钢板辅助固定治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉固定术后骨不连

目的探讨断端周围植骨、钢板辅助固定治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉固定术后骨不连的临床疗效。方法采用保留原髓内固定、断端局部清理、辅助钢板固定、断端周围植骨的方法治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉固定术后骨不连的患者12例。结果12例患者经此方法治疗,随访观察8～13个月,平均11个月,10例达骨性愈合,愈合率达83．3％。结论．辅助钢板治疗股骨干骨折带锁髓内钉固定术后骨不连方法简单,疗效可靠。     

带锁髓内钉动力化后股骨干骨折仍不愈合的原因分析及治疗

目的探讨经单皮质锁定钢板固定结合植骨治疗带锁髓内钉动力化后仍不愈合的股骨干骨折的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2009年6月至2012年2月南阳市骨科医院收治的18例股骨干骨折带锁髓内钉动力化后骨折仍不愈合患者的临床资料,均采取单皮质锁定钢板固定加自体骨植骨予以治疗,术后早期进行功能锻炼。结果18例患者获得随访6～24个月,平均随访时间11个月。骨折均获得愈合,愈合时间3～8个月（平均4．5个月）,肢体活动均恢复到术前。结论单皮质锁定钢板固定加植骨治疗带锁髓内钉动力化后股骨干骨折仍不愈合是一种行之有效的方法。     

附加锁定接骨板结合自体髂骨植骨治疗股骨干骨折交锁髓内钉固定术后骨不连

目的探讨附加锁定接骨板结合自体髂骨植骨治疗股骨干骨折交锁髓内钉固定术后骨不连的临床疗效。方法对10例股骨干骨折交锁髓内钉固定术后骨不连采用附加锁定接骨板结合自体髂骨植骨治疗。结果10例术后均获得平均12（8-18）个月随访。骨折均获愈合,愈合时间平均5．2（4～6）个月,膝关节屈伸功能恢复良好。结论附加锁定接骨板结合自体髂骨植骨治疗股骨干骨折交锁髓内钉固定术后骨不连创伤小、操作简单、骨折愈合快、功能恢复好,是一种理想的治疗方法,临床上值得推广。     

两种手术方式治疗股骨干骨折带锁髓内钉固定术后骨不连

目的通过对比性研究评价两种手术方式治疗股骨干骨折带锁髓内钉固定术后骨不连的疗效。方法回顾分析2009年1月至2010年7月针对41例股骨干骨折带锁髓内钉固定术后骨不连患者采用手术治疗的临床效果,20例行髓内钉取出加滑槽植骨锁定加压钢板固定(A组),21例行断端周围植骨加锁定钢板辅助固定(B组),评估手术时间、手术出血量、植骨愈合率等情况。结果两组患者经8～13个月随访,平均11个月。两组手术时间分别为(130±25)min、(90±17)min,两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);手术出血量分别为(436±60)mL、(304±37)mL,两组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组植骨融合率分别为90%、95.2%,两组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论两种手术方法治疗股骨干骨折带锁髓内钉固定术后骨不连均可得到满意的疗效。骨折断端周围植骨加钢板辅助固定治疗的手术方法具有操作相对简单、手术时间短、创伤小、手术并发症少等优点。     

附加锁定加压钢板联合植骨治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉固定术后无菌性骨不连

目的：探讨附加锁定加压钢板联合植骨治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉固定术后无菌性骨不连的手术方法及临床疗效.方法：2007年1月至2013年1月,收治股骨干骨折髓内钉固定术后无菌性骨不连患者21例,其中男18例,女3例;年龄23 ～64岁,平均37.7岁;骨不连时间9～62个月,平均（23.9±15.6）个月;根据Weber-Cech分型：肥大性骨不连10例,萎缩性骨不连7例,营养不良性骨不连4例.均不取髓内钉,断端切新、取自体骼骨植骨,附加6～8孔锁定加压钢板,近端及远端各拧入2～3枚单皮质锁钉固定.术后根据影像学结果部分负重直至完全负重,定期门诊随访进行临床及影像学评估.结果：21例患者均获得随访,时间8～24个月,平均（13.5±3.5）个月.所有患者获骨性愈合,临床愈合时间4～8个月,平均（6.0±1.0）个月;影像学愈合时间7～12个月,平均（9.1±1.5）个月.术后无感染,内固定松动、断裂等并发症发生.结论：附加锁定加压钢板联合植骨治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉固定术后无菌性骨不连的疗效满意,是一种简便、有效的方法.     

