2010年度某部入伍新兵心理健康状况及其影响因素分析

[目的]研究新兵的心理健康状况及其影响因素,为开展心理卫生保健提供科学依据。[方法]2011年1月,采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、简易应对方式量表及A型性格量表,对广州军区2010年入伍的1 964名新兵进行测试。[结果]调查1 964名新兵,SCL-90中的焦虑、精神病性因子分低于国内青少年常模(P<0.01)。新兵种,独生子女人际关系敏感、忧郁因子分低于非独生子女(P<0.05),偏执因子分高于非独生子女(P<0.01);应对方式为两极型的总分、总均分、阳性项数及躯体化、强迫、偏执因子分均高于积极型,总均分及躯体化、强迫、偏执因子分均高于中间型(P<0.05或<0.01);A型性格的躯体化、人际关系敏感、忧郁、敌对、偏执、精神病性因子分均高于非A型性格者(P<0.05或<0.01)。[结论]新兵的心理健康水平高于国内青年;两极型应对方式和A型性格是新兵心理健康的负性影响因素。     

233名军队基层军官心理健康及其影响因素分析

目的 :研究基层军官心理健康状况及其影响因素 ,为心理卫生工作提供科学依据。方法 :应用军人心理健康症状问卷 (SCL - 90 )、简易应对方式量表、艾森克个性问卷 (EPQ)和生活事件量表 ,对某部 2 33名基层军官进行心理测评。结果 :基层军官SCL - 90量表各因子项总均分为 1 .5 7± 0 .4 8,较军人常模 1 .6 3± 0 .30为低 ,其中强迫、敌对、恐怖因子分值更显著低于军人常模。积极型和中间型应对方式的军官 ,与两极型和消极型应对方式军官比较 ,其SCL - 90各因子评分具有降低趋势。此外 ,基层军官SCL - 90各因子分值与人格特征的N分、P分呈正相关 ,与E分、L分呈负相关 ;与负性生活事件心理紧张总值呈负相关 ,但与正性生活事件总值无明显相关性。结论 :基层军官心理健康状况好于军人平均水平 ,应对方式、个性特征及负性生活事件是心理健康的主要影响因素     

高寒地区边防部队新兵心理健康状况调查

目的调查了解高寒地区边防部队新兵心理健康水平。为有针对性地做好心理疏导工作提供参考。方法采用症状自评量表（SCL一90）和应对方式量表（CSQ）对高寒边防部队新兵在入伍后1个月进行了心理健康水平调查，并与中国陆军新兵常模、中国地方人群常模、中国军人常模进行比较。结果高寒地区边防部队新兵SCL一90各因子值中躯体化、人际关系、抑郁、焦虑、敌对、偏执因子分值显著高于中国陆军新兵常模（P〈O．01）；SCL一90各因子值中躯体化、焦虑、偏执因子分值显著高于中国地方人群常模（P〈O．01）；CSQ各个因子值中解决问题、求助、逃避因子分值显著高于中国军人常模（P〈O．01）。结论高寒地区边防部队新兵的心理健康水平偏低。应加强心理健康教育和心理素质训练．提高新兵的心理健康水平。     

某部官兵心理健康状况调查

目的 :了解部队官兵心理健康状况 ,为探讨预防官兵心理不良的有效对策提供依据。方法 :运用军人心理症状问卷 (SCL— 90 )并采取集中答卷方式 ,对西北地区某部 1986名官兵心理健康状况及心理不良发生率进行了调查。结果 :心理不良发生率为 31.6 % ,其中士兵发生率 37.6 % ,士官发生率 2 5 .0 % ,军官发生率为 16 .9%。步兵分队发生率 (36 .1% )明显高于技术分队 (2 1.0 % ) ,两组比较差异非常显著 (P <0 .0 1)。发生率与入伍时间、所处环境、从事职业等关系密切。SCL - 90因子总分士兵最高 (136 .4 2± 36 .70 ) ,士官其次 (12 1± 5 .0 2 ) ,军官最低(10 9.4 5± 2 2 .0 8) ;阳性项目数也是士兵高于士官与军官。与全国青年常模比较 ,士兵的躯体化、忧郁、焦虑和精神病性等因子分值偏高 ,士官的躯体化、忧郁、人际关系等因子分值偏高 ,军官的躯体化、人际关系 ,偏执等因子分值偏高。结论 :某部官兵心理不良发生率较高 ,应加强心理卫生知识的宣传、教育 ,做好心理咨询和心理保健 ,减少心理不良的发生 ,提高官兵心理素质     

心理健康教育对新兵心理卫生状况的影响

目的探讨心理知识教育和心理干预对新兵心理健康和应对方式的影响.方法采用SCL-90症状自评量表和应对量表(CSQ)对367名新兵进行调查,分研究1、2组和对照组,研究1组采用集体心理教育和个别心理辅导;研究2组仅采用集体心理教育.结果干预后研究1、2组的心理不良下降率分别为32.14%、27.89%,显著高于对照组的15.24%(P＜0.01,P＜0.05).干预前的SCL-90因子分(除1组的两个因子分外)和CSQ各维度与对照组比较无显著差异.干预后各组SCL-90总分分别为123.41±24.20、125.06±24.85、131.84±26.40;CSQ-PC为3.58±0.47、3.51±0.49、3.44±0.54;CSQ-NC为2.32±0.57、2.33±0.56、2.48±0.61,研究组与对照组有显著差异(P＜0.05,P＜0.01),而研究1组优于2组.研究组军事训练成绩优于对照组.结论心理教育和干预是促进新兵心理健康的有效措施,对提高军人整体素质有积极的意义.     

