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1.
Janessa M. Graves Jessica L. Mackelprang Celestina Barbosa-Leiker Mary E. Miller Angel Y. Li 《Quality of life research》2017,26(1):107-120
Purpose
This study investigated the association between work, work intensity, and quality of life (QOL) among adolescents in Washington State.Methods
Data from the 2010 Washington Healthy Youth Survey of public school students in 8, 10, and 12th grades were analyzed. Students were categorized as working or not working. Work intensity was classified by self-reported number of hours worked per week. Respondent QOL was measured using the Youth Quality of Life Instrument-Healthy Youth Survey Version (YQOL-HYS). Linear regression models evaluated the association between employment variables and scores on the YQOL-HYS.Results
In total, 27, 26, and 47 % of students in grades 8, 10, and 12 reported currently working, respectively. For 8th and 10th graders, working was significantly associated with lower QOL scores compared to non-working students. Across all grades, increased work intensity was associated with significantly lower QOL. Participation in after-school activities demonstrated a protective effect.Conclusions
While work is often a positive experience for adolescents, among younger teens and those who work many hours, employment during the school year may have a deleterious impact on QOL. Further research is necessary to better understand whether employment, particularly in early adolescence, may have negative ramifications on QOL among young workers.2.
Anna-Karin Waenerlund Per E Gustafsson Pekka Virtanen Anne Hammarström 《BMC public health》2011,11(1):956
Background
There is controversy as to whether peripheral employment is related to poor health status or not. This study aims at examining whether 1) the accumulation of time in peripheral labour market positions is associated with psychological distress and poor or average self-rated health; 2) the proposed association is different among women than among men.Method
Participants in the 1995 and 2007 follow-up surveys of the Northern Swedish Cohort (n = 985) completed self-administered questionnaires about psychological and general health and about employment positions during the follow-up years. Associations between 12 year peripheral labour market positions (no, low, medium and high exposure) and health were examined using logistic regression.Results
Exposure to peripheral employment was positively related to psychological distress in both women and men (p-values for trend < 0.001). Adjustment for sociodemographics and psychological distress at baseline, as well as for unemployment and being out of the labour market at the follow-up, resulted in attenuation of the odds ratios, particularly in the group with high exposure to peripheral employment, although results remained significant in men in the fully adjusted model. Women and men with high exposure to peripheral employment had high odds of poor or average self-rated health, but the association was rendered non-significant after adjustment for the covariates.Conclusions
Our findings suggest that exposure to peripheral employment positions has an impact particularly on mental health, partly due to the over-representation of other unfavourable social and employment conditions among those with substantial exposure to peripheral employment.3.
Anita L. Hansen G. Ambroziak D. Thornton L. Dahl B. Grung 《The journal of nutrition, health & aging》2018,22(4):513-518
Objectives
To investigate the effect of a long-term fatty fish intervention on a pure cognitive mechanism important for self-regulation and mental health, i.e. working memory (WM), controlling for age and IQ.Design
A randomized controlled trial.Setting
A forensic facility.Participants
Eighty-four young to middle aged male forensic inpatients with psychiatric disorders.Intervention
Consumption of farmed salmon or control meal (meat) three times a week during 23 weeks.Measurement
Performance on WM tasks, both accuracy and mean reaction time, were recorded pre and post intervention.Results
Performance on a cognitive functioning tasks taxing WM seemed to be explained by age and IQ.Conclusion
Fatty fish consumption did not improve WM performance in a group of young to middle aged adults with mental health problems, as less impressionable factors such as aging and intelligence seemed to be the key components. The present study improves the knowledge concerning the interaction among nutrition, health and the aging process.4.
Background
Suicide is a leading cause of death among youth. Suicide screening programs aim to identify mental health issues and prevent death by suicide.Objective
The present study evaluated outcomes of a multi-stage screening program implemented over 3 school years in a moderately-sized Midwestern high school.Methods
One hundred ninety-three 9th-grade students were screened in the program. Students who screened positive were referred to mental health services and followed. Suicide-related thoughts and behaviors among 9th-grade students in the school with screening were compared to those of students in a similar school without screening.Results
There was a significant increase in utilization of mental health services among students who screened positive and a decrease in rates of suicidal ideation and attempts among 9th-grade students at the school with screening.Conclusions
This multi-stage screening program shows promise in addressing suicide-related behaviors in schools. Randomized trials are needed to confirm program efficacy.5.
