2 h后吸气峰压 (PIP)、呼气潮气量 (VTexp)、呼吸系统顺应性 (Crs)、气道阻力 (Raw) ,12 h后吸氧浓度 (Fi O2 ) SIMV组均明显优于 IMV组 ,2 4 h氧合指数(OI) SIMV组明显少于 IMV组 ;镇静剂的使用次数 SIMV组少于 IMV组 ,两组差异均有显著性 (P<0 .0 5或P<0 .0 1) ;并发症的发生率两组差异无显著性 (P均 >0 .0 5 )。结论　早产儿呼吸衰竭机械通气时使用 SIMV模式较 IMV能更快降低 Fi O2 、PIP、OI,较快改善肺功能 ,减少镇静剂和肌松剂的使用率。     

早产儿呼吸衰竭同步机械通气治疗的呼吸力学评价

目的 :探讨同步间歇指令性通气 (SIMV)在早产儿机械通气中的临床意义。方法 :4 2例机械通气的早产儿随机分成两组 ,SIMV组 2 4例 ,IMV组 18例 ,观察两组呼吸机参数、呼吸力学参数的变化情况、并发症的发生率及镇静剂的使用次数并比较。结果 :上机 2 h后 PIP、VTexp、Crs、Raw,12 h后 Fi O2 SIMV组明显优于 IMV组 ,2 4 h OI在SIMV组明显小于 IMV组 ;镇静剂的使用次数 SIMV组小于 IMV组 ,两组差异有显著性 (P<0 .0 5 ) ;并发症的发生率两组差异无显著性 (P>0 .0 5 )。结论 :早产儿呼吸衰竭机械通气时使用 SIMV模式与 IMV比较 ,前者能更快降低 Fi O2 、PIP、OI,较快改善肺功能 ,减少镇静剂和肌松剂的使用率。     

全麻肌松恢复期不同机械通气模式的研究

目的 :观察全麻患者在肌松恢复期用间歇正压通气 (IPPV)、同步间歇指令通气 (SIMV)、双水平压力正压通气 (Bi PAP)对自主呼吸恢复的影响。方法 :30例手术患者随机均分 3组。术中初始通气方式均为 IPPV,给最后一次肌松剂后将后两组的通气模式分别调整为 SIMV和 Bi PAP。不同时间点记录气道峰压 (Ppeak)、每分通气量 (MV)、呼气末二氧化碳分压 (PEt CO2 )和血气 ,观察给最后一次肌松剂至自主呼吸恢复的时间(L R S)。结果 :1给予最后一次肌松剂后和 T1 出现时 Bi PAP组的 Ppeak均明显低于 IPPV和 SIMV组(P均 <0 .0 1) ,TR=0 .75时 IPPV组的 Ppeak均明显低于 SIMV和 Bi PAP组 (P均 <0 .0 1) ;2 T1 恢复时Bi PAP组的 MV高于 IPPV组 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,T4 恢复、TR=0 .2 5、TR=0 .75时 SIMV和 Bi PAP组的 MV均明显高于 IPPV组 (P均 <0 .0 1) ;3TR=0 .2 5、TR=0 .75时 SIMV和 Bi PAP组的 PEt CO2 均低于 IPPV组 (P均 <0 .0 5 ) ;4拔管前 SIMV和 Bi PAP组的动脉二氧化碳分压 (Pa CO2 )均低于 IPPV组 (P均 <0 .0 5 ) ;5 SIMV组和Bi PAP组的 L R S均短于 IPPV组 (P均 <0 .0 5 )。结论 :SIMV和 Bi PAP具有不对抗患者自主呼吸、L R S短、Ppeak变化小、MV高、PEt CO2 低等优点 ,更适于全麻恢复期使用。 Bi PAP还具有 Ppeak     

