急性缺血性卒中合并心脏病患者血压管理专家共识

急性缺血性卒中的血压管理不同于陈旧缺血性卒中的血压管理。当急性缺血性卒中合并心脏病(如急性心肌梗死或心力衰竭等)时,对于血压管理的要求就变得更加复杂。本共识围绕急性缺血性卒中合并急慢性冠状动脉综合征、合并心力衰竭等临床复杂情况,对降压时机、降压目标、降压用药及处置流程等进行专家意见的总结。     

Peripheral Frequency of CD4+ CD28? Cells in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Relationship With Stroke Subtype and Severity Markers

CD4+ CD28− T cells also called CD28 null cells have been reported as increased in the clinical setting of acute coronary syndrome. Only 2 studies previously analyzed peripheral frequency of CD28 null cells in subjects with acute ischemic stroke but, to our knowledge, peripheral frequency of CD28 null cells in each TOAST subtype of ischemic stroke has never been evaluated. We hypothesized that CD4+ cells and, in particular, the CD28 null cell subset could show a different degree of peripheral percentage in subjects with acute ischemic stroke in relation to clinical subtype and severity of ischemic stroke.The aim of our study was to analyze peripheral frequency of CD28 null cells in subjects with acute ischemic stroke in relation to TOAST diagnostic subtype, and to evaluate their relationship with scores of clinical severity of acute ischemic stroke, and their predictive role in the diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke and diagnostic subtypeWe enrolled 98 consecutive subjects admitted to our recruitment wards with a diagnosis of ischemic stroke. As controls we enrolled 66 hospitalized patients without a diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke. Peripheral frequency of CD4+ and CD28 null cells has been evaluated with a FACS Calibur flow cytometer.Subjects with acute ischemic stroke had a significantly higher peripheral frequency of CD4+ cells and CD28 null cells compared to control subjects without acute ischemic stroke. Subjects with cardioembolic stroke had a significantly higher peripheral frequency of CD4+ cells and CD28 null cells compared to subjects with other TOAST subtypes. We observed a significant relationship between CD28 null cells peripheral percentage and Scandinavian Stroke Scale and NIHSS scores. ROC curve analysis showed that CD28 null cell percentage may be useful to differentiate between stroke subtypes.These findings seem suggest a possible role for a T-cell component also in acute ischemic stroke clinical setting showing a different peripheral frequency of CD28 null cells in relation of each TOAST subtype of stroke.     

Misdiagnosis of stroke in tissue plasminogen activator-treated patients: characteristics and outcomes

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Misdiagnosis of acute ischemic stroke is a risk inherent in treating patients with acute deficits, yet few data exist on the problem. We report an evaluation of emergency department misdiagnoses in patients treated with tissue plasminogen activator for acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: We conducted an observational study of 151 consecutive patients treated without an acute stroke team. Initial diagnosis was compared with interim and hospital discharge diagnoses. Separate analyses were performed for patients without a final diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke and for those without a final diagnosis of either acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack, combined. RESULTS: Ten of 151 patients (7%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3% to 12%) had final diagnoses that did not include acute ischemic stroke. Six of 151 (4%; 95% CI 1% to 8%) had a final diagnosis other than acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (conversion disorder [4], complex migraine [1], and Todd's paralysis [1]). These "stroke mimics" had no intracranial hemorrhage (0%; 95% CI 0% to 31%), had less disability at discharge (modified Rankin Scale score mean+/-SD, 2.2+/-1.3 versus 3.2+/-1.8), and were younger (mean age+/-SD, 47+/-21 years versus 68+/-15 years) than patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. An additional 4 (3%) patients had interim diagnoses other than acute ischemic stroke, all subsequently changed to acute ischemic stroke after magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography. CONCLUSION: These data show that in a 4-hospital system without an acute stroke team, thrombolytic treatment of patients with diagnoses mimicking stroke was infrequent, and hemorrhagic complications did not occur in any patients without an acute ischemic stroke. However, because the number of mimics was small, safety cannot be ensured with statistical confidence.     

ST-T changes in patients with acute ischemic stroke

Electrocardiographic ST-T changes with or without troponin, CK-MB positivity are frequent clinical entities in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Recognizing electrocardiographic ST-T changes as a consequence of acute myocardial ischemia rather than as a nonspecific ECG finding of acute ischemic stroke would benefit stroke patients, since myocardial and cerebral ischemia may co-exist in the same patient due to similar pathogenetic mechanisms.     