M. H. Jaafar S. Mahadeva P. Subramanian Maw Pin Tan 《The journal of nutrition, health & aging》2017,21(4):473-479
Objective
To explore the perceptions of healthcare professionals’ (HCPs) in a South East Asian nation towards percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) feeding.Design
Semi-structured, qualitative interviews.Settings
A teaching hospital in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.Participants
A total of 17 healthcare professionals aged 23-43 years, 82% women.Results
Thematic analysis revealed five themes that represent HCPs’ perceptions in relation to the usage of PEG feeding: 1) knowledge of HCPs, 2) communication, 3) understanding among patients, and 4) financial and affordability.Conclusion
The rationale for reluctance towards PEG feeding observed in this regions was explained by lack of education, knowledge, communication, team work, and financial support. Future studies should assess the effects of educational programmes among HCPs and changes in policies to promote affordability on the utilization of PEG feeding in this region.6.
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Background
Urban youth are often exposed to compounded risk factors which make them more vulnerable to negative outcomes. Research examining promotive factors which may reduce vulnerabilities to poor psychosocial adjustment among this population is limited.Objective
The current study addresses this limitation by examining the impact of self-efficacy and positive expectations about the future, as promotive factors, on levels of depressive and anxious symptomatology, sense of belonging, and friendship among a sample of urban youth.Methods
Data are from 1202 4th and 5th grade students enrolled at 27 elementary schools in a high poverty, high minority school district in the Southeastern United States.Results
Using ordinary least squares regression, analyses reveal that promotive factors are significant predictors of psychosocial adjustment and thus have implications for improving negative outcomes among urban minority youth.Conclusions
The findings suggests that interventions aimed at increasing self-efficacy and positive expectations about the future may reduce child and adolescent vulnerability to negative outcomes associated with poor psychosocial adjustment.9.
B.-T. Huang Y. Peng W. Liu C. Zhang H. Chai F.-Y. Huang Z.-L. Zuo Y.-B. Liao T.-L. Xia Mao Chen 《The journal of nutrition, health & aging》2016,20(2):199-204
Objective
To explore whether nutritional risk is associated with poor outcomes independent of complicated clinical status in older patients with coronary artery disease (CAD).Design
Cohort study.Setting
Patients referred for coronary angiography in West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China.Participants
1772 patients with angiographic documented CAD whose age was above 65 years.Measurements
Nutritional state was appraised using geriatric nutritional risk index (GNRI). Nutritional risk was defined as the GNRI below 98. The event rate of all-cause death was observed among patients with nutritional risk and those without.Results
During a median follow-up period of 27 months, 224 patients died. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that nutritional risk was associated with all-cause death (adjusted hazard ratio 1.99; 95% confidence interval 1.35–2.95; P=0.001). Subgroup analysis verified the association between nutritional risk and death among patients with distinct clinical features, comorbidities, and medication. There was no interaction between nutritional risk and clinical characteristics with regard to all-cause death.Conclusion
Nutritional state is independently associated with the risk of all-cause death in geriatric patients with CAD. Whether nutritional support in appropriate patients improves clinical outcomes deserves further investigation.10.
Joachim Cohen Sigrid Dierickx Yolanda W. H. Penders Luc Deliens Kenneth Chambaere 《European journal of epidemiology》2018,33(7):689-693
Background
Death certificates are the main source of information on the incidence of the direct and underlying causes of death, but may be unsuitable for monitoring the practice of medical assistance in dying, e.g. euthanasia, due to possible underreporting. This study examines the accuracy of certification of euthanasia.Methods
Mortality follow-back survey using a random sample of death certificates (N?=?6871). For all cases identified as euthanasia we checked whether euthanasia was reported as a cause of death on the death certificate. We used multivariable logistic regression analysis to evaluate whether reporting varied according to patient and decision-making characteristics.Results
Through the death certificates, 0.7% of all deaths were identified as euthanasia, compared with 4.6% through the mortality follow-back survey. Only 16.2% of the cases identified from the survey were reported on the death certificate. Euthanasia was more likely to be reported on the death certificate where death was from cancer (14% covered), neurological diseases (22%) and stroke (28%) than from cardiovascular disease (7%). Even when the recommended drugs were used or the physician self-labelled the end-of-life decision as euthanasia, euthanasia was only reported on the death certificate in 24% of cases.Conclusions
Death certificates substantially underestimate the frequency of euthanasia as a cause of death in Belgium. Mortality follow-back studies are essential complementary instruments to examine and monitor the practice of euthanasia more accurately. Death certificate forms may need to be modified and clear guidelines provided to physicians about recording euthanasia to ensure more accurate certification.11.