胫骨骨折术后骨不连治疗方法的疗效比较

[目的]探讨带锁髓内钉固定后胫骨骨折骨不连治疗方法的选择和疗效。[方法]348例带锁髓内钉固定胫骨骨折中发生骨不连36例。采用冲击波治疗lO例；髓内钉动力化8例；髓内钉动力化加自体植骨6例；单纯自体植骨5例；改钢板固定加自体植骨3例；肥大型骨不连更换髓内钉4例。[结果]所有病例平均随访28个月。6个月内再手术者较6个月后再手术者愈合时间明显缩短（P〈0.05）。冲击波治疗10例中1例不愈合，经2次冲击波治疗后愈合。髓内钉动力化8例中2例不愈合，经冲击波治疗后愈合，其中2例发生骨缩短；髓内钉动力化加自体植骨6例均愈合；单纯自体植骨5例中2例8个月未愈合，更换髓内钉加自体植骨后愈合；改钢板固定加自体植骨3例均愈合；肥大型骨不连更换髓内钉4例均愈合。【结论】早期治疗带锁髓内钉固定后胫骨骨折骨不连效果肯定。髓内钉动力化可促进骨愈合，但有引起骨缩短的可能；更换髓内钉或钢板加自体植骨治疗骨不连效果满意；冲击波有促进骨不连愈合的作用。     

股骨干骨折髓内钉固定术后骨折不愈合的防治

目的探讨股骨干骨折带锁髓内钉固定术后不愈合的处理及预防。方法对于带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折不愈合的患者,我们采取除去一端锁钉、鼓励负重锻炼,无效则采取扩髓、更换髓内钉和植骨的方法,最终均得到骨愈合。结果带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折32例,不愈合6例,2例取出远端锁钉改为动力性固定后骨痂开始生长,4例最终更换髓内钉加植骨后骨折愈合。结论股骨干骨折带锁髓内钉固定术后有不愈合倾向时应及时改为动力性固定,同时术中扩髓、选择匹配髓内钉亦能减少骨折不愈合的发生。一旦发生骨折不愈合,往往需要再次手术,扩髓、更换髓针并植骨。     

锁定钢板内固定并植骨治疗交锁髓内钉术后骨不愈合

目的探讨锁定钢板结合植骨治疗交锁髓内钉固定后骨折不愈合的方法与疗效。方法我院自2008年5月至2009年5月对5例交锁髓内钉固定后不愈合患者采用骨折不愈合处小切口,清除骨折端填塞的纤维肉芽组织,保留交锁髓内钉,进行锁定钢板经切口插入固定。骨折远近端至少各用3枚螺钉半皮质固定,固定后骨折端稳定,并取自体髂骨植于骨折端。结果 5例患者均获随访,随访时间12～24个月,平均19个月。骨折全部愈合,愈合时间7～12个月,平均9个月。3例分别于术后14、18、20个月取出交锁髓内钉和锁定钢板。结论锁定钢板内固定结合植骨治疗交锁髓内钉固定后骨折不愈合,具有手术操作创伤小、局部血运破坏少、骨折固定稳定及骨折愈合快的优点,是一种简单有效的治疗方法。     

附加锁定钢板固定联合自体髂骨植骨治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉内固定术后骨折不愈合疗效观察

目的 观察附加锁定钢板固定联合自体髂骨植骨治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉内固定术后骨折不愈合的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析自2018-01—2022-12诊治的85例股骨干骨折髓内钉内固定术后骨折不愈合,观察组42例采用附加锁定钢板固定联合自体髂骨植骨治疗,对照组43例更换髓内钉固定联合自体髂骨植骨治疗。比较两组骨折愈合时间、术后并发症发生率,以及术后1个月、3个月、6个月膝关节功能HSS评分。结果 85例均获得随访,随访时间6～24个月,平均15个月。观察组术后出现1例（2.4%）感染,对症治疗后痊愈,未出现内固定物松动断裂、骨折不愈合、骨折畸形愈合。对照组术后出现8例（18.6%）并发症,其中2例感染（对症治疗后痊愈）,2例内固定物松动（未影响骨折愈合）,3例骨折不愈合（再次手术治疗）,1例骨折畸形愈合。观察组术后并发症发生率明显低于对照组,骨折愈合时间较对照组短,术后1个月、3个月、6个月膝关节功能HSS评分高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 附加锁定钢板固定联合自体髂骨植骨治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉内固定术后骨折不愈合可以取得满意的疗效,相较于更换髓内钉内固定治疗,骨折愈合更...     

