少弱精症患者精子顶体酶活性分析

目的:研究少弱精症不育男性精子顶体酶活性变化与其生育力的关系。方法:以159例少弱精症和25例正常生育男性为研究对象,应用改良Kennedy法检测精子顶体酶活性,分析不同精子密度、活力、形态与顶体酶活性的关系。结果:正常组的顶体酶活性高于不同精子密度不育各组(>50×106ml、20～50×106ml、<20×106ml)(F=7.504,P<0.001);不同精子密度不育各组之间顶体酶活性比较,>50×106ml组顶体酶活性高于<20×106ml组(P<0.05),其它各亚组两两比较顶体酶活性无统计学差异;少弱精症不育者的精子畸形率与顶体酶活性呈负相关(r=-0.171),a+b级精子活力(r=+0.142)和顶体完整率(r=+0.154)与顶体酶活性呈正相关。结论:顶体酶活性对少弱精症男性生育力评价有重要价值,顶体酶活性可以作为精子形态分析之外重要的预测精子受精能力的指标。     

极低频电磁场对雄性小鼠生殖的影响

目的　研究极低频电磁场 (ELFEMFs)对雄性小鼠生殖的影响。方法　 94只昆明种清洁级雄性小鼠分别暴露于 5 0Hz,0 .2、3.2、6 .4mT电磁场下 ,持续 2周或 4周 ,观测小鼠睾丸重量、睾丸组织学变化 ,计量其精子数、精子活动率及精子头部畸形率 ,采用流式细胞术检测睾丸不同倍体细胞的百分比、DNA含量以及各时相的细胞百分比。结果　 6 .4mT电磁场暴露 4周后 ,小鼠睾丸重量为( 76 .0 6± 32 .2 5 )mg ,比对照组 [( 111.4 4± 19.99)mg]明显下降 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;电磁场暴露各组小鼠睾丸组织学无明显改变 ;电磁场暴露 4周组小鼠精子数量均下降 ,其中 0 .2mT和 6 .4mT暴露组分别为 ( 4 .87± 0 .94 )× 10 6 ml和 ( 4 .30± 1.89)× 10 6 ml,与对照组 [( 6 .6 7± 0 .70 )× 10 6 ml]比较 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;电磁场暴露各组小鼠精子活动率均下降 ,0 .2、3.2、6 .4mT电磁场暴露组小鼠 2周和 4周的精子畸形率分别为 ( 7.4 16± 3.35 2 ) %、( 6 .86 2± 2 .94 7) %、( 8.112± 4 .6 15 ) %和 ( 10 .2 6 7±3.836 ) %、( 11.0 2 7± 7.0 5 9) %、( 8.814± 3.6 78) % ,与对照组 [( 4 .0 98± 2 .0 2 8) %、( 3.714± 1.830 ) % ]的差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 1) ;6 .4mT电磁场暴露 2周组小鼠     

睾丸热压内裤研制及对精子发生影响的临床研究

目的:研制适用于人用睾丸热压内裤(THU),并观察其对精子发生的影响。方法:恒温控制器、定时器、交流电变压装置及热压内裤的设计和研制,9例已育成年健康男性志愿者,每周穿THU2次,每次穿50min,3个月为1个实验周期。在实验前、中、后分别取精液和血液,以穿THU前的相关指标作自身对照,实验期分别于1个月、2个月和3个月观察,恢复期分别于1个月、2个月、3个月和6个月观察随访。结果:恒温控制器温度43℃±0.5℃,定时器0～60min,输入电压220V,输出电压12V,穿THU2个月后,精液常规中精子密度和精子活动率明显下降,而畸形精子比率明显升高;3个月后,精子密度和精子活动率进一步明显下降,9例受试者精子密度均下降到20×106/ml以下,3例<5×106/ml,其中有1例2×106/ml;在恢复期2个月、3个月和6个月后,上述各项指标又恢复到实验前水平。血清T、FSH、LH实验前后无明显改变。结论:THU对精子发生抑制效果较为明显,可考虑与男性激素合用抑制精子发生而达到避孕目的。     

