Isokinetic strength of the trunk flexor muscles after surgical repair for incisional hernia

Purpose

The repair of incisional hernias can be accomplished by open or laparoscopic techniques. The Biodex^® dynamometer measures muscle strength during isokinetic movement. The objectives of this study are to compare the strength of the trunk flexors between patients who underwent repair for incisional hernia and a control group, and to compare trunk flexion after two kinds of operative techniques for incisional hernias with and without approximation of the rectus abdominis muscles.

Methods

The trunk flexion of 30 patients after different operative techniques for midline incisional hernias and of 12 healthy subjects was studied with the Biodex^® isokinetic dynamometer.

Results

The mean torque/weight (N m/kg) for trunk flexion was significantly higher in the control group compared to the patient group after incisional hernia repair. A significantly higher peak torque/weight [coefficient 24.45, 95% confidence interval (CI) ?0.05; 48.94, P = 0.05] was found in the two-layered suture technique without mesh compared to the laparoscopic technique after adjusting for gender.

Conclusions

The isokinetic strength of the trunk flexor muscles is reduced after an operation for incisional hernia. There is some evidence that a two-layered suture repair with approximation of the rectus abdominis muscles results in higher isokinetic strength of the trunk flexor muscles compared to the laparoscopic technique.     

Abriss der geraden Bauchmuskeln der Symphyse nach Symphysenruptur

Pelvic fractures may accompany other injuries and can be life-threatening. In addition, the rectus abdominis muscles might also be torn. During fracture reduction, these muscles are fixed to their insertions. The goal should be reconstruction as close as possible to the original anatomic situation. Refixation of the vertical rectus muscles that have retreated cranially results in preventing development of lower abdominal wall hernia.A hernia in combination with a symphysis disruption has been reported very seldom in the available literature. We report here on a case of hernia that developed postoperatively after treatment of traumatic pubic symphysis rupture. Primary open reduction of the symphysis was carried out and the rectus abdominis muscles were refixed to the bones. An attempt was made to repair the incisional hernia that developed by tightening the fascia. Two and a half years after the accident, the patient developed a diastasis and an abdominal wall hernia, which were repaired by refixation of the rectus abdominis muscles to the bones with Mersilene bands. Results nine months after the reconstructive surgical intervention show a firm abdominal wall without recurrence.This case shows that even 2.5 years after an accident, the rectus abdomini muscles can be fixed with Mersilene bands to the bone and anatomic reconstruction of the abdominal wall can be carried out.     

DIVARICATION OF THE RECTI,OR ABDOMINAL INCISIONAL HERNIA? A SIMPLE DIFFERENTIATING CLINICAL TEST

We describe a simple clinical test to differentiate divarication—a condition of unusually wide separation of the rectus abdominis muscles which requires no treatment, from incisional hernia, which usually merits surgical repair.     

Atypical incisional hernia following Pfannenstiel incision

Introduction

Herniation following Pfannenstiel incision is rare. Closure of the incision in four layers including the rectii abdominis, is done uncommonly. The authors report five cases of interstitial herniae between the rectus muscles and the anterior rectus sheath, incarcerating omentum and bowel. Four patients underwent repair, two as an emergency. One patient was managed conservatively.

Method

Subsequently all consultant and specialist registrars in obstetrics and gynaecology in the Wessex region were sent questionnaires on their methods of closure of Pfannenstiel incisions and rates of associated herniae. Fifty-three of 74 surgeons responded and only three (5.6 %) routinely closed the abdominal recti. The surveyed surgeons felt post-Pfannenstiel incisional hernia rates were low (0-1 %) though the rate was unknown to 33 % of surgeons.

Conclusion

Complex incisional interstitial herniae of this type have not previously been described. Closure of the rectii abdominis (as originally described by Pfannenstiel in 1900) could minimise the incidence of incisional herniae.     