比例辅助通气和同步间歇指令通气在新生儿胎粪吸入综合征中应用的比较

目的比较比例辅助通气(PAV)和同步间歇指令通气(SIMV)在新生儿胎粪吸入综合征(MAS)应用时相关临床指标变化。方法 30例符合MAS诊断且需要呼吸支持的新生儿随机分为PAV组和SIMV组,每组15例,分别给予PAV模式和SIMV模式支持;观察通气前、通气后1h、12h、24h、48h和撤机前的心率(HR)、呼吸频率(RR)、平均动脉血压(MABP)、潮气量(VT)、每分通气量(MV)、平均气道压(MAP)、气道峰压(PIP)、动脉血气值及氧合指数(OI)。结果两组新生儿均治愈出院;在机械通气时间(F=1.425,P=0.243)、吸氧时间(F=3.057,P=0.091)、住院时间(F=0.148,P=0.703)和胸部X线清晰时间(F=0.315,P=0.579)方面,两组数值的差异均无统计学意义。在取得相同疗效情况下,机械通气后PAV组各个时间点:RR数值均显著高于SIMV组(P均<0.05);MAP、PIP和VT数值均显著低于SIMV组(P均<0.05);HR、MABP、MV、PH和OI数值与SIMV组比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。结论 PAV和SIMV模式治疗MAS时,在取得相同疗效情况下,PAV模式采取浅快的呼吸、较小的潮气量和较低的MAP和PIP。     

ASV和SIMV对内源性呼气末正压和呼吸功影响的研究

目的:探讨适应性支持通气(ASV)和SIMV(同步间歇指令通气)在部分支持通气过程中对内源性PEEP(PEEPi)和呼吸功的影响。方法:30例有自主呼吸的危重症机械通气患者,在同样的分钟通气量和PEEP的设置下,先予以SIMV1(同步间歇指令通气)模式通气,45min后改为ASV模式通气,时间为45min,结束后再次回到SIMV2模式(参数设置与SIMV1一致),通气时间为45min。记录上述三个45min后的呼吸力学等参数。结果:ASV模式下的平台压下降明显,P<0.01;相对于SIMV1模式PEEPi的发生率为43.3%,ASV的发生率为20%,P<0.05;器械附加功(WOBimp)和吸气压力时间乘积(PTP)均小于SIMV1下的参数,P<0.01。结论:在部分支持通气过程中,ASV相对于SIMV,能明显改善高通气力学状态,有利于降低呼吸负荷和呼吸做功。     

同步间歇指令通气+压力支持通气对COPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者呼吸力学及炎症因子的影响

目的探讨同步间歇指令通气(SIMV)+压力支持通气(PSV)对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)合并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者呼吸力学及炎症因子的影响。方法选取入医院治疗的COPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者40例作为研究对象,根据患者机械通气模式分为两组,其中20例予以同步间歇指令通气+压力支持通气作为SIMV+PSV组,20例予以单纯同步间歇指令通气作为SIMV组,观察两组呼吸力学和炎性因子的变化情况。结果 SIMV+PSV组总呼吸频率[(23.05±2.41)次/min]高于SIMV组[(17.58±2.38)次/min],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);SIMV+PSV组C-反应蛋白、酸性蛋白、降钙素原分别为(93.26±21.56)mg/L、(1.38±0.50)g/L、(2.28±1.24)ng/ml,显著低于SIMV组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 SIMV+PSV能够改善COPD并Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭患者的总呼吸频率,降低机体炎性水平。     

呼吸专项护理策略在体外循环心脏直视手术患者中的应用

目的:探讨呼吸专项护理策略在体外循环心脏直视手术患者中的应用方法及效果。方法:将2017年1月1日～12月31日50例体外循环心脏直视手术患者设为对照组,采取常规心脏疾病护理干预。将2018年1月1日～2019年10月31日50例体外循环心脏直视手术患者设为观察组,在对照组基础上实施呼吸专项护理策略。比较两组护理效果。结果:两组机械通气时间、重症监护病房(ICU)停留时间、术后住院时间、住院费用、术后呼吸功能相关指标及呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)发生率比较差异均有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论:呼吸专项护理策略能够有效促进体外循环心脏直视手术患者围术期呼吸功能恢复,缩短患者术后机械通气时间、ICU停留时间、住院时间,降低住院费用和VAP发生率。     

机械通气患者两种撤机方式的比较

目的 比较智能化撤机(smart care/PS,SC)和同步间歇指令通气+压力支持通气(SIMV+PSV)在机械通气患者中的撤机效果.方法 将79例行机械通气的患者,在满足临床撤机条件后,随机分为SC组(n=39)和SIMV+PSV组(n=40),分别采用SC和SIMV+PSV模式撤机.记录撤机时间、总通气时间(TVT)、人工操作次数及再插管率.结果 SC组撤机时间、TVT较SIMV+PSV组明显缩短(P<0.05);SC组人工操作次数较SIMV+PSV组明显减少(P<0.05);两组再插管率差异无统计学意义.结论 对于有自主呼吸行机械通气的撤机患者,与SIMV+PSV相比SC模式可缩短他们的撤机时间、TVT,减少人工操作次数,减轻医务人员的工作量.     

