弓形虫GRA8基因真核表达重组质粒的构建、鉴定及测序

目的 构建弓形虫RH株pcDNA3，1( )-GRA8真核表达重组质粒，为进一步DNA免疫做准备。方法 用聚合酶链反应(PCR)从弓形虫RH株的基因组DNA中扩增编码致密颗粒蛋白(GRA8)的基因片段，纯化后重组入pUC-19克隆载体，再经含IPTG，XGal氨苄培养基蓝白筛选，挑选白色克隆酶切，低溶点琼脂糖纯化，回收目的基因亚克隆入pcDNA3．1( )，经氨苄培养基过夜培养挑选6个克隆提纯酶切，PCR鉴定和测序。结果 从RH株基因组DNA中扩增出特异的GRA8基因片段，克隆成功pcDNA3．1( )-GRA8重组质粒。测序表明GRA8这部分基因与GENEBANK相应基因序列完全一致。结论 本结果为研究抗弓形虫核酸疫苗打下基础。     

弓形虫和乙型肝炎病毒混合核酸疫苗的研究Ⅰ.pcDNA3-HBsAg-GRA1真核表达质粒的构建及鉴定

目的　构建 pcDNA3-HBsAg -GRA1真核表达质粒 ,为提高弓形虫DNA疫苗保护性做出新的探索 ,并期望“一 / +-苗两用”。方法　采用PCR分别扩增HBsAg、GRA1;经BclⅠ、EcoRⅠ双酶切HBsAg ;EcoRⅠ、XhoⅠ双酶切GRA1;BamHⅠ、XhoⅠ双酶切载体 pcDNA3 0 ;HBsAg、GRA1、pcDNA3 0双酶切纯化产物与T4DNA连接酶在 2 2℃连接过夜 ,用双酶切及双脱氧末端终止法测序鉴定重组质粒。结果　成功构建pcDNA3-HBsAg -GRA1真核表达质粒。结论　为进一步研究 pcD NA3-HBsAg -GRA1诱导的保护性免疫奠定了基础。     

弓形虫致密颗粒蛋白GRA2真核表达质粒的构建与体外表达

目的构建弓形虫致密颗粒蛋白GRA2的真核表达重组质粒。方法设计合成GRA2引物，运用PCR方法扩增其基因片段，经克隆至pMDl8-T载体后，亚克隆至真核表达质粒pcDNA3．1（-）而构建重组表达质粒pcDNA3．1-GRA2。脂质体法将构建的重组质粒转染HFF细胞，RT—PCR法检测转染细胞中GRA2的表达情况。结果PCR扩增GRA2基因序列正确，构建的重组表达质粒pcDNA3．1-GRA2经PCR、EcoRⅠ／HindⅢ双酶切和测序鉴定正确；转染GRA2基因的细胞，RT—PCR可见目的条带。结论成功获得真核表达重组质粒pcDNA3．1-GRA2，为进一步研究弓形虫疫苗的免疫保护性奠定基础。     

弓形虫RH株致密颗粒蛋白GRA4基因的克隆与表达

目的 克隆和表达弓形虫RH株致密颗粒蛋白GRA4基因。方法 根据GRA4基因序列,设计合成一对引物,用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法从弓形虫RH株基因组DNA中扩增GRA4基因片段,插入pMD18-T载体,并转化大肠杆菌JM109,经PCR、双酶切、测序验证后,将GRA4基因片段定向亚克隆到载体pGEX-4T-2中构建原核表达重组质粒pGEX-4T-2.GRA4,重组子在E.coli BL21中经IPTG诱导表达,并对表达产物进行SDS-PAGE及Westem blot分析。结果 从弓形虫RH株基因组DNA中扩增出GRA4基因片段并诱导表达出能被兔抗弓形虫血清识别的重组GRA4蛋白。结论 成功构建和表达了弓形虫pGEX-4T-2-GRA4重组质粒,为弓形虫病诊断抗原和疫苗的研究奠定了基础。     

弓形虫表面抗原SAG3基因片段克隆及序列测定

目的 克隆弓形虫ZS2及RH株SAG3表面抗原基因片段，并进行序列分析。方法 设计合成引物，从弓形虫ZS2、RH及ZS1株基因组DNA中分别特异扩增出编码SAG3抗原的基因片段。扩增的目的片段经纯化后用EcoRⅠ和BamH Ⅰ双酶切后，克隆到原核表达质检pGEX-47-2中，转化入大肠杆菌JMl09，用PCR初筛，将PCR扩增阳性的重组子用EooRⅠ和BamH Ⅰ双酶切鉴定，并进行序列的测定。结果 从弓形虫ZS2、RH和ZS1株DNA中扩增出1176bp的SAG3基因，构建重组质检pGEX-47-2-SAG3(pGEX—SAG3)，酶切产物的大小分别与预期相符。结论 成功地对弓形虫ZS2、RH和ZS1株SAG3基因进行体外扩增及构建原核表达重组质检pGEX-SAG3，并经酶切及序列分析所验证，为弓形虫SAG3表面抗原的表达、体外诊断研究做好准备。     