精液液化时间与精液主要参数关系的研究

目的:探讨精液液化时间与精液主要参数的关系。方法:对2 850份精液标本进行精液常规检测和精子形态学分析,按精子密度分为4组,分析比较各组精液液化异常比例;无精子的为1组,密度<1×106/ml为2组,密度1～19×106/ml为3组,密度≥20×106/ml为4组,比较3组和4组的活力(a+b级)和精子形态学分析。结果:除1组和2组,2组和3组间比较差异无统计学意义,其余组间两两比较P<0.05,差异有统计学意义。3组和4组比较,4组无论液化时间正常或异常,a+b级及正常精子形态百分率均明显高于3组,差异有统计学意义,液化>60 min与液化正常组比较,差异无统计学意义。结论:随着密度的增高,液化异常比例下降;a+b级及正常精子形态百分率与密度成正相关,与液化时间无关。     

冷冻保存精子受精机能的研究

精子的冷冻保存已应用于临床,但冻融后精子的受精能力尚未得到充分的评价。现比较冻融前后精子机能与受精情况,讨论冷冻对精子受精能力的影响。选择正常与不孕症患者214例,手淫法取精37℃放置30分钟,液化后取半量精液做常规检查及受精机能检查,余量冷冻保存。分组:A组<20×10~6/ml,B组:20～40×10~6/ml,C组:>40×10~6/ml。精子冷冻保存液为KS-Ⅱ液,采用自动程序冷冻法,在液氮中保存2～8周后,用37℃温水快速融冻,检查受精机能。(1)冻融后的精子复苏率:A组为46.6±45.3%,B组51.1±43.4％,C组63.5±29.4％平均59.3±35.4%,显示冻融后的复苏率普遍降低,AB组降低明显。(2)牛宫颈粘液精子穿透试验(BMP test):其冷冻前平均为41.1±17.2mm,冻融后为14.0±11.2mm,冻融后的精子穿透能力显著降低A组精子降低更为     

慢性有机磷农药接触对羧基酯酶活力的影响

目的　酯酶不仅在有机磷农药解毒中发挥重要作用 ,而且与心血管疾病有密切关系。我们研究3种酯酶 (丁酰胆碱酯酶BchE、羧酸酯酶CarbE和对氧磷酶PonE)的酶活力在一般人群中的特点 ,探讨有机磷农药慢性接触对酶活力的影响 ,为其他研究提供基线资料。方法　选取 10 0名无有机磷农药接触的对照人群和 75名长期接触有机磷农药的生产工人 ,检测外周血酯酶活力 ,描述正常成人酶活力的特点 ,分析有机磷接触对酯酶活力的影响。结果　对照人群BchE均值为 (78 3± 30 4 )mmol/(ml·h) ;CarbE均值为(36 2 7± 195 0 )nmol/(ml·min) ;PonE均值为 (332 6± 96 2 )nmol/(ml·min)。 3种酶活力在人群中均呈正态分布。有机磷农药接触工人BchE活力为 (2 7 3± 2 1 7)mmol/(ml·h) ;CarbE活力为 (2 35 6± 10 4 0 )nmol/(ml·min) ;PonE活力为 (30 7 8± 10 7 0 )nmol/(ml·min)。结论　 3种酯酶活力无年龄和性别差异。有机磷接触工人的BchE和CarbE活力与对照人群比较 ,差异有显著性 ,说明有机磷能抑制BchE和CarbE活力 ,而对对氧磷酶活力无抑制作用。提示 ,BchE和CarbE活力可以作为反映有机磷农药接触     