Closing the gap: medialization of fascia with laparoscopic incisional hernia repair

Purpose

Laparoscopic incisional hernioplasty (LIH) bridges the fascial gap between the rectus muscles with a posteriorly placed mesh, and is a low recurrence alternative to other reconstructions. It is unclear if this repair optimizes the function of the abdominal wall. We hypothesize that significant medialization of the fascial edges occurs in patients who undergo LIH.

Methods

Two hundred fifty-eight patients underwent LIH by a single surgeon between 2004 and 2012. 44 of these had pre- and postoperative CT scans that illustrated the gap between the rectus muscles. All 44 patients underwent LIH with polyester composite mesh, with suture and tack fixation. The distance between the fascial edges on the pre- and postoperative CT scans was compared. Percent medialization was calculated for each defect.

Results

Average fascial separation reduction was 0.8 cm (6.56–5.76 cm, 12.2 % medialization, p < 0.0001). 36 of 44 patients demonstrated a reduction in hernia defect width (81.8 %): these defects reduced 1.09 cm (6.47–5.38 cm, 16.9 % medialization, p < 0.0001). In defects wider than 5 cm, the width reduced by 0.94 cm (8.48–7.54 cm, n = 26, 10.6 % medialization, p = 0.004). The use of meshes ≥500 cm² reduced the defect by 0.95 cm (8.42–7.47 cm, 11.23 % medialization, n = 22, p = 0.005).

Conclusions

Significant medialization of the rectus muscles is evident in most patients undergoing LIH. Although the rectus muscles are not ideally approximated, this may help improve the function of the anterior abdominal wall. Further technical refinements and material improvements may improve the reconstructive results of the LIH.     

Port-site transversus abdominis fascia closure reduced the incidence of incisional hernia following retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy

Purpose

The incidence of incisional hernia after laparoscopic surgery is reportedly 0–5.2 %; there are only a few reports of that following retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy. We evaluated the incidence of and risk factors for incisional hernia after retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy, and the efficacy of our novel prophylaxis technique.

Methods

A total of 207 renal cell carcinoma patients who underwent laparoscopic nephrectomy at Chiba University Hospital were retrospectively enrolled in this study. We compared the incidences of incisional hernia following the transperitoneal vs. retroperitoneal approaches, and, among the latter group, the incidences with vs. without use of our prophylaxis method. Also among the retroperitoneal-approach group, we evaluated selected patient characteristics as potential hernia risk factors.

Results

The rate of incisional hernias was 14 (8.7 %) after 161 retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomies and one (2.2 %) after 46 transperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomies (P = 0.132). For those undergoing the retroperitoneal approach, 14 (11.3 %) hernias were identified in 124 non-prophylaxed patients and none in 37 prophylaxed patients. Transversus abdominis fascia closure was a statistically significant factor for reducing the incidence of incisional hernia after retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy (P = 0.0324): rectus abdominis muscle thickness ≤7 mm and perioperative blood loss >100 ml were statistically significant independent risk factors, by multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

To prevent incisional hernia after retroperitoneal laparoscopic nephrectomy in the patients with risk factors, it is useful to close the transversus abdominis fascia at the port sites from inside the surgical cavity, through the open specimen-removal trocar port site, under direct observation.

     

Evaluation of rectus abdominis muscle strength and width of hernia defect in patients undergoing incisional hernia surgery

Hernia - The aim of this study was to analyze the strength status of the rectus abdominis muscle in patients with incisional hernia and the relationship between the width of the hernia defect and...     

Addition of Rectus Sheath Relaxation Incisions to Emergency Midline Laparotomy for Peritonitis to prevent Fascial Dehiscence