Fetuin-A and CD40 L plasma levels in acute ischemic stroke: Differences in relation to TOAST subtype and correlation with clinical and laboratory variables

IntroductionAccumulating evidence suggests that inflammation plays an important role in the acute phase of ischemic stroke. CD40 L is a well recognized atherosclerotic inflammatory marker, whereas recent evidence suggests a pro-inflammatory role of Fetuin-A. To analyze the role of an inflammatory marker such as CD40 L and of a candidate pro-inflammatory marker such as Fetuin-A in acute stroke we evaluated their serum levels in subjects with acute ischemic stroke and their possible association with other laboratory and clinical variables.Materials and methodsWe enrolled 107 consecutive patients with a diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke admitted to the Internal Medicine Department at the University of Palermo between November 2006 and January 2008, and 102 hospitalized control patients without a diagnosis of acute ischemic stroke.ResultsPatients with acute ischemic stroke in comparison to control subjects without acute ischemic stroke had significantly higher CD40 L levels and Fetuin-A serum levels. No significant differences in plasma CD40 L or Fetuin-A levels among different TOAST groups were detected. At intragroup (intra-TOAST-subtype) correlation analysis, among subjects classified as lacunar, CD40 L plasma levels were positively correlated with LDL-cholesterol and with diabetes, whereas Fetuin-A was significantly (positively) correlated with hypertension and white blood cell count. Among subjects with LAAS subtype, CD40 L levels were positively correlated with triglyceride plasma levels and Fetuin-A, whereas Fetuin-A levels were positively correlated with LDL-cholesterol.DiscussionOur findings suggest a pro-inflammatory role of Fetuin-A and CD40 L in acute stroke setting. Whether this role should be construed as direct or as a simple expression of a general inflammatory activation will be up to future studies to clarify.     

红细胞分布宽度与非心源性缺血性卒中发病风险和严重程度的相关性

目的 探讨红细胞分布宽度(red blood cell distribution width,RDW)与非心源性缺血性卒中发病风险和严重程度的相关性.方法 回顾性纳入急性非心源性缺血性卒中患者作为病例组,同期在神经内科住院的非卒中患者作为对照组.采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(NationalInstitutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)评定病例组基线神经功能缺损情况,＜8分定义为轻度卒中,≥8分定义为中重度卒中.收集并比较研究对象的人口统计学、临床资料和RDW,采用多变量logistic回归分析确定急性非心源性缺血性卒中的发病风险和卒中严重程度的独立危险因素,并采用受试者工作特征(receiver operator characteristic,ROC)曲线分析RDW对急性非心源性缺血性卒中及其病情严重程度的预测价值.结果 共纳入急性非心源性缺血性卒中患者1 173例,同期在神经内科住院的非卒中患者996例.病例组RDW显著高于对照组[(13.1±1.0)％对(12.7±0.7)％;=9.545,P＜0.001].多变量logistic回归分析显示,RDW[优势比(odds ratio,OR)9.920,95％可信区间(confidence interval,CI)6.286 ～ 15.655;P＜0.001]是急性非心源性缺血性卒中的独立危险因素.ROC曲线分析显示,RDW预测急性非心源性缺血性卒中的截断值为12.55％,ROC曲线下面积为0.611(95％ CI 0.588 ～0.635),敏感性为73.3％,特异性为43.7％,阳性预测值为60.5％,阴性预测值为58.2％,准确性为59.7％.中重度卒中亚组患者RDW显著高于轻度卒中亚组[(13.7±1.6)％对(12.9±0.6)％;t-13.794,P＜0.001].多变量logistic回归分析显示,RDW(OR3.835,95％ CI3.002 ～4.899;P＜0.001)是急性非心源性缺血性卒中严重程度的独立危险因素.ROC曲线分析显示,RDW预测中重度非心源性脑梗死的截断值为13.45％,ROC曲线下面积为0.713(95％ CI0.674 ～0.752),敏感性为47.7％,特异性为86.1％,阳性预测值为49.8％,阴性预测值为85.1％,准确性为77.6％.结论 RDW是急性非心源性缺血性卒中的独立危险因素,其水平增高与急性非心源性缺血性卒中的病情严重程度相关.     

他汀类药物在急性缺血性卒中治疗中的应用

既往研究已证实了他汀类药物在缺血性卒中一级和二级预防中的作用,但对缺血性卒中急性期是否需要使用他汀类药物治疗,以及他汀类药物预处理对缺血性卒中的影响尚不明确.文章综述了近年来在这方面较有代表性的研究,分析了他汀类药物在急性缺血性卒中治疗中的应用对预后的影响.     

The Management of Hypertension for an Acute Stroke: What Is the Blood Pressure Goal?