甲萘威农药生产职业暴露对男工精子和精液质量的影响

目的　了解甲萘威的男性生殖毒性。方法　选择某农药厂接触甲萘威生产的男工31名为暴露组;该厂行政区男性员工4 6名为内对照组;某疾病预防控制中心男性员工2 2名为外对照组。对各组环境空气中甲萘威及其相关气体异氰酸甲酯(MIC)、氨气及总酚进行连续3d的监测;选暴露组及外对照组各3人进行个体采样并测定其皮肤污染量;收集各组人群的精液,进行精液质量、精子的形态学评价,用计算机辅助精子分析(CASA)系统分析精子的运动能力。结果　暴露组作业环境空气中甲萘威的几何平均浓度(G)为5 2 .4 1mg/m3 、总酚为0 .0 8mg/m3 ,均高于内、外对照组,差异有统计学意义(P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1)。暴露组男工个体采样甲萘威浓度(G)为7.38mg/m3 ,皮肤的污染量(G)为86 2 .4 7mg/m2 ;外对照组均未检出。暴露组男工精子直线运动速度[VSL ,(2 6 .2 9±7.84 )μm/s]、鞭打频率[BCF ,(3.99±1.5 5 )Hz]、直线性(LIN ,39.89%±6 .0 0 % )、前向性(STR ,71.5 1%±11.2 2 % )均低于内、外对照组,精液黏稠度、精子活动度异常率及精子总畸形发生率均高于外对照组,精液量[(2 .39±1.4 4 )ml]、精子活动度[(1.77±0 .6 1)级]低于外对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P <0 .0 5 )。结论　甲萘威职业暴露对男工精子和精液质量有一定影响     

注入活动精子数对宫腔内人工授精妊娠率的影响

目的:探讨注入活动精子数(NMSI)与宫腔内人工授精妊娠率的关系。方法:回顾性分析了356例共616个IUI周期,依照尿HCG结果分为妊娠组和非妊娠组,比较处理前、后各项精子指标有无差别;依照注入活动精子数分为NMSI≤3×106、3×10655×106共5组,比较各组妊娠率有无差别。结果:100个周期尿HCG阳性,周期妊娠率为16.2%。妊娠组(n=100)和非妊娠组(n=516)在精子密度、存活率、活动精子总数、处理后精子密度和注入精子数(NMSI)等指标上差别无统计学意义。当NMSI≤3×106及NMSI>55×106时,妊娠率明显下降(P<0.05)。结论:当注入活动精子数介于(3~55)×106时,IUI可以获得理想的妊娠率;低于3×106或高于55×106时,建议改行更高级别的辅助生育技术。     

职业接触有机磷农药对男工生殖机能影响的初探

有机磷农药对人体的毒性主要是由于抑制乙酰胆碱酯酶 (Ach E)而引起毒蕈碱样和烟碱样症状、中枢神经系统症状及迟发神经病 [1 ,2 ,3] 。对雄 (男 )性生殖系统的影响目前均来自动物实验和急性中毒的研究 [4,5 ] 。但长期慢性接触 ,对男性生殖机能的影响少见报道 ,为了解长期慢性接触能否对男性的生殖机能产生不良影响 ,我们对某化工厂有机磷作业工人进行健康监护并对部分男工进行精液检查 ,结果如下。1　对象与方法1 .1　对象选择农药厂有机磷生产工人为暴露组 ,以毛毯厂生产工人为对照组。在一般健康检查及生殖器官检查无异常后选择暴露组…     

某部装甲兵的精液质量分析

目的 :探讨装甲兵训练噪声振动等物理因素是否对男性精液质量产生影响 ,为制定干预措施 ,降低和预防男性不育的发生提供依据。方法 :通过填写问卷调查表、体检及采用全自动精液分析系统分析精液质量、单细胞凝胶电泳和流式细胞仪检测DNA单双链损伤以及分析染色质结构等先进实验检测方法对某部装甲兵进行分子流行病学调查。结果 :暴露组精液中精子存活率 (6 2 .30± 2 5 .2 4 ) %和正常精子比率 (81.2 8± 11.18) %较对照组 (6 8.0 2± 2 5 .72 ) %和 (93.5 6± 5 .0 3) %下降 (P <0 .0 5 ,P <0 .0 1) ,精子畸形率则明显地增高〔(9.0 6± 11.15 ) %vs (7.37±10 .6 1) % ,P <0 .0 1〕 ,但均在正常值范围内 ,仅精子活力 (36 .4 % )明显低于正常值 (>5 0 % )和对照组 (43.5 % ,P <0 .0 1)。彗星实验和染色质结构分析则无明显变化。结论 :长期受到噪声振动的影响 ,可能发生精液质量下降 ,但未发现精子DNA损伤增多。提示 ,加强装甲兵的个人防护 ,制定预防保健措施对提高男性生殖健康保健十分必要。     