The incidence of fascial dehiscence and incisional hernia after two methods for abdominal wound closure (rectus sheath relaxation incisions and conventional mass closure) was studied in a randomized prospective clinical trial in a consecutive series of 100 patients undergoing midline laparotomy for peritonitis. The two groups were well matched for etiologies of peritonitis, the surgical procedures performed, and the presence of known risk factors for fascial dehiscence. Fifty patients each were randomized either to the conventional continuous mass closure procedure or the rectus sheath relaxation incision technique (designed to increase wound elasticity and decrease tension in the suture line) using identical polypropylene sutures. The incidence of postoperative complications such as duration of ileus, chest infection, and wound infection were not statistically different between the two groups. The intensity of postoperative pain in the rectus sheath relaxation incision group was significantly less. The incidence of wound hematoma was significantly increased in the rectus sheath relaxation incision group. The incidences of fascial dehiscence (16% vs,28%; p < 0.05) and incisional hernia (18% vs, 30%; p < 0.05) were significantly lower after rectus sheath relaxation incisions compared to conventional mass closure. Closure of the midline laparotomy wound in cases of peritonitis using the rectus sheath relaxation technique is safe and less painful, provides increased wound elasticity and decreased tension on the suture line, and significantly decreases the incidence of wound dehiscence.     

Progressive pneumoperitoneum increases the length of abdominal muscles

The aim of this prospective observational study was to determine the effects of progressive preoperative pneumoperitoneum (PPP) on the size of large incisional hernia (IH) and abdominal muscles by abdominal computed tomography (CT) scan. PPP was performed in 18 patients. All IH were large. A mean volume of 12.8 l was insufflated over a mean period of 14.8 days. Respectively, before and after PPP, the mean IH height and width was 117 and 130 mm (P < 0.05) and 101 and 115 mm (P < 0.05), the mean width of the right and left rectus abdominis was 99 and 109 mm (P < 0.05) and 100 and 113 mm (P < 0.05), and the length of the right and left anterolateral muscles was 198 and 233 mm (P < 0.05) and 185 and 210 mm (P < 0.01). In conclusion, PPP increases the abdominal wall muscle length and has the same impact on the IH orifice. PPP would facilitate the fascial repair of otherwise untreatable large IH.     

Long-Term Outcome of Rives–Stoppa Technique in Complex Ventral Incisional Hernia Repair

Background  

Use of the Rives–Stoppa procedure for ventral incisional hernia repair (RS-VIHR), in which the prosthesis is placed between the rectus abdominis muscle and the posterior sheath, has diminished reherniation markedly and is the most promising open technique.     

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??Curative effect of laparoscopic parastomal hernia repair with stoma relocation trans ispilateral rectus abdominis: An analysis of 17 cases LI Wei-dong, WANG Dong, JI Yan-chao, et al. Department of General Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
Corresponding author: LIU Chang, E-mail:liuc72@hotmail.com
Abstract Objective To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of laparoscopic parastomal hernia repair with stoma relocation trans ipsilateral rectus abdominis. Methods The clinical data of 17 cases of parastomal hernia performed laparoscopic parsatomal hernia repair and stoma relocation trans ispilateral rectus abdominis from January 2015 to December 2016 in the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University were analyzed retrospectively. Results All the 17 cases were treated successfully by stoma relocation trans ispilateral rectus abdominis and mesh were placed to strengthen the both new stoma area and original part of the abdominal wall defects. Six cases were performed by Keyhole procedure and 11 by Sugarbaker procedure. Mean operation time was 139.1 ( 90-200) min and postoperative hospital stay was 13.9 (10-18) day. Two cases had incisional infection and 3 cases had abdominal pain that could be alleviated in 4 to 5 weeks. All the cases were followed up for 10.5??4 to 19??months. All the cases were restored not only abdominal wall morphology and function, but also stoma function. There were no stoma related complication in the new stoma. Conclusion It is effective, safe and feasible to repair parastomal hernia with unsatisfied stoma and complex hernia by laparoscopic parsatomal hernia repair and stoma relocation trans ispilateral rectus abdominis,with lower complications and the recurrence rate.     