新乡市大学生心理健康与紧张性生活事件及应付方式的关系

目的　探讨紧张性生活事件、应付方式与大学生心理健康之间的关系 ,为进一步科学地传授心理健康知识提供依据。方法　以新乡市 3所高校 6 0 7名一年级大学生为研究对象 ,用症状自评量表 (SCL - 90 )、紧张性生活事件评定量表、简易应付方式问卷 ,分别评定其心理健康水平、心理压力和应对方式。结果　 6 0 7名大学生有心理症状 ,占 14 .99% ;心理问题组紧张性生活事件的压力明显高于对照组(P <0 .0 5) ;心理问题组消极应对因子分高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5) ;积极因子两组无明显差异 (P >0 .0 5) ;心理问题组SCL - 90总分和消极应对因子分呈正相关 ,与积极应对因子分呈负相关 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　紧张性生活事件和应对方式都是影响大学生心理健康的重要因素。     

157例职业中毒住院病人心理健康状况分析及护理对策

目的　了解职业中毒住院病人心理健康状况 ,并针对心理健康状况寻求最佳心理护理方法。方法　对本院15 7例职业中毒住院病人采用症状自评量表 (SCL 90 )进行问卷调查。将其因子分与国内常模进行比较。结果　职业中毒住院病人的SCL 90总分为 161 19± 49 70 ,9项因子分最小为 1 44± 0 47,最大为 1 97± 0 75。总分和躯体化、强迫、抑郁、焦虑、恐怖、精神病性 6项因子分明显高于全国常模 ,差异有非常显著性 (P <0 0 1)。结论　职业中毒住院病人存在明显的心理问题 ,需要加强心理护理。     

野外训练时某部队士兵心理健康状况调查

目的　了解野外训练对某部队士兵心理健康水平的影响。方法　应用SCL - 90量表对参加野外训练的士兵进行心理测试分析。结果　士兵组SCL - 90总分为 1 4 8 0 3± 46 92 ,阳性项目数为 34 1 2± 2 0 0 8,阳性项目均分为2 61± 0 56。各因子分均值在 1 37～ 1 80之间。 9项因子分及阳性项目数均高于地方常模 (P <0 0 1 ) ,躯体化、焦虑及敌对这 3项因子分高于军人常模组 (P <0 0 1 )。极重体力劳动士兵的各项因子分高于重体力劳动士兵 (P <0 0 5)。普通作业 1组士兵的偏执因子分高于普通作业 2组 (P <0 0 5)。特殊作业组与普通作业 2组在所比较的 5项因子分中均无显著性差异。特殊作业士兵的躯体化、忧郁、敌对及偏执因子分高于普通作业组士兵 (P <0 0 5)。结论　高强度野外训练可使军人心理健康水平降低 ,极重体力劳动组的心理反应较大。对不同士兵野外训练的心理反应特点 ,应该有针对性地做好心理教育和心理调节工作     

4496名新兵一般自我效能与SCL-90、应对方式、社会支持的关系

目的分析新兵一般自我效能与SCL-90、应对方式、社会支持的关系。为制定心理干预措施,改善新兵的心理健康提供依据。方法应用自我效能感量表(General Self-Efficacy Scale,GSES)、症状自评量表(SCL-90)、简易应对方式量表和社会支持量表,对2005年底入伍的新兵进行测查。结果4496名男性新兵SCL-90各因子分及总分均低于2000年新兵常模、1999年男性军人常模、1986年地方常模(P<0.05);高自我效能组的SCL-90各因子分及总分的得分均低于低自我效能组(P<0.05),社会支持中主观支持、客观支持、利用度、积极应对方式分值均高于低自我效能组(P<0.05)。结论我军新兵心理健康的整体状况良好。高自我效能新兵的心理状况优于低自我效能的新兵。     

中医专业1996级贫困生心理卫生状况及其应对方式的探讨

采用SCL－90心理卫生自评量表及应对量表对本校中医专业1996级新生中的贫困生（月生活费在100元以下）进行了调查。发现贫困生的人际关系敏感、抑郁、精神病性、阳性项目数均显著高于全国常模，尤以人际关系敏感、抑郁两项因子分均值极显著高于非贫困生。以阳性项目数为心理卫生总体水平指标，贫困生与非贫困生无显著差异；贫困生在积极应对与消极应对方面均无显著差异；心理健康水平与应对方式有密切关系，心理健康者积极应对均值高于心理有问题者，消极应对则相反。贫困生中不论心理健康与否，积极应对均值无显著差异。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.