生殖道解脲支原体感染与精液异常关系的研究

目的:了解UU感染男性生殖道后对精液质量的影响及其与男性不育症之间的关系。方法:对107例UU感染者和130例正常生育者的精液分别做液化时间、精液常规、精子形态学分析以及抗精子抗体检查。结果:正常生育组的精液液化时间为42±23.2min,1小时液化率为96.3％;UU感染组的精液液化时间为85±32.6min,1小时液化率为3.5％,两组有显著性差异(P<0.01)。正常生育组的精子存活率为65.1±10.9％、精子密度为(67.9±23.5)×10~6/ml、活力a级为(40.0±5.2)％,b级为2(8.0±6.3)％;UU感染组的精子存活率为30.0±9.5％、精子密度为(25.2±9.8)×10~6/ml、活力a级为(7.0±4.9)％,b级为(14.0±7.2)％,两组有显著性差异(P<0.01)。正常生育组的精子形态学分析正常值为(78±10.5)％、头部畸形率为(12.0±2.3)％、体部畸形率为(2.7±0.3)％、尾部畸形率为(8.42±3.9)％;UU感染组的正常值为(16.0±7.0)％、头部畸形率为(28.7±10.2)％、体部畸形率为(16.3±8.2)％、尾部畸形率为(31.9±6.5)％,两组有显著性差异(P<0.01)。UU感染组的抗精子抗体阳性率为71％,正常生育组的阳性率为3.1％,两组相比差异显著(P<0.01)。结论:UU感染可以引起精液质量(包括精液液化时间、精液常规、精子形态,以及抗精子抗体)发生异常改变,导致男性不育?     

Sperm aneuploidy among Chinese pesticide factory workers: scoring by the FISH method.

BACKGROUND: A study of the prevalence of sperm aneuploidy among pesticide factory workers was conducted in Anhui, China. METHODS: We recruited 75 men: 32 subjects from a large pesticide-manufacturing plant and 43 subjects from a nearby textile factory free of pesticide exposure. Each subject met the following criteria: age of 20-40 years; continuous work in the plant for 3 months prior to the study, no congenital anomalies or acquired disease of the external genitalia and no history of recent febrile illness or mumps. Within one hour after collection from each subject, semen was evaluated in terms of several parameters and smear slides were prepared. RESULTS: Exposure assessment revealed that workers in the pesticide plant were exposed to ethyl parathion or methamidophos, each of which is a potent organophosphate pesticide, at a median level of 0.02 mg/m3 (8-hour time weighted average as measured by personal pump) while workers in the control plant had no such occupational exposure. Twenty-nine semen slides (13 from the exposed group and 16 from the unexposed group) were randomly chosen for aneuploidy scoring by the three-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method with scorers being unaware of exposure status. Median semen parameters were as follows for exposed (and unexposed) men: abstinence period, 3 days (4 days); sperm concentration, 52.8x10(6)/ml (53.1x10(6)/ml); proportion of sperm with normal motility, 50.5% (61.3%); and proportion of sperm with normal morphology, 59% (61.5%). The specific chromosome abnormalities of interest were disomy for chromosome 18 and the three different types of sex chromosome disomy (i.e. XX, XY, YY disomy). The crude proportion of all aneuploidy combined was 0.30% and 0.19% for sperm from exposed and unexposed men, respectively. Poisson regression with overdispersion adjustment yielded significantly different crude risks of aneuploidy - 3.03 and 1.94 per 1,000 sperm from exposed and unexposed men, respectively - giving a rate ratio of 1.56 (95% CI, 1.06-2.31). The regression coefficients remained statistically significant after adjustment for inter-technician variability giving a rate ratio of 1.51 (95% CI, 1. 04-2.20). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that occupational exposure to organophosphate pesticides moderately increases the prevalence of sperm aneuploidy.     