Incisional Hernia after McBurney Incision: Retrospective Case-control Study of Risk Factors and Surgical Treatment

Background Few reports have dealt with incisional hernias originating at a McBurney incision after appendectomy. The purpose of the present study was to identify risk factors for development of incisional hernia at a McBurney incision, and to describe our experience with the treatment of this kind of hernia. Patients and methods We reviewed 4,862 files of patients older than 15 years of age operated on for acute appendicitis. Some 4,523 (93%) of that group were operated on through a McBurney incision, and 34 (0.7%) of them developed incisional hernia. To identify risk factors for development of incisional hernia we used binary logistic regression analysis. Results The following risk factors were identified: female gender (p = 0.011), diabetes (p < 0.0001), peritonitis, abscess or phlegmon as the cause of the first operation (p = 0.009), wound infection (p = 0.034), seroma (p = 0.023), the use of catgut to suture the aponeurosis (p < 0.0001), and interrupted suture to the aponeurotic layer (p = 0.046). Twenty-two hernias were repaired with Mayo-herniorrhaphy and 12 with a subaponeurotic polypropylene prosthesis. Recurrences developed in 3 patients, none in hernias repaired with prosthesis. Conclusions The risk of incisional hernia after a McBurney incision for acute appendicitis was very low; we recommend the repair of this uncommon incisional hernia with current standard tension-free prosthetic techniques.     

经同侧腹直肌易位造口在腹腔镜造口旁疝修补术中的应用

目的分析经同侧腹直肌易位造口在腹腔镜造口旁疝修补术中的应用价值。 方法选取2016年8月至2017年12月,重庆市开州区中医院收治的60例乙状结肠造口旁疝患者,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组30例。对照组行开放造口旁疝修补术,观察组行腹腔镜经同侧腹直肌易位造口修补术。比较2组患者手术和住院情况、并发症发生率、复发率、远期疼痛发生率及切口疝发生率。 结果观察组患者感染发生率、并发症总发生率及复发率分别为0、16.67%及3.33%,明显低于对照组16.67%、43.33%及23.33%,差异有统计学意义（χ²=5.455、5.079、5.192,P=0.020、0.024、0.023）。观察组患者手术时间、住院费用分别为（131.05±12.11）min、（38 946.06±1 019.75）元均高于对照组（96.91±10.54）min、（18 492.19±572.36）元,差异有统计学意义（t=11.647、95.802,P均<0.001）。观察组患者术中出血量、术后下床活动时间及术后恢复活动时间分别为（33.14±8.06）ml、（1.26±0.51）d、（3.59±1.17）d均低于对照组（69.28±9.18）ml、（2.27±1.02）d、（5.44±2.25）d,差异有统计学意义（t=16.204、4.851、3.996,P均<0.001）。 结论经同侧腹直肌易位造口在腹腔镜造口旁疝修补术中应用效果较好,能够有效改善乙状结肠造口旁疝患者手术情况及住院情况,减少术后并发症的发生和疝复发。     

Enhanced recovery in colorectal surgery: a multicentre study

Background

The median laparotomy is frequently used by abdominal surgeons to gain rapid and wide access to the abdominal cavity with minimal damage to nerves, vascular structures and muscles of the abdominal wall. However, incisional hernia remains the most common complication after median laparotomy, with reported incidences varying between 2-20%. Recent clinical and experimental data showed a continuous suture technique with many small tissue bites in the aponeurosis only, is possibly more effective in the prevention of incisional hernia when compared to the common used large bite technique or mass closure.

Methods/Design

The STITCH trial is a double-blinded multicenter randomized controlled trial designed to compare a standardized large bite technique with a standardized small bites technique. The main objective is to compare both suture techniques for incidence of incisional hernia after one year. Secondary outcomes will include postoperative complications, direct costs, indirect costs and quality of life. A total of 576 patients will be randomized between a standardized small bites or large bites technique. At least 10 departments of general surgery and two departments of oncological gynaecology will participate in this trial. Both techniques have a standardized amount of stitches per cm wound length and suture length wound length ratio's are calculated in each patient. Follow up will be at 1 month for wound infection and 1 year for incisional hernia. Ultrasound examinations will be performed at both time points to measure the distance between the rectus muscles (at 3 points) and to objectify presence or absence of incisional hernia. Patients, investigators and radiologists will be blinded during follow up, although the surgeon can not be blinded during the surgical procedure.