应用机械通气模式改善婴幼儿心脏手术后低氧血症的护理

目的研究应用压力控制型同步间歇指令（SIMV＋PC）加压力支持（PSV）加呼气末正压（PEEP）通气模式改善婴幼儿心脏手术后并发低氧血症的护理方法。方法对62例心脏手术后并发低氧血症患儿分为治疗组和对照组,治疗组（32例）给予SIMV（PC）＋PSV＋PEEP通气,随时调整呼吸机参数,加强呼吸道的护理。对照组（30例）采用同步间歇指令（SIMV）通气模式和常规护理。结果治疗组血氧改善快,呼吸机使用时间短,并发症少;住ICU时间缩短。治疗组1例、对照组3例死于多器官功能衰竭。结论婴幼儿心脏手术后并发低氧血症时,应用SIMV（PC）＋PSV＋PEEP模式通气,能有效改善低氧血症,减少肺部并发症,缩短呼吸机使用时间。     

Pulse and Systolic Pressure Variation Assessment in Partially Assisted Ventilatory Support

OBJECTIVE: The use of pulse pressure variation (PPV) and systolic pressure variation (SPV) is possible during controlled ventilation (MV). Even in acute respiratory failure, controlled MV tends to be replaced by assisted ventilatory support. We tested if PPV and SPV during flow triggered synchronized intermittent mechanical ventilation (SIMV) could be as accurate as in controlled MV. METHODS: Prospective case-controlled study. Thirty patients who met criteria of weaning from controlled MV. Twenty minutes pressure support ventilation with 3 min(-1) flow triggered SIMV breathes (10 ml kg(-1)) T1, then three consecutive breaths in controlled MV (respiratory rate 12 min(-1),10 ml kg(-1)) T2. PPV and SPV were measured in T1 and T2. Correlation and Bland-Altman analysis were used to compare respective values of PPV and SPV in the two modes of ventilation. RESULTS: Significant correlations were found between dynamic indices in SIMV during pressure support ventilation and those in controlled MV mode. The mean differences between two measurements were: PPV 0.6+/-2.8% (limit of agreement: -5.0 and 6.2), SPV 0.5+/-2.3 mmHg (limit of agreement: -4.0 and 5.1). CONCLUSIONS: PPV and SPV measured during SIMV fitted with the findings in controlled MV. Dynamic indexes could be accurately monitored in patients breathing with assisted respiratory assistance adding an imposed large enough SIMV breath.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病机械通气患者两种不同通气模式的比较

目的探讨适应性支持通气（ASV）在慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）机械通气患者中的应用。方法24例存在自主呼吸行机械通气的COPD患者随机分成两组,一组先使用辅助／控制通气（A／C）模式后改为ASV模式,另一组先使用A／C模式后改为同步间歇指令通气联合压力支持通气（SIMV＋PSV）模式,采用对照性研究方法,比较前后两种通气模式对患者的呼吸力学、血流动力学和血气分析的影响,以及两组间的有创通气时间、机械通气总时间、撤机成功率及调机次数。结果从A／C模式改为ASV后患者的呼吸频率（RR）、气道峰压（Pp）、平均气道压（Pro）、气道闭合压（P0．1）和浅快呼吸指数（RSB）下降,潮气量（VT）和肺顺应性（C）上升（P〈0．01）;从A／C模式改为SIMV＋PSV后RR、Pp、Pm、P0.1和RSB下降（P〈0．01）。两组其余呼吸力学、血流动力学及血气分析指标变更模式前后差异均无统计学意义,两组之间的有创通气时间、机械通气总时间、撤机成功率差异无统计学意义,但是ASV组的调机次数明显少于SIMV＋PSV组（8．5±2．2vs13．1±3．1,P〈0．01）。结论ASV和SIMV＋PSV与A／C比较能在一定程度上降低呼吸负荷,保护肺组织。运用于撤机时两种模式效果无明显差别,但ASV操作相对简单,适合于临床医师使用。     