Background
Opioid agonist therapy has been widely used to reduce harms among individuals with opioid use disorder but its effectiveness has not been evaluated in the Middle East North African (MENA) region. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a program using opioid agonist therapy in combination with psychosocial support on improving psychological and social well-being, reducing arrest, and reducing risky behavior in individuals with opioid use disorder in Lebanon.Methods
A one-group pre-test post-test design study was performed at SKOUN Lebanese Addiction Centre between January 2013 and December 2014. Eighty-six out of 181 patients agreed to participate and completed the 3-month assessment and 38 concluded the 12-month assessment. Psychological (depression and anxiety, quality of life), substance dependence/abuse, behavioral (injecting behavior, sharing needles and paraphernalia), and social outcomes were evaluated at baseline, 3, and 12 months post-treatment.Results
Remarkable statistical significance improvements were observed 3 months after treatment in most outcome variables including quality of life, anxiety, substance dependence, overdose, employment, and injecting behavior. Improvements were sustained 12 months after treatment.Conclusion
Results support expanding the access to opioid agonist therapy in other MENA countries to treat substance dependence and reduce harms among individuals with opioid use disorder.12.
Michael D. Wirth L. Davis T. G. Hurley A. Ortaglia R. Drayton S. N. Blair J. R. Hébert 《The journal of nutrition, health & aging》2017,21(5):487-491
Objective
Chronic inflammation is linked to many chronic conditions. One of the strongest modulators of chronic inflammation is diet. The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) measures dietary inflammatory potential and has been validated previously, but not among African Americans (AAs).Design
Cross-sectional analysis using baseline data from the Healthy Eating and Active Living in the Spirit (HEALS) intervention study.Setting
Baseline data collection occurred between 2009 and 2012 in or near Columbia, SC.Participants
African-American churchgoers.Measurements
Baseline data collection included c-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 from blood draws, anthropometric measures, and numerous questionnaires. The questionnaires included a food frequency questionnaire which was used for DII calculation. The main analyses were performed using quantile regression.Results
Subjects in the highest DII quartile (i.e., more pro-inflammatory) were younger, more likely to be married, and had less education and greater BMI. Individuals in DII quartile 4 had statistically significantly greater CRP at the 75th and 90th percentiles of CRP versus those in quartile 1 (i.e., more anti-inflammatory).Conclusion
Construct validation provides support for using the DII in research among AA populations. Future research should explore avenues to promote more anti-inflammatory diets, with use of the DII, among AA populations to reduce risk of chronic disease.13.
L. Jauhiainen S. Männistö P. Ylöstalo A. Nordblad A. W. Turunen Anna Liisa Suominen 《The journal of nutrition, health & aging》2017,21(5):492-500
Objective
To study differences in consumption of foods and intake of nutrients attributable to denture status.Design, setting and participants
Data from a cross-sectional, nationally representative Health 2000 Survey, subjects aged 55–84 years (n=2,241).Measurements
Denture status (edentulous with full dentures, own dentition with removable dentures, own dentition with no removable dentures) was used as an explanatory variable. The consumption of foods and intake of nutrients was used as an outcome variable and was measured using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire.Results
Denture status associated with food choices. Full denture wearers consumed less vegetables (p = 0.013 among men and p = 0.001 among women) and fruits (p = 0.001 among women), more sugary products (p = 0.012 among men and p = 0.008 among women), and their balance in fatty acids was less favourable than among dentate participants. Among dentate participants, the differences between the two groups were small and statistically significant differences were seen mostly in women.Conclusions
Wearing full dentures appears to be associated with unhealthier food choices, lower consumption of some foodstuffs and lower intake of certain nutrients when compared to the food choices of dentate persons.14.