Conclusion

The STITCH trial will provide level 1b evidence to support the preference for either a continuous suture technique with many small tissue bites in the aponeurosis only or for the commonly used large bites technique.

Trial registration

Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01132209     

Rectus abdominis atrophy after ventral abdominal incisions: midline versus chevron

Purpose

Although many outcomes have been compared between a midline and chevron incision, this is the first study to examine rectus abdominis atrophy after these two types of incisions.

Methods

Patients undergoing open pancreaticobiliary surgery between 2007 and 2011 at our single institution were included in this study. Rectus abdominis muscle thickness was measured on both preoperative and follow-up computed tomography (CT) scans to calculate percent atrophy of the muscle after surgery.

Results

At average follow-up of 24.5 and 19.0 months, respectively, rectus abdominis atrophy was 18.9% greater in the chevron (n = 30) than in the midline (n = 180) group (21.8 vs. 2.9%, p < 0.0001). Half the patients with a chevron incision had >20% atrophy at follow-up compared with 10% with a midline incision [odds ratio (OR) 9.0, p < 0.0001]. No significant difference was observed in incisional hernia rates or wound infections between groups.

Conclusion

In this study, chevron incisions resulted in seven times more atrophy of the rectus abdominis compared with midline incisions. The long-term effects of transecting the rectus abdominis and disrupting its innervation creates challenging abdominal wall pathology. Atrophy of the abdominal wall can not be readily fixed with an operation, and this significant side effect of a transverse incision should be factored into the surgeon’s decision-making process when choosing a transverse over a midline incision.

     

腹外斜肌转移肌瓣技术修补腹直肌缺失的临床应用

目的探讨肿瘤或外伤等导致腹直肌缺失的患者使用腹外斜肌转移肌瓣技术行腹壁缺损修补和重建的临床应用效果。 方法2014年12月至2018年12月,浙江大学医学院附属杭州市第一人民医院收治腹直肌缺失患者10例,采用腹外斜肌转移肌瓣技术进行腹壁缺损修补和重建。收集并回顾性分析患者的临床资料。通过问诊、查体和腹壁CT检查评估患者腹壁重建和恢复情况。 结果10例腹直肌缺失患者中,腹直肌肿瘤9例（其中男性1例,女性8例）,腹直肌外伤毁损1例（男性）。平均年龄（46.90±13.25）岁,体质量指数（23.10±3.98）kg/m²。9例腹直肌肿瘤中,原发性肿瘤8例,转移性肿瘤1例,均行腹直肌复合体屏障性切除。腹直肌外伤患者行毁损腹直肌切除。切除后腹壁缺损平均宽度为（11.70±1.89）cm,均采用单侧腹外斜肌转移肌瓣技术进行腹壁缺损修补和功能重建,并采用补片加强修补。补片均为聚丙烯补片,平均大小为（420.00±154.91）cm²。平均手术时间（132.50±38.96）min,平均术中出血量（107.00±74.54）ml,平均住院时间（11.50±4.30）d。术后无腹外斜肌肌瓣缺血坏死,无切口裂开、手术部位感染、肠瘘等并发症。在术后随访行问诊、体格检查及腹壁CT检查,显示患者腹壁完整,功能恢复良好。平均随访时间（35.50±11.35）个月,随访期内未发现肿瘤复发、切口疝形成或腹壁膨出病例。 结论腹外斜肌转移肌瓣修补技术是一种安全有效腹壁缺损修补技术,在腹直肌缺失患者中具有较好的临床效果。     

Laparoscopic ventral incisional hernia repair: A more effective alternative to conventional repair of recurrent incisional hernia