Various modes of lung ventilation in children during transition to spontaneous breathing

The purpose of the study is to compare the effect of SIMV and BIPAP ventilation modes for the duration of mechanical ventilation, duration of the "weaning" from a respirator, the condition of gas metabolism and hemodynamics in children transferring to spontaneous breathing. In a retrospective cohort study included 30 children (16 boys and 14 girls) aged from 1 month to 18 years, which were on mechanical ventilation for more than 24 hours and required a gradual "weaning" from the unit. The children were treated in the department of general intensive care unit of Tushino City Pediatric Hospital from January 2008 to August 2010. To all the patients with duration of mechanical ventilation of more than 48 hours, as well as with an earlier unsuccessful test of the spontaneous breathing, gradual "weaning" from the unit was conducted. Depending on which mode was used the children were divided into two groups. In the first group SIMV+ PS mode was used for "weaning", while for the second group the BIPAP+ PS mode was used. Patients in both groups did not differ in age, sex, severity of illness at admission on the scale of PRISM, nosological forms and duration of mechanical ventilation before transfer to spontaneous respiration. Transition of patients to spontaneous respiration was accompanied by adaptive changes in the indices of respiratory system and hemodynamics, most pronounced after extubation. The reliable difference in the duration of weaning from the device was (3.21 + 2.0 days in SIMV group vs. 2.75 + 1.34 days in BIPAP group, p = 0.05). In the SIMV group the frequency of desynchronization episodes was greater (SIMV--an average of 3.75 + 1.4 episodes per day compared to 2.37 + 0.85 episodes in the BIPAP group, p = 0.003). The advantages of using BIPAP+ PS mode are the duration of weaning from the unit and the synchronization with the respirator. The statistically significant estimates of the parameters of pulmonary ventilation and hemodynamics require further study.     

Pattern of spontaneous breathing: potential marker for weaning outcome

OBJECTIVE: To quantitatively assess the spontaneous breathing (SB) pattern, during minimal ventilatory support, of patients who pass or fail weaning trials from mechanical ventilation. DESIGN: A prospective, clinical trial. SETTING: Intensive care unit of a university teaching hospital. PATIENTS: Fifty-two tracheally intubated and hemodynamically stable patients who were judged clinically ready for extubation. METHODS: Using a computerized respiratory profile monitor, continuous respiratory parameters were obtained while patients were receiving four or less synchronized intermittent mandatory (SIMV) breaths and during CPAP trials. Coefficients of variation (CV) of spontaneous tidal volumes and flows during SIMV trials as well as the entropies and dimensions of the breathing patterns during CPAP trials were used to assess the dynamical breathing behaviors of the patients who passed or failed weaning trials. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Thirty-nine extubations were successful and 13 were not. The CV of the spontaneous tidal volumes (VT) and the spontaneous peak inspiratory flows (PF), the Kolmogorov entropy and the dimension of the SB patterns were compared in the two groups. The CV of VT (9.13 +/- 4.11 vs 26.07 +/- 6.94), the CV of PF (11.63 +/- 4.18 vs 29.88 +/- 12.07), the Kolmogorov entropy (0.09 +/- 0.03 bits/cycle vs 0.39 +/- 0.09 bits/cycle), and the dimension of the SB pattern (1.33 +/- 0.07 vs 3.93 +/- 0.47) were all significantly smaller (P < 0.05) in the successfully extubated group versus the group that failed extubation. CONCLUSION: The spontaneous breathing pattern during minimal mechanical ventilatory support is more chaotic in patients who failed extubation trials compared to patients who passed extubation trials. Thus, we speculate that characterizing the SB pattern during minimal ventilatory support might be a useful tool in differentiating between extubation success and failure.     