Objectives
We review the NCI/DIA conference, “Improving health outcomes assessment based on modern measurement theory and computerized adaptive testing,” and suggest next steps in use of item response theory (IRT) to assess health outcomes.Background
In recent years the level of interest and use of IRT methods has increased dramatically among health outcomes researchers. The NCI/DIA conference on June 24–25, 2004, was one of the first systematic opportunities to examine many challenging issues in applying IRT to the health outcomes field.Method
Based on the conference presentations, we identified five issues important to future applications of IRT to health outcomes.Results
The five key issues are as follows: (1) collaboration between academia, government and industry; (2) common versus unique item banks; (3) educating and establishing standards for use and reporting of IRT; (4) demonstrating the value of IRT; and (5) continuing efforts to improve the user friendliness of IRT software.Conclusions
Moving forward will require a collaborative effort between academia, government agencies, and industry to design and conduct IRT research. A common item bank developed with collaboration from investigators from multiple institutions could be very valuable to the field. The establishment of consensus standards for use and reporting of IRT results would help users and consumers of the methodology. Clear documentation of how IRT can lead to better patient-reported outcome measures and more accurate understanding of substantive issues is essential. Academia, government and industry should continue current work to enhance the user-friendliness of the IRT software.15.
Mateu Serra-Prat X. Sist A. Saiz L. Jurado R. Domenich A. Roces M. Papiol 《The journal of nutrition, health & aging》2016,20(6):653-658
Background
Characterization of the main features of pre-frailty may contribute to better understanding the mechanisms involved in the development of frailty.Objective
To characterize the pre-frail population consulting in primary care centres in Mataró (Catalonia, Spain), to describe the Fried’s frailty criteria for this population and to identify the main associated factors.Design
Cross-sectional study.Setting
Three primary care centres in Catalonia.Participants
Pre-frail subjects recruited from among persons aged 70 years and older consulting primary care centres and screened for frailty according to Fried’s criteria.Measurements
Clinical, nutritional and functional data.Results
Frailty prevalence of 31.0% and pre-frailty prevalence of 49.0% were observed. Comorbidity was not especially frequent among elderly individuals classified as pre-frail (except for diabetes with 35.8% prevalence). Functional status and nutritional status were both reasonably satisfactory in pre-frail subjects with mean Barthel score of 98 points and 91% classified as well nourished. Among pre-frail subjects, 35% were obese (body mass index>30); 75% reported pain; 12% had an accidental fall in the previous three months; and the mean number of medications ingested was 6.2. Weakness was the most prevalent frailty criterion (70%), followed by slowness (30%). Weakness was associated with age in men and with pain in women. Poor physical activity was associated with pain.Conclusions
Pre-frailty is very common among elderly subjects consulting primary care centres. Weakness, slowness, diabetes, pain and polypharmacy should alert healthcare professionals to the onset of a frailty process.16.
J. Wang A. W. Taylor T. Zhang S. Appleton Zumin Shi 《The journal of nutrition, health & aging》2018,22(2):262-268
Objectives
To examine the association between BMI and all-cause mortality in the oldest old (≥80 years).Design
The study used a prospective cohort study design.Setting
Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) between 1998/99 and 2011.Population
8026 participants aged 80 years and older were followed every two to three years.Measurements
Body weight and knee height were measured. Height was calculated based on knee height using a validated equation. Deaths were ascertained from family members during follow-up.Results
The mean BMI was 19.8 (SD 4.5) kg/m2. The prevalence of underweight, overweight and obese was 37.5%, 10.2% and 4.4%, respectively. There were 5962 deaths during 29503 person-years of follow-up. Compared with normal weight, underweight was associated with a higher mortality risk (HRs: 1.20 (95%CI 1.13-1.27) but overweight (HR 0.89 (95%CI 0.81-0.99)) were associated with a lower risk. Obesity had a HR 0.91 (95%CI 0.78-1.05) for mortality.Conclusion
Among oldest old Chinese, underweight is associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality but overweight is associated with a reduced risk. Interventions to reduce undernutrition should be given priority among the oldest old Chinese.17.