Stroke is the 4th leading cause of death in the US and a leading cause of disability among adults. Stroke is broadly classified into ischemic and hemorrhagic subtypes. Although the pathogenesis may differ between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke subtypes, a unifying feature is that hypertension is a major risk factor for most ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. Prevention of first and recurrent stroke is substantially dependent on blood pressure control. There is controversy about blood pressure management in acute stroke. In this review we discuss controversies about and guidelines for management of blood pressure in acute stroke. We subdivide our discussion to address important questions about acute blood pressure management in ischemic stroke, intraparenchymal hemorrhage, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. In addition, we address BP control recommendations when tissue plasminogen activator administration is being contemplated for treatment of acute ischemic stroke.     

急性缺血性卒中头位的研究进展

急性缺血性卒中患者采取何种头位,目前仍存在争议。近年来越来越多研究提示改变卒中患者头部位置会影响患者脑血流灌注,进而可能影响患者神经功能恢复。作者总结了近年来发表的急性缺血性卒中头位研究的相关文献,探讨了改变头部位置对脑血流及卒中患者神经功能结局的影响,以提高有关头位对急性脑梗死影响的认识。     

出血性转化对急性缺血性卒中患者转归的影响

目的 探讨出血性转化(hemorrhagic transformation,HT)对急性缺血性卒中预后的影响.方法 根据CT和(或)MRI所见将101例急性缺血性卒中患者分为无HT的脑梗死(无HT)、出血性脑梗死(hemorrbagic infarction,HI)和脑实质血肿(parenchymal hematoma,PH).应用改良Rankin量表评分(modified Rankin Scale,mRS)评价发病3个月时的临床转归,mRS≤2分定义为转归良好.采用多变量logistic回归分析确定影响急性缺血性卒中患者转归的预测因素.结果 101例急性缺血性卒中患者中,53例无HT,44例为HI,4例为PH.HI(OR=0.07,95%CI0.01～0.30;P=0.001)、年龄＜65岁(OR=52.94,95%CI9.12～307.27;P＜0.001)、NIHSS评分＜15分(OR=0.63,95%CI0.50～0.78;P＜0.001)是急性缺血性卒中患者预后良好的独立预测因素.结论 HI是急性缺血性卒中患者发病3个月时转归良好的独立预测因素之一.     

急性缺血性脑卒中患者自我怜悯水平及其影响因素研究

背景自我怜悯是近年国外积极心理学的研究热点,是检测患者心理健康水平的重要指标。故探究急性缺血性脑卒中患者自我怜悯水平及其影响因素对提高患者心理健康水平具有重要意义。目的探讨急性缺血性脑卒中患者自我怜悯水平及其影响因素。方法选取2019年7月-2020年8月在广州市红十字会医院、广州医科大学附属第一医院、广州医科大学附属第二医院就诊的278例急性缺血性脑卒中患者作为研究对象。采用一般资料调查表收集患者一般资料,分别采用自我怜悯量表(SCS)、疾病不确定感量表(MUIS)及家庭关怀度指数问卷(FAI)评估患者自我怜悯水平、疾病不确定感及家庭关怀度。急性缺血性脑卒中患者SCS评分与MUIS评分、FAI评分的相关性分析采用Pearson相关分析,并采用多元线性回归模型分析急性缺血性脑卒中患者SCS评分的影响因素。结果本次调查共发放问卷278份,回收有效问卷252份,有效回收率为90.65%。急性缺血性脑卒中患者SCS评分为(65.14±12.18)分。不同文化程度、家庭人均月收入、日常生活活动能力的患者SCS评分比较,差异有统计学意义(P <0.05)。Pearson相关分析结果显示,急性缺血性脑卒中患者SCS评分与MUIS评分呈负相关(r=-0.401,P <0.001),与FAI评分呈正相关(r=0.500,P <0.001)。多元线性回归分析结果显示,家庭人均月收入(β=3.501)、日常生活活动能力(β=-2.789)、MUIS评分(β=-0.203)、FAI评分(β=3.226)是急性缺血性脑卒中患者SCS评分的影响因素(P <0.05)。结论急性缺血性脑卒中患者自我怜悯水平较低,而家庭人均月收入、日常生活活动能力、疾病不确定感及家庭关怀度均是其自我怜悯水平的影响因素,提示医护人员应重点关注家庭人均月收入较低、日常生活活动能力较差的急性缺血性脑卒中患者,致力于降低患者的疾病不确定感、提高患者的家庭关怀度,以提高患者的自我怜悯水平。     