适应性支持通气与传统通气模式在弥漫性肺出血急性呼吸衰竭中的应用比较

[目的]比较适应性支持通气（adaptive support ventilation,ASV）与同步间歇指令通气（SIMV）对弥漫性肺出血急性呼吸衰竭患者的治疗价值.[方法]将弥漫性肺出血急性呼吸衰竭机械通气患者38例,随机分为两组,分别采用ASV和SIMV模式进行治疗直至撤机,比较两组的血流动力学参数、血气分析、呼吸力学和通气参数、机械通气时间、肺出血停止时间、撤机成功率及气压伤发生率的影响.[结果]①两组的血气分析和血流动力学指标无明显差异（P〉0.05）, 但ASV组较SIMV组出血停止时间明显缩短（P＜0.05）,两组脱机成功率均100%,无气压伤发生.②ASV组较SIMV组,潮气量（VT）增加而呼吸频率（RR）明显减慢,差异有显著性（P〈0.01）;气道峰压（PIP）和平台压（Pplat）下降显著（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）,内源性呼气末正加通气（PEEPi）的发生率22.38% ,明显低于SIMV组的44.67%（P〈0.01）,ASV组的机械通气时间亦明显缩短减少（P〈0.05）.[结论]ASV模式应用于急性肺出血并呼衰患者,与传统SIMV模式相比具有相同的改善氧合的效果,但呼吸力学的改善更有利于撤机和肺保护,理论上减少机械通气加重肺出血的发生,且操作较简单,值得临床推广应用.     

常用呼吸方式对血液动力学和氧代谢的影响

目的本文对８例危重症患者行Ａ／Ｃ、ＳＩＭＶ和ＰＳＶ呼吸支持,探讨三种方式对血液动力学和氧代谢的影响。方法呼吸支持最初阶段采用Ａ／Ｃ方式,并逐渐改为ＳＩＭＶ和ＰＳＶ方式,每种方式持续３０ｍｉｎ,ＳＩＭＶ频率为Ａ／Ｃ的７５％,ＰＳＶ设置在能够达到呼出气潮气量相同于Ａ／Ｃ的水平,三种方式吸入氧浓度不变,利用Ｓｗａｎ－Ｇａｎｚ导管获得血液动力学和氧代谢参数。结果与Ａ／Ｃ相比,ＳＩＭＶ和ＰＳＶ有一个低的ＰＩＰ增加的ＰａＯ２,与Ａ／Ｃ相比,ＳＩＭＶ可进一步增加ＣＩ和ＤＯ２、ＰｖＯ２。结论与Ａ／Ｃ相比,ＳＩＭＶ和ＰＳＶ对胸内压和血液动力学影响较小,ＳＩＭＶ可进一步增加组织的氧利用率。     

Effects of patient-triggered automatic switching between mandatory and supported ventilation in the postoperative weaning period

OBJECTIVE: To compare two ventilator settings in the postoperative weaning period. Patient-triggered automatic switching between controlled ventilation and supported spontaneous breathing (Automode, AM) was compared to synchronised intermittent mandatory ventilation (SIMV) with stepwise manual adjustment of mandatory frequency according to the breathing activity. DESIGN: Prospective clinical investigation. SETTING: Eighteen-bed intensive care unit in a university hospital. PATIENTS: Forty postoperative patients with healthy lungs who had undergone brain tumour surgery. INTERVENTIONS: Randomisation either to the AM or SIMV weaning procedure after entering the ICU. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Total weaning time and number of manipulations on the ventilator were observed. Cardiocirculatory and respiratory parameters were measured consecutively at five points during the weaning period. No significant differences were seen for cardiocirculatory parameters, airway pressures and oxygenation between the two groups. There was a trend to shorter weaning times with AM (136 +/- 46 min vs 169 +/- 68 min, n.s.), the average number of manipulations on the ventilator was lower (0.55 +/- 0.69 vs 5.05 +/- 1.19,p < 0.001) and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) levels showed fewer variations in the late phase of the weaning period (39.5 +/- 3.1 vs 38.3 +/- 7.2, p < 0.001 for differences in variance). CONCLUSIONS: Automatic, patient-triggered switching between controlled and supported mode of ventilation can be used for postoperative weaning of neurosurgical patients with healthy lungs. Compared to a SIMV weaning procedure, fewer manipulations on the ventilator are necessary and individual adaptation of ventilation seems to be more accurate.