弓形虫ROP2基因的克隆与鉴定

目的 体外扩增弓形虫棒状体分泌抗原2（ROP2）靶基因，构建真核表达载体pc-DNA3-ROP2。 方法 收集、纯化RH株弓形虫速殖子，提取基因组DNA；根据基因库ROP2基因序列设计合成1对引物，应用PCR扩增ROP2基因片段，回收纯化后克隆入TA载体质粒pUCm-T；用限制性内切酶EcoRⅠ、HindⅢ双酶切该重组子，将切下的ROP2基因在T4DNA连接酶作用下插入真核细胞表达载体质粒pc-DNA3，并进一步作双酶切、PCR及测序鉴定。 结果 以弓形虫基因组DNA为模板，PCR扩增出1.7 kb ROP2基因片段，克隆于pUCm-T载体中，再将ROP2基因亚克隆于真核表达载体质粒pc-DNA3，经筛选鉴定，构建pc-DNA3-ROP2重组质粒；测序结果显示，重组质粒包含了ROP2蛋白基因读码框内的完整序列，能完整表达ROP2的抗原蛋白。 结论 弓形虫ROP2基因片段，经TA克隆及亚克隆，构建弓形虫pc-DNA3-ROP2重组质粒。     

弓形虫和乙型肝炎病毒混合核酸疫苗的研究I．pcDNA3-HBsAg—GRA1真核表达质粒的构建及鉴定

目的 构建pcDNA3-HBsAg—GRA1真核表达质粒,为提高弓形虫DNA疫苗保护性做出新的探索,并期望“-／ -苗两用”。方法 采用PCR分别扩增HBsAg、GRA1;经BclI、EcoRⅠ双酶切HBsAg;EcoRⅠ、XhoⅠ双酶切GRA1;BamHⅠ、XhoⅠ双酶切载体pcDNA3．0;HBsAg、GRA1、pcDNA3．0双酶切纯化产物与T4DNA连接酶在22℃连接过夜,用双酶切及双脱氧末端终止法测序鉴定重组质粒。结果 成功构建pcDNA3-HBsAg—GRA1真核表达质粒。结论 为进一步研究pcDNA3-HBsAg—GRA1诱导的保护性免疫奠定了基础。     

弓形虫GRA8真核表达质粒的构建与体外表达

目的构建弓形虫致密颗粒蛋白GRA8的真核重组表达质粒。方法设计GRA8的特异引物,采用多聚酶链反应(PCR)技术从弓形虫RH株基因组DNA中扩增编码GRA8的基因片段,经克隆至pMD18-T载体后,亚克隆至真核表达载体pVAC而构建真核重组表达质粒pVAC-GRA8,转化大肠杆菌DH5α;将构建的真核重组表达质粒pVAC-GRA8转染vero细胞,分析转染vero细胞中GRA8的表达状况。结果PCR扩增出GRA8基因的特异片段,所获克隆的序列正确,并被亚克隆到真核表达载体pVAC,构建了真核重组表达质粒pVAC-GRA8;在vero细胞中获得表达。结论成功构建了GRA8的真核重组表达质粒pVAC-GRA8。     

弓形虫致密颗粒抗原GRA8的原核和真核表达质粒的构建

目的 构建弓形虫RH株致密颗粒抗原GRA8的原核和真核重组表达质粒。方法 参照GRA8序列分别设计引物。采用PCR从弓形虫RH株基因组DNA中分别扩增出编码GRA8的基因片段，克隆至pMD18-T载体；菌落PCR鉴定阳性克隆并测序分析；各组阳性克隆的质粒分别亚克隆至原核表达质粒pGEX-4T-2和真核表达载体pVAXl，分别转化大肠杆菌BL21和JM109,PCR和酶切鉴定转化菌落的插入序列；将构建的原核表达菌株经IPTG诱导，SDS—PAGE和免疫印迹分析融合蛋白的表达；将构建的真核重组表达质粒免疫小鼠，观察其诱导的抗体应答。结果 PCR扩增出GRA8基因的特异片段。各组阳性克隆的序列正确，并分别被亚克隆到原核表达质粒pGEX-4T-2和真核表达载体pVAXl上，构建了弓形虫致密颗粒抗原GRA8的原核和真核重组表达质粒；原核表达质粒在大肠杆菌中表达了GRA8的融合蛋白；真核重组表达质粒诱导小鼠产生了抗弓形虫抗原的抗体。结论以pGEX-4T-2和pVAX1为载体，分别成功构建了GRA8的原核和真核重组表达质粒     

弓形虫酵母表达质粒pPIC9K-GRA1的构建及鉴定

目的构建弓形虫致密颗粒抗原-1（GRA1）的酵母表达质粒,为进一步研究GRA1蛋白功能奠定基础。方法PCR扩增编码GRA1目的基因,用EcoRⅠ/NotⅠ分别对扩增产物和酵母表达质粒pPIC9K进行双酶切,将GRA1定向克隆到pPIC9K的EcoRⅠ/NotⅠ位点,对重组质粒进行PCR,双酶切初步鉴定后做序列测定。结果特异扩增出预期的GRA1片段,大小为573bp,扩增产物经双酶切后成功连接到pPIC9K中,经PCR,双酶切及序列测定证明重组质粒中含有GRA1读框。结论成功构建弓形虫GRA1酵母真核表达质粒。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.