D-dimer testing in ischemic stroke and cerebral sinus and venous thrombosis

D-dimer measurement is commonly included in the diagnostic workup of patients with suspected acute symptomatic deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. As a haemostatic marker, it could be theoretically useful in other thromboembolic disorders, such as acute cerebrovascular events. In this review we summarize published literature on D-dimer testing in acute ischemic stroke and cerebral sinus and venous thrombosis (CSVT), discussing possible clinical diagnostic and therapeutical applications. In ischemic stroke, mounting evidence suggests a possible role of D-dimer in the acute diagnosis of ischemic stroke subtypes, especially in identifying tromboembolic and lacunar stroke. Its prognostic role still remains unclear, due to conflicting data. D-dimer could be also an useful screening test for excluding CSVT in patients presenting with acute headache, making the presence of cerebral thrombosis unlikely with low plasma levels. In this clinical setting sensitivity and negative predictive value are comparable to that reported in the diagnosis of acute thromboembolic disease. However, more studies are needed to confirm these recent findings as well as management studies to correctly introduce D-dimer measurement in clinical daily practice of ischemic stroke and CSVT.     

Hypoperfusion and its augmentation in patients with brain ischemia

Opinion statement Control of hypertension is a well-established goal of the primary and secondary prevention of stroke. However, management of blood pressure in the setting of acute brain ischemia is complicated by the possible effect of blood pressure changes on cerebral perfusion. In acute stroke, patients may have an ischemic penumbra of brain tissue, which has impaired perfusion but which is not irreversibly damaged. The ischemic penumbra may be salvaged with reperfusion. Lowering of blood pressure in this setting, however, would hasten the progression of the penumbra to infarction. With the exception of patients treated with thrombolytic agents, blood pressure reduction is not recommended in acute ischemic stroke for this reason. Preliminary studies suggest that there may be a role for interventions to elevate blood pressure as a treatment for acute stroke patients. Despite interest in induced hypertension as a treatment of stroke dating back to the 1950s, this practice has not achieved widespread use owing to concerns about potential adverse effects such as intracerebral hemorrhage, cerebral edema, and myocardial ischemia. It is commonly used, however, to treat patients with threatened cerebral ischemia due to vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Until future studies clarify the effectiveness of induced hypertension in stroke treatment, maintaining adequate blood pressure and fluid volume is recommended for patients with acute ischemic stroke, particularly if the neurologic deficits are fluctuating or the patient has persistent large-vessel occlusive disease.     

微量白蛋白尿与急性缺血性卒中患者短期转归的相关性

目的 探讨尿微量白蛋白(microalbuminuria, MAU)与急性缺血性卒中患者短期转归的关系.方法 前瞻性纳入住院治疗的连续急性缺血性卒中患者.入院后次日晨起留取首次尿标本测定尿白蛋白/肌酐比率(urine albumin/ creatinine ratio, UACR),UACR 30~300 mg/g定义为MAU阳性.入院时采用美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, NIHSS)评价卒中严重程度,出院时采用改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin Scale, mRS)评价功能转归,0~2分定义为转归良好.结果 共纳入244例急性缺血性卒中患者,其中53例(21.72%)MAU阳性,67例(27.50%)转归不良.单变量分析显示,MAU阳性组患者年龄、基线NIHSS评分、收缩压、空腹血糖、球蛋白、D-二聚体、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞以及缺血性心脏病构成比显著高于MAU阴性组(P均<0.05).转归不良组基线NIHSS评分、空腹血糖、纤维蛋白原、间接胆红素、直接胆红素、C反应蛋白、D-二聚体、白细胞计数、中性粒细胞以及MAU阳性患者构成比显著高于转归良好组(P均<0.05).多变量logistic回归分析显示,MAU[优势比(odds ratio, OR)1.520,95%可信区间(confidence interval, CI)1.151~1.794;P=0.031]、基线NIHSS评分(OR 1.570,95% CI 1.357~1.808;P<0.001)是急性缺血性卒中患者短期转归不良的独立危险因素.结论 急性缺血性卒中患者的MAU发生率较高,MAU阳性可作为急性缺血性卒中患者短期转归不良的独立预测指标之一.     

急性缺血性卒中患者的球囊血管成形和支架置入术治疗

药物溶栓治疗急性缺血性卒中存在一定的局限性,球囊血管成形和支架置入术已成为急性缺血性卒中治疗的研究热点.文章综述了球囊血管成形和支架置入术治疗急性缺血性卒中的有效性和安全性.     