Conventional repair of recurrent ventral incisional hernia is associated with a higher recurrence rate (30%-50%) than repair of primary incisional hernia (11%-20%). Laparoscopic incisional hernia repair (LIHR) can significantly reduce the recurrence rate of primary hernia to less than 5%. In this study, we evaluate the efficacy of repairing recurrent incisional hernia laparoscopically. One-hundred and seventy consecutive patients undergoing LIHR between January 1995 and December 2002 were prospectively reviewed. Patients with recurrent incisional hernia (n = 69) were compared to patients with primary incisional hernia (n = 101). Patient demographics and perioperative and postoperative data were recorded prospectively. Follow-up was obtained from office visits and telephone interviews. Statistical analysis was performed using the Student t test and the x ²test. Results are expressed as means ± standard deviation. The patients with recurrent incisional hernia had a mean of 1.9 ± 1.3 previous repairs, higher body mass index (BMI) (34 ± 6 kg/m² vs. 33 ± 8 kg/m², P = 0.46), larger defect size (123 ± 115 cm² vs. 101 ± 108 cm², P = 0.06), and longer operative time (119 ± 61 minutes vs. 109 ± 44 minutes, P= 0.11). The complication rate was higher in the recurrent group (28% vs. 11%, P = 0.01), but the recurrence rate was not different (7% vs. 5%, P= 0.53). The mean time to recurrence was significantly shorter in the recurrent group (3 ± 2 months vs. 14 ± 7 months, P < 0.0001). The mean follow-up interval was 19 ± 18 months in the recurrent group and 27 ± 20 months in the primary group. Although laparoscopic repair of recurrent incisional hernia resulted in a higher recurrence and complication rate than laparoscopic repair of primary incisional hernia, the rates were lower than those reported for conventional repair of recurrent incisional hernia. Laparoscopic repair of recurrent incisional hernia is an effective alternative to conventional repair. Supported in part by Tyco/US Surgical Corporation through an educational grant to the University of Kentucky Center for Minimally Invasive Surgery.     

Early strangulated recurrence of incisional hernia after laparoscopic repair: an old complication for a new technique

The introduction of laparoscopy in incisional hernia repair is giving rise to a new class of complications, specific of new techniques and materials. A case of early failure of incisional hernia laparoscopic repair complicated by the strangulation of a jejunal loop four months after surgery is reported. The use of inappropriate material (tacks) to fix the prosthesis to the abdominal wall, a sudden increase of intra-abdominal pressure caused by an episode of haematemesis four hours postoperatively (associated to its consequent endoscopic treatment), and the formation of rectus abdominis muscle hematoma are reported as the main factors determining the slippage of the mesh from the correct position and, ultimately, the early failure of the ventral hernia repair. Furthermore, the aetiology of early failure of laparoscopic incisional hernia repair, reported in literature, is reviewed.     

The advantage of laparoscopic surgery in the treatment of Spigelian hernia: A report of two cases

Introduction and importanceThe usefulness of laparoscopic surgery in the treatment of Spigelian hernias and the appropriate insufflation pressure remains unclear.Case presentationCase 1 involved an 81-year-old woman presented with a right abdominal protrusion. CT scan demonstrated a defect in the abdominal wall at the lateral edge of the right rectus abdominis muscle. We diagnosed as Spigelian hernia and performed laparoscopic hernia repair. The insufflation pressure was set at 10 cm H ₂ O, and the IPOM method was selected as the repair method. Case 2 involved a 74-year-old male presented with a right abdominal painful bulging. Strangulation was released and CT scan demonstrated a defect in the abdominal wall at the lateral edge of the right rectus abdominis muscle. We diagnosed as Spigelian hernia and performed laparoscopic hernia repair. The insufflation pressure was set at 10 cmH ₂ O, and the repair was performed by the hybrid method.Clinical discussionIn both cases, the positions of the hernia portals marked preoperatively based on the tender areas and confirmed laparoscopically were not accurate. Although Spigelian hernia is a rare disease and various laparoscopic techniques have been reported in recent years, laparoscopic surgery is very useful to obtain an accurate diagnosis and to observe the abdominal wall from inside the abdominal cavity under insufflation, and it is better to decide the repair method according to the situation of each case and institution.ConclusionLaparoscopic surgery is important for accurate diagnosis in surgery of Spiegel's hernia, and insufflation pressure of 10 cmH2O was sufficient.