男性婚检者精液质量及生殖健康状况调查

目的:了解婚检对象男性精液质量、婚前性行为和影响精液质量的危险行为因素,对婚检工作提出改进建议。方法:对104例婚检男性进行生殖健康的问卷调查和精液检查,应用SPSS进行数据分析。结果:平均精液量为2.44ml,平均精子前向运动百分率为57.56%,平均精子密度为49×106/ml,平均精子存活率为79.91%,平均精子正常形态率为90.01。精液质量各常规指标都符合WHO标准的对象仅占28.85%。吸烟、饮酒、洗蒸汽浴、坐姿工作、使用电热毯和穿紧身裤都使a级活动精子减少,尤其以穿紧身裤的影响显著(P<0.01)。饮酒、穿紧身裤和坐姿工作还使前向运动精子比例有所下降。坐姿工作的精子存活率降低。吸烟、饮酒、洗蒸汽浴、坐姿工作的精子正常形态率下降。经常清洗外生殖器(每周2次以上)对精子密度有显著提高作用。本研究婚检对象89.42%有婚前性行为,其中28.85%有人工流产情况。结论:被调查对象的精液质量较差,吸烟、饮酒、洗蒸汽浴、穿紧身裤、坐姿工作和使用电热毯等生活工作方式对精液质量都有不同程度的不良影响,清洗外生殖器有益精子质量的提高、婚检人群的生殖健康知识知晓情况较差。建议优化婚检服务的内容,增强生殖健康保健知识宣传咨询,尤其是男性生殖健康内容,促使婚检工作在科学化、规范化、法制化的轨道上发展。     

Paraoxonase polymorphism and its effect on male reproductive outcomes among Chinese pesticide factory workers.

BACKGROUND: Serum paraoxonase has been associated with the metabolism of organophosphate pesticides in humans. Molecular analysis of the human paraoxonase gene (PON1) has revealed that Arg192 homozygotes have a greater detoxifying capability than Gln192 homozygotes. We examined the effects of PON1 genotypes on male reproductive outcomes and its interaction with exposure to organophosphate pesticides. METHODS: We studied 60 Chinese pesticide-factory workers and 89 textile-factory workers who were unexposed to pesticides. The respective allele frequencies of Arg192 and Gln192 were 0.62 and 0.38. Pesticide exposure among 36 exposed subjects and 12 unexposed subjects, regardless of gender, was assessed by personal measurement of pesticide residues over an entire 8-hr shift and measurement of urinary p-nitrophenol level over a 24-hr period. We analyzed semen and hormone data collected from male subjects. RESULTS: When the three PON1 genotypes were analyzed separately, a gene dose effect was not detected. We used the unexposed Arg192 homo/heterozygotes as the reference group, and re-analyzed the data. Exposed Arg192 homo/heterozygotes had significantly lower sperm count (chi 2 = 9.01, P < 0.01) and lower percentage of sperm with normal morphology (chi 2 = 4.18, P < 0.05) than the reference group. Both unexposed Gln192 homozygotes (chi 2 = 4.90, P < 0.05) and exposed Arg192 homo/heterozygotes (chi 2 = 10.00, P < 0.01) showed significantly lower sperm concentrations than the reference group. In addition, exposed Arg192 homo/heterozygotes had significantly higher serum LH levels (chi 2 = 7.94, P < 0.01) than the reference group. CONCLUSIONS: Because of a small sample size, our findings are highly preliminary. Nevertheless, it calls for further investigation of the interaction between the PON1 genotype and organophosphate pesticide exposure on male reproductive outcomes.     

Effect of Sample Collection Site on Semen Parameters of Healthy Young Volunteers

The effect of sample collection site on semen parameters in ten men aged between 22 and 24 years was investigated. Sperm was collected at two sites: in a university hospital restroom for general use and in a one-person hospital room. Samples were collected from the same individual twice, with an interval of two weeks between collections. Semen parameters for the two sites were compared. Samples were collected after a minimum of three days and not longer than seven days of sexual abstinence. Sperm concentration did not differ significantly between the university hospital restroom location (86.8 ± 25.4 × 10⁶/ml; mean ± standard deviation) and the private hospital room (97.1 ± 72.0 × 10⁶/ml). There was no difference in the total motile sperm count or daily sperm production between the collection sites. These results suggest that the collection site has little effect on semen parameters.     

Indirect fertility analysis in painters exposed to ethylene glycol ethers: sensitivity and specificity

Semen analysis has proven useful in the clinical diagnosis of infertility and is the most widely used method of monitoring the effects of occupational exposure on male fertility. Collection and analysis of semen samples in a field setting, however, require a highly motivated population and excellent technical resources, limiting the widespread application of the method. Techniques of monitoring male worker fertility using questionnaires to avoid some of the difficulties of semen analysis have been developed. These methods compare the rate of observed births for wives of workers with expected birth rates derived either from U.S. fertility tables or from unexposed workers. The present study compares the sensitivity of this questionnaire method with that of semen analysis in an evaluation of reproductive function in men exposed to ethylene glycol ethers. The reproductive function of 74 married painters exposed to ethylene glycol ethers was compared with that of 51 married controls employed at a shipyard. The groups differed in sperm count, but the questionnaire method showed no effect of exposure on fertility. This analysis suggests that the questionnaire assessment of fertility is less sensitive than semen analysis as a screening tool for male reproductive function.     