Michael P. Corcoran K. K. H. Chui D. K. White K. F. Reid D. Kirn M. E. Nelson J. M. Sacheck S. C. Folta R. A. Fielding 《The journal of nutrition, health & aging》2016,20(7):752-758
Objectives
To describe levels of physical activity among older adults residing at assisted care facilities and their association with physical function.Design
Cross-sectional analysis.Setting
Assisted care facilities within the greater Boston, MA area.Participants
Older adults aged 65 years and older (N = 65).Measurements
Physical Activity Level (PAL) as defined by quartiles from accelerometry (counts and steps), Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) Score, gait speed, and handgrip strength.Results
Participants in the most active accelerometry quartile engaged in 25 minutes/week of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and walked 2,150 steps/day. These individuals had an SPPB score, 400 meter walk speed, and handgrip strength that was 3.7–3.9 points, 0.3–0.4 meters/second, and 4.5–5.1 kg greater respectively, than individuals in the lowest activity quartile, who engaged in less than 5 min/wk of MVPA or took fewer than 460 steps/day.Conclusion
Despite engaging in physical activity levels far below current recommendations (150 min/week of MVPA or > 7000 steps/day), the most active older adults in this study exhibited clinically significant differences in physical function relative to their less active peers. While the direction of causality cannot be determined from this cross-sectional study, these findings suggest a strong association between PAL and physical function among older adults residing in an assisted care facility.18.
Saara Taponen Lauri Lehtimäki Kirsi Karvala Ritva Luukkonen Jukka Uitti 《Journal of occupational medicine and toxicology (London, England)》2017,12(1):19
Background
This study aims to elucidate factors that among adults with asthma are associated with working full-time.Methods
This cross-sectional survey of 2613 working-age adults with asthma included questions on asthma history, symptoms and use of asthma medication, socioeconomic factors and health behavior. Full-time workers were compared to groups according to employment status: unemployed, work disability and retired due to age.Results
Adults with asthma working full time were younger and more often nonmanual workers, experienced less asthma symptoms, used less asthma medication and smoked less than subjects with work disability. After adjusting for age, gender, smoking and professional status, having frequent symptoms of asthma during last month was associated with an increase in the risk of unemployment (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.3–4.2) and with an increase in the risk of work disability (OR 4.4, 95% CI 2.3–8.2).Conclusions
Among adults with asthma, full-time work was associated with younger age, less symptomatic asthma despite of less medication, nonmanual work and less smoking. Having more severe symptoms of asthma was associated with undesirable employment status such as unemployment or work disability. Possibilities to change from manual to nonmanual work may be important in preventing work disability and early exit from work.19.
Nongnuch Jaichuen Sirinya Phulkerd Nisachol Certthkrikul Gary Sacks Viroj Tangcharoensathien 《Globalization and health》2018,14(1):115
Background
The food industry can influence individual and population level food consumption behaviours, shape public preferences and interfere with government policy on obesity prevention and NCDs. This paper identifies the Corporate Political Activity (CPA) of major food companies in Thailand which relate to obesity and NCDs.Methods
Using the INFORMAS framework to classify CPA, we reviewed publicly available information by 12 food companies between August 2011 and July 2016 in order to identify, analyse and classify the CPA contents. Semi-structured interviews with 17 key stakeholders who are experts in this field supplemented evidence from the document review. Data analysis applied a thematic approach.Results
Food industry in Thailand applied a variety of CPA strategies and practices. The two most common strategies were constituency building and information and messaging.Conclusion
The diverse range of CPA strategies which influence government policy and public opinion can undermine efforts to prevent obesity and diet-related NCDs. We recommend systematic monitoring of their CPA, strengthening mechanisms to hold the food industry accountable for their role in protecting and promoting the nutrition and health of the population, introducing mandatory registration of lobbyists, mandatory disclosure of political donations, and stronger oversight of conflicts of interest among the government actors.20.
Vincenzo Valiani M. Lauzé D. Martel M. Pahor T. M. Manini S. Anton M. Aubertin-Leheudre 《The journal of nutrition, health & aging》2017,21(7):819-824