Association of severe hypertension with pneumonia in elderly patients with acute ischemic stroke

Pneumonia is one of the most frequent complications in elderly patients with acute ischemic stroke. Although severe hypertension is often observed in the early phase of acute stroke, there are few studies of acute hypertension as a factor influencing the incidence of stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP) in elderly subjects with acute ischemic stroke. To assess the association of acute phase blood-pressure elevation with the incidence of SAP, we compared 10 elderly patients with acute ischemic stroke complicated with severe hypertension (≥ 200/120 mm Hg) with 43 patients with moderate hypertension (160-199/100-119 mm Hg), as well as with 65 control normotensive or mildly hypertensive (<160/100 mm Hg) controls on admission. Data were collected on known risk factors, type of ischemic stroke and underlying chronic conditions. The significance of differences in risk factors was analyzed using univariate and multivariate comparisons of 38 SAP cases and others, 8 SAP death cases and others, and 28 patients with poor outcome associated with in-hospital death or artificial feeding at discharge and others. After adjustment for potential confounding factors, the relative risk estimates for SAP, SAP death and poor outcome were 2.83 (95% confidence interval 1.14-7.05), 5.20 (1.01-26.8) and 6.84 (1.32-35.4), respectively, for severe hypertension relative to normotensive or mildly hypertensive controls. We conclude that severe hypertension on admission is an independent predictive factor for SAP in elderly patients with acute ischemic stroke.     

Role of Inflammation and Its Mediators in Acute Ischemic Stroke

Inflammation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke and other forms of ischemic brain injury. Increasing evidence suggests that inflammatory response is a double-edged sword, as it not only exacerbates secondary brain injury in the acute stage of stroke but also beneficially contributes to brain recovery after stroke. In this article, we provide an overview on the role of inflammation and its mediators in acute ischemic stroke. We discuss various pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses in different phases after ischemic stroke and the possible reasons for their failures in clinical trials. Undoubtedly, there is still much to be done in order to translate promising pre-clinical findings into clinical practice. A better understanding of the dynamic balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory responses and identifying the discrepancies between pre-clinical studies and clinical trials may serve as a basis for designing effective therapies.     

A case-control study on the prevalence of electrocardiographic rhythms and ischemic changes in elderly patients with acute cerebrovascular disease

Electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities have been observed in acute cerebrovascular events. This case-control study investigated the prevalence of ECG rhythms and ischemic changes in elderly stroke and medical patients. The ECG rhythms and ischemic changes of 97 elderly patients admitted with acute stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) were compared with those of 70 medical controls admitted during the same study period. Patients' median age was 80 years. Atrial fibrillation occurred in 26 stroke/TIA patients (27%) and 17 control patients (24%). Ischemic ECG changes occurred in 54 stroke/TIA patients (56%) and 32 control patients (46%) (odds ratio, 1.52; 95% confidence interval, 0.82-2.83; p=0.18). Seventeen stroke/TIA patients (18%) vs. 19 (27%) control patients had a history of ischemic heart disease. After adjustment for ischemic heart disease, the odds ratio for ischemic ECG changes was 1.80 (95% confidence interval, 0.93-3.45; p=0.079). Atrial fibrillation accounted for a quarter of ECG rhythms in elderly acute stroke/TIA patients and elderly medical patients. The high frequency of ischemic ECG changes found in the stroke/TIA patients was not significantly different from that in the control patients. After adjustment for ischemic heart disease, there emerged a trend of borderline significance to suggest that ischemic ECG changes were more strongly associated with elderly acute stroke/TIA patients than elderly control patients. Larger outcome study will be required to determine the significance of ischemic ECG changes following acute cerebrovascular events in older patients.     

急性缺血性卒中的血管内介入治疗：影响治疗效果的因素

血管内介入治疗可显著改善急性缺血性卒中患者的临床转归,已成为急性缺血性卒中的重要治疗手段和研究热点,但影响其疗效的因素众多。文章就影响急性缺血性卒中血管内介入治疗效果的因素进行了综述。     

缺血性脑卒中病因分型与临床分型的关系

目的探讨缺血性脑卒中急性期的病因分型与临床分型是否有关。方法回顾性调查急性缺血性脑卒中患者226例,分别在急性期行临床分型,和完善辅助检查后行病因分型,通过统计学处理了解二者是否相关。结果早期的临床分型与病因分型有关(P=0.012),其中,完全前循环梗死中有44.12%的患者具有颅内大动脉的异常,而腔隙性梗死中病因为小动脉闭塞的占48.72%,未发现部分前循环梗死与病因的明确关系。结论缺血性脑卒中急性期的临床分型能部分预示病因,指导临床诊治。