精浆IL-1β、IL-8、TNF-α含量测定对男性不育症患者的诊断价值

目的：观察男性不育症患者精浆中白细胞介素-1β（IL-1β）、白细胞介素-8（IL-8）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）含量与精子部分功能指标关系。方法：应用放射免疫分析技术对118例男性不育症和22例正常生育者精浆中IL-1β、IL-8、TNF-α含量进行检测并分析。根据精子密度将不育症患者分为A组（精子密度≥20×10^6/ml）、B组（精子密度〈20×10^6/ml）和C组（无精子症者）3组;根据精子活力、活率将A组分别分为精子活力正常组和不良组,精子活率正常组和下降组;根据精液中白细胞（WBC）数量将不育症患者分为WBC精液组和非WBC精液组。结果：不育症组精浆IL-1β、IL-8、TNF-α含量显著高于生育组（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;不育症组精浆中IL-1β含量在精子活力正常与不良、WBC精液组与非WBC精液组之间存在统计学差异（P〈0.05）;IL-8含量在精子活率正常与减少、WBC精液组与非WBC精液组之间有统计学差异（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）;TNF-α含量在不育症组精子活力、活率正常与不良之间均有统计学差异（P〈0.05）。结论：精浆中IL-1β、IL-8、TNF-α含量与男性生殖密切相关,其含量变化可反映生殖系统局部的免疫状态和感染情况,并影响精子的运动功能,含量测定可为不育症诊治提供参考。     

A survey of semen indices in insecticide sprayers

This study aims at clarifying the semen indices of insecticide sprayers who are exposed mainly to organophosphorus and pyrethroid insecticides. Eighteen male sprayers out of 54 working for 9 companies in central Japan and 18 age-matched students or medical doctors as unexposed controls participated in detailed reproductive check-ups conducted in summer and the following winter. The sprayers were exposed to insecticides more in summer, the busiest season, than winter, the off-season (p<0.05). Erythrocyte true cholinesterase activities in the sprayers were lower than in the controls in summer (p<0.05), and decreased in significant association with the increase in exposure frequency. Testicular volumes in the sprayers tended to be smaller than in the controls (p=0.06). The serum testosterone concentration in winter in the sprayers was higher than in the controls (p<0.05), though luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone concentrations were not significantly different. The sperm counts and vitality were comparable between the groups, but detailed sperm motility analysis in summer revealed that the percentages of slow progressive and nonprogressive motile sperm were twice as high in the sprayers (p<0.05), and that of rapid progressive sperm tended to be lower (p=0.06). Such differences were not observed in winter. Differential sperm morphology counts showed that interaction of group and abstinence effects were significant in sperm with normal morphology and with head deformity only in the summer check-up. Despite possible inherent differences between the groups, the above season-dependent differences suggested that the observed lower semen quality in the sprayers was associated with pesticide spraying work.     

Association between environmental exposure to cadmium and human semen quality

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal with toxicant to reproductive functions. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of environmental exposure to Cd on human semen quality. A total of 587 men from the general population, aged from 20 to 59 years old, and without occupational exposure to Cd were recruited from three provinces in China to participate in the study. The median of serum Cd was 1.9 μg/L (P25–P75:1.1–2.9). In case Cd was less than or equal to 6.3 μg/L (P95) and the semen parameters were logarithmically transformed, the inverse associations between Cd and semen volume (? 0.03 ± 0.007), progressive motility (? 0.01 ± 0.004), and sperm morphology (? 0.04 ± 0.004) were found across the whole group, after adjusting for age group, occupation, season of semen sample collection, abstinence intervals, smoking, alcohol drinking, and body mass index. Our findings indicate that higher Cd may reduce the semen volume, progressive motility, and morphology among men without occupational exposure to Cd.