增加钢板与更换髓内钉治疗股骨髓内钉失败骨不连的比较

[目的]比较增加钢板与更换髓内钉治疗非感染性股骨髓内钉失败肥大型骨不连的临床疗效。[方法]2012年1月～2016年12月,本科手术治疗40例非感染性股骨干骨折髓内钉失败肥大型骨不连患者。其中,10例采用保留原有股骨髓内钉,增加钢板固定,但不行自体髂骨植骨(单纯钢板组);13例采用保留髓内钉,增加钢板固定结合自体髂骨植骨(钢板植骨组);17例采用更换髓内钉结合自体髂骨植骨(换钉植骨组)。对比三组患者的术中出血量、手术时间、术后引流量、并发症、骨不连愈合时间和愈合率。[结果]术中出血量、手术时间和术后引流量依次为单纯钢板组钢板植骨组换钉植骨组,三组间差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。除单纯钢板组1例患者失访外,所有患者获得12～60个月的随访,平均随访(25.22±6.25)个月。钢板植骨组骨折愈合最快,单纯钢板组次之,换钉植骨组骨折愈合最慢,钢板植骨组显著优于其他两组(P0.05)。术后9个月单纯钢板组和钢板植骨组的患者均达到骨性愈合,而换钉植骨组有1例再次行增加钢板固定术,半年后骨折愈合。[结论]相比之下,保留髓内钉增加钢板固定联合自体髂骨植骨是治疗股骨干骨折髓内钉失败肥大型骨不连的最佳手术方式。     

Hazards and complications of endoscopic transurethral ureterolithotripsy and lithoextraction and means of prevention

Complications related to ureterolithotomy and ultrasonic ureterolithotripsy performed under the control of visual endoscope were analyzed in 86 ureterolithiasis patients, methods of their prevention discussed. All the aforementioned complications were distributed into three groups: inapplicability of surgery due to anatomic and functional defects of lower and upper urinary tracts, intraoperative, and postoperative complications. The commonest ones were ureteral abruption and perforation, acute pyelonephritis, temporary vesicoureteral reflux. Their control measures were considered as relative methods of treatment: immediate surgical intervention in case of ureteral abruption, renal catheterization in patients with insignificant ureteral perforation or acute pyelonephritis. Adequate ureteroscopy, careful consideration of pro- and contraindications, catheterization of renal pelvis and urinary bladder performed within 2-3 days after the surgery and adequate antibacterial therapy are the most decisive steps in the control of aforementioned complications.     

牙体牙弓颌骨阻力中心及其临床意义

牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心在正畸矫治力系统中具有重要的意义,也是正畸学领域争论较多的一个问题。Dermaut等研究表明,当力作用于物体阻力中心时,物体将发生平动,否则将发生平动和转动的复合运动。目前,国内外多数学者认为牙体、牙弓及颌骨存在阻力中心,但其位置存在争议。本文就牙体、牙弓及颌骨的阻力中心及其临床意义作一综述。     

Characterisation and differentiation of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas - presence and expression of collagen types I and II

AIM: Chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas are rare benign skeletal neoplasms with reported overlapping histology. Aim of this study was to analyse the biochemical composition of the matrix of these tumour entities in order to further characterise the cellular phenotypes of these neoplasms using typical cell biological marker genes. METHODS: The matrix compositions of chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfibromas were analyzed by HE-histology, histochemistry, and immunolocalization techniques. Cellular gene expression patterns were detected by mRNA in situ hybridization. RESULTS: Chondroblastomas are rich in collagen type I and show foci of an osteoid-like matrix, whereas collagen type II as a typical marker of chondrocytic differentiation was not detected in any of the specimens. Chondromyxoidfiibromas had foci of chondroid appearance with chondroblastic cellular differentiation characterised by collagen type II expression. CONCLUSION: These results characterise chondroblastomas and chondromyxoidfiibromas as skeletal neoplasms that have a different biology and which can be distinguished by matrix protein expression products: collagen type II, the typical marker of chondroblast differentiation, could only be detected in chondromyxoidfibromas, but not in chondroblastomas. Thus, both neoplasms are clearly different on the cell biological level.     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.